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DIANA BUDISAVLJEVIĆ INTO SCHOOLS: HISTORY TO THE MARGINS

Author(s): Mario Kevo / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

According to a claim made on the internet page narod.hr (it reproduces a part of a text by Andreja Černovec from the Hrvatski tjednik [The Croatian Weekly]; accessible at https://narod.hr/hrvatska/uvrstenje-filma-dnevnik-diane-budisavljevic-u-skolski-kurikul-vise-drze-do-istine-jedne-redateljice- nego-povjesnicara), the live-action documentary The Diary of Diana Budisavljević, directed by Dana Budisavljević (2019) has been introduced into the school curriculum (probably as part of the subject History!?), i.e., it has received the approval of the Croatian Ministry of Education and Culture for inclusion into the education curriculum. This is certainly an interesting, but also very unusual decision. Of course, you may ask yourselves why? First of all, several general remarks about the film and its main heroine, around whom the story revolves. In short, for those unfamiliar with the subject, this is a film about Diana Budisavljević, a Zagreb woman of Austrian heritage, married to surgeon Dr Julije Budisavljević, who near the end of 1941 decided to gather aid and provide care for Jewish and Orthodox women and children who were interned in the Loborgrad and Gornja Rijeka concentration camps.

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Mirosław Węcki: Fritz Bracht – Gauleiter von Oberschlesien

Author(s): Sara Berger / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2022

Review of: "Fritz Bracht –Gauleiter von Oberschlesien. Biographie. Aus dem Poln." von David Skrabania, Mirosław Węcki, Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh. Paderborn 2021.XX, 634 S., Ill. ISBN 978-3-506-70713-0.

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Klaus Kellmann: Dimensionen der Mittäterschaft

Author(s): Sven Deppisch / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2022

Review of: "Dimensionen der Mittäterschaft. Die europäische Kollaboration mit dem Dritten Reich.", Klaus Kellmann, Böhlau Verlag. Wien 2019. 2., durchges. Aufl. 666 S. ISBN 978-3-205-20053-6.

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The „Spectral Turn“. Jewish Ghosts in the Polish Post-Holocaust Imaginaire

Author(s): Cordula Kentler / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2022

Review of: “The „Spectral Turn“. Jewish Ghosts in the Polish Post-Holocaust Imaginaire”, Hrsg. von Zuzanna Dziuban,(Erinnerungskulturen / Memory Cultures, Bd. 6.) transcript. Bielefeld 2019. 265 S. ISBN 978-3-8376-3629-1.

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Gerald Steinacher, Zbiegli naziści. Jak hitlerowscy zbrodniarze uciekli przed sprawiedliwością

Author(s): KAJETAN HAMERLAK / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2018

Review of: Kajetan Hamerlak - Gerald Steinacher, Zbiegli naziści. Jak hitlerowscy zbrodniarze uciekli przed sprawiedliwością, przeł. M. Antosiewicz, Wołowiec, Czarne, 2015, 463 s.

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Instruments of Murder - Leadership Styles and Compliance in the SS-Einsatzgruppen

Author(s): Maayan Armelin / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The article follows two Einsatzgruppen officers and explores how their leadership styles encouraged rank and file members under their command to participate in mass executions. Reading into post-war testimonies, the study traces the historical, social, and organisational factors that shaped the officers’ approaches, and how they manifested during their Einsatzgruppen operations. The inquiry utilises social psychology to distinguish and characterize each leadership style, and to assess how their separate and combined influences prompted followers’ apparent willingness to participate in mass murder.

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Capturing Bolshevism: SS Photographs of Soviet POWs at Concentration Camps

Author(s): Lukas Meissel / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The article examines photographs taken by SS men at the Mauthausen concentration camp. The focus is on pictures of Soviet POWs from October 1941. A negative strip serves as a case study to highlight the importance of a critical method-driven approach for interpretations of visual sources, specifically perpetrator pictures. The images are analysed according to an adapted version of Ulrike Pilarczyk’s and Ulrike Mietzner’s serial-iconographic photo analysis to differentiate between description and interpretation. The aim is to contextualise the photos and link them to ideological meanings of the pictures for those who took or commissioned them.

