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Kultūrinė atmintis Antrojo pasaulinio karo metų lietuvių periodinėje spaudoje

Author(s): Titas Krutulys / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 45/2020

During World War II Lithuania was ruled by three completely different political regimes. In the first year Lithuania was authoritarian state ruled by group of nationalists, in 1940 Lithuania was occupied by Soviet Union and in 1941 State was occupied by Nazi Germany. All these political powers was undemocratic and propagated their ideologies. One of the most important aspect of every ideology is to suggest new concept of time. This change of perception of time could be seen in the change of cultural memory. Article try to analyze this change using the most popular Lithuanian periodical press of the period. This research analyzed main historical periods and the most popular themes represented in the main newspapers. Using theories of Anthony D. Smith and Raoul Girardet research showed what historical periods was seen positively and what negatively, what was main historical heroes and enemies; also how foreign history was represented in the periodical press. The quantitative content analysis showed that while representations of history in the so called independent Lithuania and in Lithuania occupied by Nazis was quite similar, historical representations during first Soviet occupation was unique. Qualitative content analysis showed that there was three very different paradigms of cultural memories, represented in periodical press. Lithuanian nationalist mostly tried to promote Lithuanian medieval times and especially Lithuanian dukes and historical capital Vilnius, also they tried to justify their politics creating myth of great welfare during their rule. They praised Soviet history, criticized Poland and poles, but wrote about most of the countries quite neutral. During Soviet occupation all Lithuanian history was harshly criticized and showed as negative times, this regime promoted only few Lithuanian heroes who died young or was known for their left wing politics. Main historical past represented in the newspapers was history of Soviet Union, other countries was ignored. Main enemies of Soviets was Lithuanian gentry, and Lithuanian rulers of the past.

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Nihon No Sensou – The Japanese War Experience Illustrated through the Lens of Ningen No Joken (The Human Condition)

Author(s): Mihai Chiș / Language(s): English,Romanian Issue: 58/2021

Japan’s military campaigns in Asia during the Second World War were taboo, especially during the 1950s and the 1960s in Japanese society. After the Second World War, Japan experienced a political and social transformation, which unfortunately could not ‘eradicate all the elements of militarism’ still present in the society of the time. Instead of repenting for their misdeeds, many conservative leaders and people who experienced the war chose to identify themselves as the actual victims of the war. Consequently, they ignored the suffering of the inhabitants of the Japanese-occupied territories during the Second World War. I will not dwell, however, into the reminiscences of the past present in the Japanese society of the time nor discuss the issue of war responsibility, but instead look into the case of a noteworthy attempt of coming to terms with the past, the case of Kobayashi Masaki’s trilogy, Ningen no Joken. The trilogy was not the first attempt at reconciling with the past. However, it is one of the most ambitious and well-acclaimed attempts to acknowledge Imperial Japan’s misdeeds. By using Kobayashi’s movies, I will endeavor to sketch a portrait of the Japanese war experience and those who lived in the Japanese-occupied territories of the time.

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Transnational Far Right and Nazi Soft Power in Eastern Europe: The Humboldt Fellowships for Romanians

Author(s): Irina Nastasă-Matei / Language(s): English Issue: 04/2021

Foreign students and researchers in Germany became, after 1933, a tool of Nazi propaganda. Those receiving financial support from the Germans, such as the recipients of the Humboldt fellowships, were further compromised. This article aims to shed light on the role played by Humboldt fellowships in the political and ideological transfer between Nazi Germany and Romania. It aims to re-create the profile of the fellows and the influence of the fellowship on the Romanian fellows’ political and ideological development, in order to establish how they functioned as Nazi propaganda tools. Throughout the 1930s, the number of young Romanians going to study and carry out research in Nazi Germany increased considerably, while the financial support they received from the Germans became more significant—including a larger number of Humboldt fellowships. This shows not only that Nazi Germany had a special interest in developing its relations with Romania but also that Romania was embarked on a path of far-right radicalization, with students and youth becoming sympathizers of Nazi Germany and sometimes members of the Iron Guard. The Romanian Humboldt fellows were politically instrumentalized by the Third Reich: they were engaged in far-right political activism, were influenced in their professions and writings by the Nazi ideology, and sometimes they even went on to occupy various positions in the Romanian bureaucratic or diplomatic apparatus.

