HOLOKAUSTAS LIETUVOJE: ŽVILGSNIS Į VAKARŲ ISTORIOGRAFIJOS DISKURSĄ

Author(s): Stanislovas Stasiulis / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 40/2017

The main aim of this article is to discuss the Holocaust in Lithuania as it appears in the discourse of Western historiography. This aim and the structure of this article have two goals: first, to discuss the Western historiographic perspective on the Holocaust during the period of the Cold War; second, to review the shifts in the historiography after the Cold War and the Fall of the Soviet Union. The first chapter of this article underlines that during the first period, the historiography of the Holocaust was mainly based on the sources of the Trials of the Major War Criminals (the Nuremberg Trials) and the legal proceedings during the subsequent years. This provided the foundation for historians to write studies about the Holocaust. However, these studies focused mainly on the criminal character of the Nazi party, the military and security forces, while the voices of the victims were silenced – at least until the Eichmann Trial; in addition, the question about the collaboration of locals in the Final Solution during the German occupation was also kept out. It should be underlined that this narrative was quite suitable for those Lithuanians who lived in Western Europe or the US, as it mainly stressed the guilt of the Nazi Germans. The Fall of the Soviet Union initiated a significant shift in the research of the Holocaust in Lithuania. The main factor of this shift was the opening of the archives in Eastern Europe, which provided the conditions to carry out research on the Holocaust in Lithuania. These studies made new conclusions about the relations between Lithuanians and Jews, anti Semitism in Lithuania, the anti-Soviet underground and its anti-Semitic attitudes, the first pogroms in German-occupied Lithuania during the first days of the War against the Soviet Union etc. This shift pushed the topic of the Holocaust in Lithuania to the top of the priorities of the agenda of Western historians and, in the broader sense, of the whole research centered around the persecution and eradication of the European Jews.

Recenzija: Tra Osoppo e Osvobodilna fronta: fonti e problemi di storia della Resistenza nel Goriziano

Author(s): Nevenka Troha / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 2/2007

The review of: Tra Osoppo e Osvobodilna fronta: fonti e problemi di storia della Resistenza nel Goriziano. Isrituro di stocia soeiale e religiosa, Gorizia 2006, 187 strani

Nacistična »evtanazija« v Sloveniji leta 1941

Author(s): Tone Ferenc / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1-2/1976

The author first gives an account of the Nazi "euthanasia", i. e. the killing of the mentally ill and the physically debilitated, in the German Reich and then in Slovenia. In the occupied Slovene provinces the Germans committed this crime upon more than 583 persons put to death at Hartheim castle near Linz in the spring of 1941.

Pregled pomembnejših dogodkov v letu 1941

Author(s): Tone Ferenc,Dare Jeršek,Milica Kacin Wohinz,France Klopčič,Ivka Križnar,Miroslav Luštek,Julij Simončič / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 2/1960

Pregled pomembnejših dogodkov v letu 1941 je bil sestavljen z namenom, da bi posredoval za orientacijo nekaj najvažnejših datumov in dogodkov vsem tistim, ki bodo ob dvajseti obletnici vstaje želeli spominsko osvetliti razne dogodke v Sloveniji. Upoštevali smo glavne dogodke svetovnega in jugoslovanskega pomena ter nekoliko širše slovenske dogodke. [...]

Słownictwo obozowe w przekładzie ustnym na terenie Państwowego Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau w opiniach tłumaczy i hiszpańskojęzycznych zwiedzających

Author(s): Marta Paleczna / Language(s): Polish Issue: 54/2021

The article presents some of the results obtained as part of multi-stage research project that was carried out in 2018-2020. Its purpose was to collect information on interpreting performed for visitors at the Auschwitz- Birkenau State Museum. The article discusses the difficulty of translating the camp vocabulary when performing the above-mentioned interpreting. Thirty interpreters shared their views on the oral translation as well as 96 visitors, for whom the information during the tour was provided by a Spanish speaking interpreter.

Unwillingly on the Road: Forced Jewish Migration at the Municipal Level in Slovakia (1939-1945)

Author(s): Michala Lônčíková / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2021

Forced Jewish migration in the Slovak State (1939-1945) during World War II is usually seen from the perspective of the deportations to the Nazi concentration camps. In fact, unwilling migration trajectories of the persecuted Jews, even within the contemporary Slovak territory, were copying gradual development of the anti-Semitic policy and its direct consequences on the everyday Jewish life in the wartime period. Numerous members of the Jewish community had experienced forced – in some cases also multi-layered – displacement both at the municipal and inner-state level even before the first transport left from Slovakia to Auschwitz on 25th March 1942. Main aim of this paper is to analyse the trajectories of the forced Jewish migration at urban level, especially personal and spatial consequences of limiting the Jewish living space caused by the restriction to live in and rent apartments in designated zones such as in the localities re-named after Adolf Hitler and Andrej Hlinka, founder and first leader of the Hlinka’s Slovak People’s Party.