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From Exclusion, Deprivation, and Persecution to Suicide. Analysing Data on the Suicides of Jews in Vienna 1938–1945

Author(s): Wolfgang Schellenbacher / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

Between 1938 and 1945, at least 1,100 Jews in Vienna died by suicide in the face of exclusion, deprivation, and persecution. This article examines data on suicides in Vienna put together for a symposium and commemoration ceremony, drawing from the databases of the Documentation Centre of Austrian Resistance. Suicides peaked after the “Anschluss” of Austria in March 1938, but also increased during the November pogrom and at times when people feared losing their housing. While research had already suggested a connection between the mass transports from Vienna between autumn 1941 and autumn 1942, the data allows for an in depth-analysis into the correlation between transports and suicides and can demonstrate this on the level of individual transports leaving Vienna. Additionally, the article looks into the average age, the types of suicides, and demographic aspects, such as differences according to gender.

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Forgive and Forget. The Vatican and the Escape of Nazi War Criminals from Justice

Author(s): Gerald J. Steinacher / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The Vatican and other Catholic leaders’ ideas about crime and punishment were different from those of the Allies. The leadership of the Catholic Church – Pope Pius XII, his closest advisors, and many cardinals and bishops – opposed the Allied war crime trials and denazification efforts after World War II, and their opposition intensified over time. This included criticism of war crime trials as well as rejections of widespread administrative purges. Catholic organisations assiduously provided moral, financial, and material support for accused and convicted Holocaust perpetrators. By 1948, the efforts of saving Nazis from the gallows had turned into a full-blown Catholic crusade against Nuremberg. The Vatican Secretariat of State and the Pope himself obstructed Allied justice by violating international agreements for the extradition of war criminals to the countries where they had committed their crimes (e.g. the Moscow Declaration). By using archival sources, I illustrate this second point with the case of the Croatian war criminals and quislings hiding in Italy – some of them inside the Vatican – which were circumstances that did not escape the attention of the Allies. Also, I make it clear that the Papal Aid Commission was extensively involved in helping Nazi war criminals escape justice by channelling them overseas, to places where they could not be extradited. Very few studies investigate in tandem the Vatican responses to Nuremberg justice and the issues of the so-called “Ratline”. In my view, these two – often separately discussed – topics are closely intertwined, and establishing the link between them is one of the major contributions of this paper. While actively aiding Nazi escape and shielding perpetrators from prosecution represent different points on a spectrum, it is often unclear where one ends and the other begins.

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Zwischen Ignoranz, Missbrauch und Konkurrenz. Zum Stand von Geschichtspolitik, Erinnerungskultur und Holocaust-Gedenken

Author(s): Dirk Rupnow / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2022

Questions of historical politics and culture of remembrance are once again the focus of public attention. After the phase of its globalisation and institutionalisation, Holocaust remembrance also seems to be subject to a far-reaching process of change. The lecture tries to outline the current status and the current challenges in the European, “Western” and global context. This raises (again) questions about the significance of Holocaust remembrance in European migration societies, not least in times when immigration to Europe was perceived as a crisis and the resulting isolationist tendencies, as well as a clearly evident racism and a steadily growing Islamophobia; and at the same time about the global competitive relationship between the memory of the Holocaust and the crimes of European colonial powers in the world as well as their place in a European memory – none of which are new questions, but still or probably increasingly relevant and controversial.

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Mytopoetologický koncept románu J.C. Hronského „Svet na Trasovisku”

Author(s): Peter F.'Rius Jílek / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2012

The paper focuses on the novel by J. C. Hronský Svet na Trasovisku as a significant model of politically engaged literature of Nazi Heroic Realism. It also contributes to objective reinterpretation of the novel and opens space for unbiased possibilities of tracing the pro-regime literature.