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The Dark Side of Transnational Mobility: Croatian Travel Writers in Hitler’s New Europe

Author(s): Rory Yeomans / Language(s): English Issue: 04/2021

This article analyses the use of Europeanizing discourses in the travel writing of Croat visitors to the Third Reich. Situating these visits in the context of transnational exchanges in Hitler’s new Europe and the war against the Soviet Union, it considers a number of specific case studies of travel between Croatia and Nazi Germany. It argues that the European discourse of writers, journalists, and youth activists in the Ustashaled Independent State of Croatia served a number of specific purposes. First, they created a space of normality in an extremely violent state, providing an illusion of stability. By bringing the sights, sounds, and pleasures of travel to the near abroad back to Croatia in the form of books, magazine articles, and mobile film reels, they also gave citizens a glimpse of the good life, consumption, and materiality. As such, these travelogues and accounts of journeys overseas also aimed to persuade intellectuals and members of the cultural elite who did not support the Ustasha regime of the various material and professional “club goods” that might accrue to them by becoming active supporters of the regime. Furthermore, they served to create an impression of mobility in a surveillance state in which even internal travel was extremely restricted. Finally, in depicting Nazi-led war in the East and the struggle against the “East within”—in the form of the campaign of genocide against Serbs, Jews, Roma and so-called “asocials”— to building European brotherhood, modernization, and becoming an essential member of the new Europe, they became a source of regime legitimation, thereby telling us important things about the subjectivity of both the state and ideological tourists in a time of terror, war, and occupation.

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Światy przeżywane (Lebenswelt) polskich robotników przymusowych 1939-1945

Author(s): Robert Traba / Language(s): Polish Issue: 29/2021

Review of: Katarzyna Woniak, Zwangswelten. Emotions- und Alltagsgeschichte polnischer ‘Zivilarbeiter’ in Berlin 1939-1945, Paderborn: Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh (Brill-Gruppe) 2020 (Reihe: FOKUS. Neue Studien zur Geschichte Polens und Osteuropas, Band 2), ss. 424

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Recenzje

Author(s): Jakub Polit,Gabriel Szuster,Artur Markowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2021

Review of: Jakub Polit - Julia Lovell, Maoizm. Historia globalna, tłum. Filip Majkowski, Warszawa 2020, Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, ss. 607 Gabriel Szuster - Dorota Sula, Szkice z historii Konzentrationslager Gross-Rosen, Wałbrzych 2019, Wydawnictwo Muzeum Gross-Rosen w Rogoźnicy, ss. 203 Bartłomiej Rusin - Борис Александров, Истината. Личният лекар на цар Борис III за смъртта му, София 2020, Изток-Запад, ss. 106 Artur Markowski - Wiktor Djatłow, Jana Guziej, Tatjana Sorokina, Kitajskij pogrom. Błagowieszczenskaja „utopija” 1900 goda w ocenkie sowremiennikow i potomkow, Sankt Petersburg 2020, NC Swiet, ss. 203

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Recenzje

Author(s): Andrzej Kastory,Paweł Perzyna / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2021

Review of: Andrzej Kastory - Andrzej Mania, Department of State i Foreign Service w polityce zagranicznej USA w latach gorącej i zimnej wojny 1939–1989, Kraków 2019, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, ss. 763 Paweł Perzyna - Jerzy Bednarek, Wokół pamięci i historii. Działalność archiwalna Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej w latach 2000–2016, Warszawa 2021, Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, ss. 342

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Dominique Kirchner Reil, The Fiume Crisis: Life in the Wake of the Habsburg Empire

Author(s): Mitsutoshi Inaba / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 50/2021

Review of: Mitsutoshi Inaba - Dominique Kirchner Reil, The Fiume Crisis: Life in the Wake of the Habsburg Empire. Cambridge: Belknap press of Harvard University press, 2020, 312.