LENI RIEFENSTAHL SİNEMASINI TARTIŞMAK

Author(s): Oya Kasap Ortaklan / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 3/2021

Leni Riefenstahl is one of the most controversial figures among the filmmakers of the Nazi era. The films she made during the rule of the NSDAP are a document of collaboration with the Nazi government for some groups and for others pure art. Reviews of her production after the World War II sometimes follow in the footsteps of fascist aesthetics and sometimes reduce her films to images free of ideology. The cinema of Riefenstahl, who all her life rejected the ideological value of her films and tried to defend herself as a director of harmony and beauty, is discussed in this article on the axis of this bipolar discussion. Riefenstahl's name is often remembered with her films Triumph of the Will (1935) and Olympia Parts I and II (1938). From the 1970s on, she was back on the agenda with the photos of the Nuba, an African tribe, and the underwater photos in the following years. The same years marked the beginning of a new era for Riefenstahl in which her past was rehabilitated and she herself experienced a kind of Renaissance. Susan Sontag, who believes in the existence of a connection between Riefenstahl’s aesthetics and images that she created during the Nazi era and before and after this period, is against this rehabilitation process. The idea of “art for art’s sake” and the ethics of showing and seeing come face to face. The article aims to uncover and discuss the structure of fascist propaganda and the periphery it can maintain in liberal society through cinema on the basis of Riefenstahl's films, biography, statements and Sontag's intervention.

Medicine in the Service of Nazism and other Silesian Stories – Reconstructing “Memory Shot Through with Holes” in Anna Dziewit-Meller’s Góra Tajget

Author(s): Agnieszka Gawron / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

The article discusses the literary reconstruction of the “memory shot through with holes” (H. Raczymow) in Anna Dziewit-Meller’s Góra Tajget (Mount Taygetus). The author analyses how this moral treatise set against the backdrop of the tale about three generations of a Silesian family as well as German eugenic operations fills the empty spaces in history and memory. In this process, the category of the body plays a unique role – one that is supervised by Nazi medicine, as well that which serves as a medium of what has been repressed from consciousness. Another key element of the text is the multiplied figure of the child, which binds together all the stories and accentuates the role of autobiographical factors in postmemorial discourse. Finally, the author examines how the anomalies of the discourse present in the book destroy the comfort of reading, and the literature, presented in an ethical perspective, becomes one of the most important discourses on responsibility, ethics (also medical) and human condition.

The Waffen-SS: A European History, ed. Jochen Böhler, Robert Gerwarth

Author(s): Hubert Kuberski / Language(s): English Issue: Sp./2019

Review of: The Waffen-SS: A European History, ed. Jochen Böhler, Robert Gerwarth, Oxford University Press, 2017. xviii + 372 pp. Illustrations. $100.00 (cloth), ISBN 978- 0-19-879055-6.

Polish civilian forced labourers and prisoners of war in the Organisation Todt – Einsatzgruppe Wiking, 1941–1945

Author(s): Emilia Denkiewicz-Szczepaniak / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

Over 8800 Poles (ca.7100 civilian forced workers and 1711 prisoners of war) were sent to Norway and Finnish Lappland to work for the Organisation Todt – Einsatzgruppe Wiking (EW). The first and second sections present the recruitment of the civilian forced labour within Poland and the sites to which they were transferred in Norway and north Finland. Until the spring of 1943, the majority were recruited from the Polish areas included in the Reich. The recruitment operated through construction firms with help of German recruitment offices. From spring 1943, recruitment increasingly originated from the General Gouvernement, the east part of Poland occupied by Germany. This change coincided with targeted actions to recruit for the EW, and in the autumn the OT started its own recruitment campaigns. The third section presents the number of Polish prisoners of war (POW) which were sent to Norway from Hamburg in April–May 1942. They were divided into three working battalions and spread on various building sites around the country, until 1041 of them were gathered in December 1943 to work on the expansion of the railway line in northern Norway. The fourth section elaborates the kind of building labour, mainly building of fortifications, roads and the north railway in Norway. The final section presents the living and working conditions of the Poles who were discriminated against both in terms of pay and liberties. Discrimination was also applied to the Poles working for EW. In January 1943, the OT adopted a specific Polen–Ausland–Bautarif, which sustained discrimination for Polish civilian workers. For Polish POWs norms of social conditions were higher than for Soviet and Yugoslavian POWs.

KATRINA SHAWVER, HENRY: A POLISH SWIMMER’S TRUE STORY OF FRIENDSHIP FROM AUSCHWITZ TO AMERICA

Author(s): Marcin Nabożny / Language(s): English Issue: 27/2020

Review of: Katrina Shawver, „Henry: a polish swimmer’s true story of friendship from auschwitz to america“, Ribbon falls press, Phoenix, Arizona 2017, pp. 328, ISBN 978-1-7345729-7-1

Błąd kategoryczny: antyfaszyzm w dyskursie publicznym i biografistyce transnarodowej

Author(s): Markus Wegewitz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2021

This essay examines some of the recent tendencies to delegitimize antifascism both as a political phenomenon and as a topic of historical research. In German academia and beyond, this “antiantifascist” current operates according to notions of communist contamination. To counter these narratives, I propose to look at the plurality of antifascism, its various continuities and the personal experiences of its historical agents. In particular, I make my case exploring the transnational biography of the Dutch journalist Nicolaas Rost.