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“The Sense of Justice and the Need for Eugenics Require Instant and Effective Intervention”: Terminating Pregnancies Resulting from Wartime Rapes in Poland in 1945

Author(s): Jakub Gałęziowski / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

In the final months of the World War II and the first months after that conflict’s end, millions of Red Army soldiers passed through Poland in both directions. They not only participated in military actions but also frequently committed crimes against the civilian population. The sexual violence they perpetuated affected not only local women who lived in former territories belonging to the Third Reich (so-called autochthons), but also Polish women—former forced laborers and ex-prisoners of concentration camps returning to their homes after the war and displaced women from the Kresy Wschodnie (eastern borderlands) who migrated to the western territories. These rapes led to the spread of venereal diseases and many unwanted pregnancies. As a result, from June to November 1945, an exception was introduced which made it possible to legally terminate those pregnancies which were the result of so-called war circumstances. Based on the preserved archival documents, it is impossible to estimate the number of abortions, but judging by the secret appeal of the communist authorities from October 1945, it must have been enormous: doctors were advised to exercise “considerable restraint” in directing women to treatments, given the “the demographic needs of a war-devastated country.” Ultimately, therefore, the concern for demographic loses and resulting pro-natalist policies won out over the need for “eugenics” and any “sense of justice.” The article discusses issues of post-war biopolitics that have not yet been explored in Polish historiography.

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Eliyana R. Adler: Survival on the Margins. Polish Jewish Refugees in the Wartime Soviet Union

Author(s): Klaus-Peter Friedrich / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2022

Review of: Klaus-Peter Friedrich - Eliyana R. Adler: Survival on the Margins. Polish Jewish Refugees in the Wartime Soviet Union

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Религията и църквата в усташката националистическа доктрина

Author(s): Irina Ognyanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1-2/2000

Nationalism and religion play a significant role in the development of the Croatian society. Croatian nationalism is traditionally related to the Catholic Church. For the Croats their religious belonging has always been a synonym of their national identity. In the ideology of the Ustasha movement nationalism and Catholicism played a central role. They were not only two major ideas, but also two inseparable from each other ideas. With the establishment of the Independent State of Croatia (1941–1945) Ustashas included even more substantially Catholicism in their national doctrine. During the Second World War the Ustasha organization made special efforts to gain the support of the Catholic Church for the implementation of its nationalistic policy. However, it did not always find the expected “loyal cooperation”. The Catholic clergy, especially the higher hierarchy, showed some reticence as regards the extreme methods of rule of the Ustasha leaders and especially - to their terrorist activities and their attempts for forcible conversion to Catholicism of a part pf the Orthodox Serbian population.

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Германската академия в Мюнхен и нейните лекторати в България (1925–1944)

Author(s): Elena Boyadjieva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3-4/2000

From the mid-20s of the past century Germany’s growing interest in the European Southeast led to the appearance of a new branch in German science: Südostforschung (Southeast European Research). The first link in its institutional network was the German Academy in Munich. Although founded to support the German national spirit (Deutschtum) abroad, almost from its very beginning it was directed to the Southeast European region - the objective of German economic and cultural strivings. The work of the Bulgarian Academy developed in two directions: a) scientific research (and popularization) - studying the targets of influence; b) “export” of the German language and German culture. The tasks in the second direction were entrusted to the local lectureships. After opening the Mediation Bureau (Mittelstelle) of the German Academy in Sofia, it was proceeded with the setting up of the lectureships. While the German schools spread the language among the children and youths in Bulgaria, the lectureships had to include the adult people. In the course of a decade were opened 12 lectureships with 15 branches, the number of those attending them exceeding 4000. Only one-quarter of them, however, met the requirements of the German Kulturetrager, namely to attract chiefly German language lecturers, including students. For various reasons of an objective or subjective character, the lectureships of the German Academy failed to achieve the superiority, so keenly desired by Berlin, over French linguistic and cultural propaganda. At the same time, they did not prove as effective, as was expected of them, in disseminating the Nazi ideas.

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Българският малцинствено-териториален проблем през Втората световна война в контекста на общоевропейските процеси

Author(s): Vanya Stoyanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5-6/2000

The basic tendencies and problems of the ethnodemographic processes in Bulgaria, set against the background of the events in Europe during the Second World War, are considered in the article. The common roots, foreign policy context, mechanisms and results of the policy of achieving unity of the state and ethnic territory in Bulgaria and the countries of Central, Eastern and SW Europe are sought. The territorial and ethnodemographic changes in the region are regarded as a stage in the formation of the modern political map of a Europe nationalizing itself and the national states becoming homogeneous in the extreme conditions and scales of the war.