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AJALOO JA PROPAGANDA VAHEL: EESTI JA LÄTI KUJUTAMINE VENEMAA AJALOONARRATIIVIDES

Author(s): Vladimir Sazonov,Sergii Pahhomenko,Igor Kopõtin / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 17/2021

This article analyses the main historical narratives and events of Latvia and Estonia concerning the Second World War, fascism, and the Soviet period more generally, and their representation in the pro-Kremlin ideological discourse. Moscow is using several narratives and messages to try to influence different target audiences in Russia, but also in Estonia and Latvia (especially the Russophone audience) with its own interpretation of the historical events and narratives concerning Estonia, Latvia, the Soviet Union, and the Second World War. Several different channels are used to promote the pro-Kremlin ideological agenda: not only profound historical studies (monographs, collective volumes, and articles), popular-scientific overviews, conferences, workshops and seminars, but also TV series, social media platforms, documentaries, and so on. Even more materials are available to the narrow audience that has a strong interest in contemporary history, especially the Soviet period and the Second World War. The main topics of these narratives are the Second World War and the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact (1939), the occupation of Estonia and Latvia by the USSR, both in 1940 and in 1944, and the consequential post-war Soviet era. The main actors that design the pro-Kremlin understandings of Estonian and Latvian history are undoubtedly state officials, i.e. the president and his entourage. Major subjects such as the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact (1939), the annexation of Latvia and Estonia in 1940, and the activities of the Latvian Legion and Estonians in the Second World War in 1941–1944 are presented in a manner that is characteristic to the Soviet propaganda and historical science. According to the pro-Kremlin discourse, the Soviet–German pact on non-aggression and the delimitation of the spheres of influence were forced into existence by the inactiveness of the Western allies and the unwillingness of the USSR to enter into the war. Moreover, according to the official Kremlin narrative, Latvians and Estonians should think of the USSR (and its legal successor the Russian Federation) as the force that saved them from being in the same position as the countries that were defeated in the war that had collaborated with the Nazis.

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Werl Prison and the British Approach to Military Justice in Germany, 1945–1958

Author(s): Connor Sebestyen / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

This paper examines how the British Military Government treated German war criminals in custody, from the time of their sentencing in Royal Warrant courts to the time of their final release through mass amnesties by 1958. The British attempted to draw attention away from the imprisonment of war criminals, which was deeply unpopular amongst Germans, by treating them like ordinary common law criminals and having German warders guard them. The British came to deeply regret this system, as it undermined their public relations strategy and jeopardised security.

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Criminality in the Face of Life and Death: Crime and Criminal Prosecution as a Part of Everyday Life in the Warsaw Ghetto

Author(s): Judith Vöcker / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

This article provides an overview of the criminal prosecution of Jews from the Warsaw ghetto by German court entities during the Nazi occupation of the General Government. As the title suggests, a specific focus lies on how the residents of the ghetto were pushed into a legal gray area by an increasingly dense network of anti-Jewish legal guidelines. As this article also highlights, however, committing acts that the occupiers had deemed criminal offenses also sometimes aided Jews in their survival of imprisonment in ghettos. This article takes a chronological approach: it begins with a discussion of the history of “Jewish ghettos” from the Middle Ages onwards, leading up to the establishment of ghettos in the General Government throughout the early 1940s. Since the legal sphere is the focus of this article, it outlines the Nazi definition of a criminal offense in the Warsaw ghetto will and which social and personal changes the imprisonment in ghettos meant for Jews during occupation. Even though the Nazi restrictions made several dozen offenses legally punishable, even by death, committing these criminal offenses could ensure Jews’ survival, for example, by participating in illegal trade, smuggling, or the forging of identity cards or money. In this way, criminality became an increasingly frequent part of everyday life and survival of Jews imprisoned in ghettos. Through the establishment of so-called German Courts and Special Courts in the district capitals of the General Government, the occupiers set up a dense and expansive legal network through which they were able to prosecute any criminal activity on a seemingly official basis. In an attempt to make this history more tangible, this article discusses cases of smuggling, illegal trade, bribery, spreading rumors, and derogatory language as brought in the German Court and Special Court in Warsaw against Jewish defendants. Even though the German Criminal Code and a plethora of continuously issued legal decrees were rigously applied in these court proceedings, the verdicts of the German Court and Special Court in Warsaw were seldom consistent or stringent throughout the years of occupation.