Under a Non-Existent Commemorative Plaque

Author(s): Elżbieta Janicka / Language(s): English Issue: 10/2021

The ghetto bench (1937) is emblematic of the process by which anti-Semitism was legalized andinstitutionalized in the interwar Republic of Poland (1918–1939). This text focuses on the failure to include this knowledge in the mainstream narrative, a problem which continues to this day. The lack of an integrated history results from a lack of condemnation, and from the fact that the dominant majority has not broken away from the framework of assumptions of concealed processes and events. After 1989, these assumptions have been additionally celebrated in the cult of interwar Polish statehood. The collision of the Polish dominant culture with the liberal-democratic formal-legal framework produced the collapse of liberal democracy in Poland (2015). This text thus questions the location of the ghetto bench and its cultural representations in the field of memory studies. By pointing to the current stakes of the discourse on Polish anti-Semitism, the author calls for a revision of socio-cultural norms which means socio-cultural change.

Nazizm i imperializm niemiecki w przedwojennej publicystyce Juliusza Mieroszewskiego

Author(s): Wojciech Łysek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 29/2021

The main purpose of the article is to present the pre-war views of Juliusz Mieroszewski on Germany. The research problem will be considered in relation to the international situation, the development of the Nazi system and German-Polish relations. The article aims to verify the hypothesis that Mieroszewski aptly recognizes contemporary trends. Mieroszewski’s journalism analysis and archival sources were used to present the research problem.

Anna Jagodzińska, Andrzej Rutecki, Waldemar Brenda, Niemieckie i sowieckie zbrodnie na ziemi działdowskiej 1939–1945, Olsztyn 2020, s. 244

Author(s): Emilia Figura-Osełkowska,Radosław Wiśniewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2021

Spory wokół kształtu niemieckiej radiofonii w okupowanej Polsce

Author(s): Sebastian Fikus / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2021

The Third Reich’s radio policy towards Poland during the occupation was part of the discrimination and cultural extermination strategy. But it was also full of unexpected twists and turns, resulting from constant disputes over its principles. One is astonished by the consistent attitude of Hans Frank. He demanded not only a separate German-language radio station for the General Government but also a broad spectrum of broadcasts in Polish. He failed in convincing the authorities in Berlin to agree to this idea.

„Życie bez treści”. Uwagi na temat życia codziennego pod okupacją niemiecką na ziemiach wcielonych do Rzeszy na podstawie dzienników Eugeniusza Przybyła

Author(s): Tomasz Ceran / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2021

Contrary to the General Government, few diaries have been published describing Poles’ everyday lives who survived the German occupation on territories incorporated into the Reich already in 1939. This is mainly the scientific value of the Diary of Toruń painter and bibliophile Eugeniusz Przybył. The Diary makes it possible to look at the everyday life of Poles not only from the perspective of Warsaw or Cracow, but also of the towns incorporated into the Reich and the elements of the German occupation policy characteristic only for this area.

RELIGIJA U SEKULARNOM DRUŠTVU Prepreka ili korist?

Author(s): Stefan Jakob Wimmer / Language(s): Bosnian,English Issue: 2/2020

The author investigates from the perspective of a Western European country, in his case Germany, if and how religion(s) can be appreciated in a secular society. With historic reviews he demonstrates that we should revise our accustomed perceptions; how (in the “West”) Islam is perceived, how religions are perceived from outside, but also how the religious sometimes misrepresent the non-religious. Instead, he advocates to adjust our categories of “us” and “the others”, and join forces with those who are committed to living together against those who campaign and agitate against it, notwithstanding who believes in what. His considerations are shaped by the situation in Germany, but they lead to conclusions of universal value.

O RODZINNEJ (NIE)PAMIĘCI - WOJNA I NAZIZM W NIEMIECKIEJ BIOGRAFICZNEJ POWIEŚCI POKOLENIOWEJ

Author(s): Gerda Nogal / Language(s): Polish Issue: 04/2021

In Dagmar Leupold’s „Nach den Kriegen” and Stephan Wackwitz‘ „Ein unsichtbares Land”, novels of second and third generation, narrators come back to the times of Nazism, Holocaust and wars as the components of family memory. The article focuses on social, especially family conditions of memory. The starting point is the assumption that family conditions exert a significant impact on the construction of memories in the discussed novels. Analysis has shown that both texts markedly transpose the mechanisms of loyalty of family memory transmission, also critically reflecting on them from the perspective of the present. By putting memories in the context of indirect family memory the writers strive for the truth about the past but also adopt an affirmative attitude with regard to its „participants”. This attitude certainly derives from the leading humanistic thoughts of western cultures, harmonised with the social, cultural and political system based on democracy and Europeanness.

Despre extrema dreaptă franceză și influența ei în Europa

Author(s): Florin-Răzvan Mihai / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1-2/2021

This is a review of Richard Griffiths' book, France’s Purveyors of Hatred. Aspects of the French Extreme Right and its Influence, 1918–1945, Routledge, Londra și New York, 2021, 230 p.