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German-Balkan Entangled Histories in the Twentieth Century. Edited by Mirna Zakić and Christopher A. Molnar

Author(s): Stefan Trajković-Filipović / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

Review of: Stefan Trajković-Filipović - German-Balkan Entangled Histories in the Twentieth Century. Edited by Mirna Zakić and Christopher A. Molnar. University of Pittsburgh Press. Pittsburgh 2020. 381 S. ISBN 978-0-8229-4645-8. ($ 35,–.)

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Рассказ о Второй мировой войне как фактор европейской (дез)интеграции

Author(s): Petya B. Dimitrova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2022

The research attempts to trace the process of building a consensus on the issue of formulating a unified view on European political history. The main focus is on two main trends in this process, both of which relate to the evaluation of World War II and its results. The first trend, around which Western Europeans unite, introduces the idea about Europeans’ shared responsibility for the past in the name of the present and the future. The central symbol of this strategy is the Holocaust, which is presented as a genocide, unique in its scope and nature. The second trend is supported by Eastern Europeans, who since 1989 have been making efforts not only to reject the Soviet account of the events of WWII, but also to improve their views about its results on the West. These views boil down to the fact that they are double victims: firstly, of the Third Reich and secondly, of the Stalinist Soviet Union. Ultimately, that means equating the crimes of Nazism and Bolshevism, which in turn leads to a denial of the Holocaust’s uniqueness – a thesis that faces strong opposition in certain circles. Consequently, all this has led to a delay in the process of constructing a unified view on modern European history.

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Восточная Европа между Гитлером и Сталиным 1939–1941 гг. Ответственные редакторы В. К. Волков, Л. Я. Гибианский. Москва, Издательство Индрик, 1999. 526 с.

Author(s): Vitka Toshkova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5-6/2000

Book Review

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Неизвестни български документи в руския „Особый архив“

Author(s): Elena Dyakonova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1-2/1999

In 1949 in the USSR was established the so-called Osoby Arkhiv in which were kept trophy collections of documents that had fallen into the hands of the Soviet army and then moved to Soviet territory. In this archive, recently opened for use, are kept also seven stocks taken out of Bulgaria in the late 1944; These are: Stock 1390 “German Scientific Institute in Bulgaria”, Stock 1391 “German Embassy in Bulgaria”, Stock 489 “Council of Ministers of the Kingdom of Bulgaria”, Stock 499 “Ministry of War of the Kingdom of Bulgaria”, Stock 1362 “Police Department, Section State Security”, Stock 1707 “Inter-allied Control Military Commission and Stock 494 “Prince Cyril". Now the documents of these stocks are at the disposal of Bulgarian scholars.

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Българското стопанство между Германия и Съветския съюз. Ликвидирането на германското технологично влияние в България

Author(s): Gospodinka Nikova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3-4/1999

The influence exercised by Germany and the Soviet Union on the technological development of the Bulgarian economy during the years of two decisive and denying each other epoch, the divide of which was the Second World War, has so far not been the subject of special research. This theme has numerous aspects. The present study aims at revealing the role of the external factor in determining the basic tendencies in the technological development of Bulgaria before and after the war. It puts the accent on some problems still inadequately studied in our historiography: 1) The ideas and activities of the Central European Economic Council (Mitteleuropaischer Wirtsshaftstag – MWT), which in the period between the wars promoted the German technological expansion in Southeast Europe: 2) The peculiarities of the Bulgarian-German economic, respectively technological, integration proceeding during the same period; 3) The expropriation after the Second World War of the German material and intellectual property by the Soviet Union whereby the German technological influence in this country was most radically eliminated; 4) The fate of the so-called “German creature” and the building up of a Soviet advisory apparatus in Bulgaria. In the examination of the last circle of the problems space is devoted also to the last wave of purges, carried out through the so-called “Traicho Kostov trails” in the late 40s and early 50s, which in our view characterized most frankly the nature and objectives of the technological coup that was carried out. Briefly are surveyed the negative consequences of Bulgaria’s technological binding to the Soviet Union which emerged already in the 50s.

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Към участта на егейските българи - само с най-високи критерии

Author(s): Georgi Daskalov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3-4/1999

For non-scientific considerations, the interest of Bulgarian historical science has for decades disregarded the war-time problems of Aegean Macedonia. This has made it possible for authors from our neighbouring countries to pile up numerous titles with anti-Bulgarian orientation. This faces today’s Bulgarian historians with the responsible task to look for the truth. Without paying attention to the high requirements, Prof. Dobrin Michev has not resisted the temptation of quick realization also in this circle of problems. Two publications connected with them confirm that. In them he displays his not being familiar with the general historical context, such as the occupation structure in Aegean Macedonia and the Greek political and military system in the region. This weakness and the not profound study of the documents and their literal reading confront him with a number of inaccuracies of principle and fact. As regards the publications concerned, Michev shows also another methodological specificity of his: to impose fundamental tendencies which are not adequate to the historical process but are to the theses he has built up in advance. In this striving of his he performs a manipulation of a short of the sources, rearranging the events in time and space. Thus he deliberately elevates the contribution of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization IMRO) in the armed struggle of the Aegean Bulgarians which he qualifies as an “uprising” and gives a wrong presentation of the role in and attitude of Sofia to the events taking place in the region and also of its representative here. In his jingoistic striving for heroizing Michev becomes an unintentional carrier of consolidated Greek and Skopie theses. Along with all that deals most imprecisely with the names of the historical persons up to here refers to Michev’s professionalism, present is also another “specificity” of his works, connected with scholarly morals. He not only tries to conceal the contribution of those who have written before him but also takes the liberty to “seize” documents already published by them and textual interpretation given by them, entering into the role of original discoverer. The heroic history of the Aegean Bulgarians does not deserve such delittantism and unethical approach.

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Tadeusz Borowski şi Alsous Huxley despre universul concentraţionar

Author(s): Cristina-Liana Ivan / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2009

Tadeusz Borowski succeeds in impressing his readers by the overflowing honesty of his writing style, by an amazingly simple and franc attitude towards the world, an attitude which he prefers rather than writing about a dramatic eulogy of labor camp’s victims. The comparison with Aldous Huxley seems to be pertinent only in an imagistic way. While one of them objectively described the horrors of Nazism, from his own life experience, the other one, being pressed and influenced by the 20st Century social changes, is figuring out a despotic world, dominated by absolute totalitarianism, where people were educated during their sleep and were easily determined to accept the following slogan: “changing is better than mending”. Facing Borowski’s short stories with Huxley’s novel A Brave New World, one might prove that no SF can keep for too long his imaginary status, since it is built out of the crude reality. Eventually, it becomes the reality itself. The Fascist regime was extremely closed to set out such a brand new society, where it would have exist only the small group of leaders (Subjects) and the huge mass of tools (The Hands).

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Ämter, Abkürzungen, Aktionen des NS-Staates. Handbuch für die Benutzung von Quellen der nationalsozialistischen Zeit. Bd.5. München, K.G.Saur Verlag, 1997. 416 S. (Служби, съкращения нa думи, акции нa националсоциалистическата държава. Наръчник за по

Author(s): Tsvetana Todorova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3-4/1998

Book Review

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Авторитаризъм – фашизъм (към модела на политическото развитие на България 1918–1944 г.)

Author(s): Nikolay Poppetrov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/1997

In this article for the first time is raised the question of the nature of the right-wing political alternatives revealing the concrete contents of the authoritarian and fascist movements. The parameters of the authoritarian tendencies are determined. The basic tendencies, evolution and specific features of authoritarianism and fascism are outlined. The fascist manifestations are typologized, taking into consideration their close connection with authoritarianism. Authoritarianism was a basic alternative of bourgeois democracy between the two world wars. It proved to be a barrier against the threat of communism and did not allow fascism to enter into the government. The authoritarian movement had more diffuse contours unlike the clearly expressed tendencies of fascism. The authoritarian current, however, was predominant. After May 1934 authoritarianism in fact took over the administration of the country whereas fascism until the end of its existence remained disunited and failed to make its way into the government of the country. Complex, direct and indirect links and relationships existed between authoritarianism and fascism. The fascism movement was generated by the general authoritarian climate and was strongly influenced by external factors, but possessed also clearly outlined specific national features. The fundamental facts of the history of fascism are given a new interpretation, and typologization and periodization are introduced.

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