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Принципът на безусловна капитулация и примирието с България – октомври 1944 г.

Author(s): Stoyan Pintev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3-4/1998

The article examines the question of the way in which Bulgaria left the war. The accent is put on the “Unconditional Capitulation” – a formulation proposed by US President F. Roosevelt in 1943 arid its implementation in the case of the Bulgarian armistice in October 1944. Although the “Unconditional Capitulation” was not present as a term in the document signed on October 28, the procedure of its drawing, the contacts of the Bulgarian delegation during the period from October 16 to 28 with the Allies and mostly denying the Bulgarians the opportunity to set forth and considerations and claims speak that in practice the principle of “Unconditional Capitulation” was fully observed with respect to Bulgaria.

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Българският периодичен печат за Мюнхенската конференция

Author(s): Valja Dimitrova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/1996

The author attempts to analyze a part of the periodic press – the newspapers, the magazines issued in 1937–1938. She regards the published materials for the preparation and the work of the Munich conference and how it was covered by the periodic press. Despite of the fact that the press did not express opinions and personal positions of the authors, the published materials are valuable, objective and written in good journalistic style. All events about the Munich conference were well covered with notes, correspondence, articles and analysis. An important role for the good information given to the readers the Bulgarian Telegraph Agency and its initials often stood under the publications. Frequently the foreign press was used as a source of information. Many comments, articles, panoramic materials and informations taken from prestigious European publications found place on the pages of the Bulgarian newspapers and magazines. This way the Bulgarian periodic press quite objectively and impartiality managed to inform the Bulgarian public about the most important events in the eve of the Second World War.

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Британската информационно-пропагандна дейност в България (1943–1944)

Author(s): Temenouzhka Savova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/1996

The major theme of World War II includes the problem of the nature, forms and methods of the British information activity which during the war years bore the signs of war propaganda. The preparation of special radio broadcasts in Bulgarian and the dropping of leaflets by the Allied airforce were problems with direct bearing on Great Britain’s attitude towards Bulgaria and the military events involved. Notwithstanding certain shortcomings, the effect of British propaganda was considerable. It was with particular interest that the Bulgarian listener followed the transmission of the BBC which determined the line of conduct of the other Western radio stations. The British information and propaganda "undertakings", prepared for the Bulgarian population, objectively contributed to the strengthening of the anti-fascist moods in the country. With the care for and the attention to propaganda in general the Western Powers demonstrated their awareness of the high value of the professionally organized psychological pressure for succeeding in the so-called "war of nerves" against Nazi Germany and its accessories.

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„Третата сцена“ на германската външна политика (1933–1945)

Author(s): Elena Boyadjieva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5/1996

A new stage in the history of German foreign cultural policy began with the coming of National Socialism to power. Although being the “third stage” in the framework of foreign policy, it made a doubtless contribution both in the sphere of cultural exchange and in the realization of the foreign policy and economic links of the Reich. The effectiveness of culture, distinguished by indirect but delicate lasting influence, was property evaluated by the Nazi foreign policy centres. The system was innovated and restructured on an enourmous scale, in tune with the new tactics and the new objectives. The network of institution was expanded with the Ministry of Propaganda (1933), the Ministry for Science, National Education (1934) and the Foreign Policy Service of the Nazi party (1933). Headed respectively by Goebbels, Rust and Rosenberg, they interfered grossly interfered in cadre diplomacy. A reorganization took place also in the Cultural Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1936. Its renaming to Cultural-political had to show the world the strong link between culture and politics in the conditions of New Germany. In view of the paramount importance of the spread of the language was set up a specialized Language Department which operated in co-operation with the German Academy in Munich, with its lectureships abroad and with the local Goethe institutes. Second place in importance was occupied by the communications in the sphere of higher education and science. Two separate departments were responsible for them, and Goebbels and Rosenberg expressed categorical claims to their territory of influence. The strong ideological colouring of the institutions headed by them, however, did not predispose foreign partners in their favour. The reorganization also affected the relatively independent bilateral cultural societies. Having discovered in them a flexible means of the presence of the Reich in foreign cultural life, it centralized their activity and placed them under the supervision of the Alliance of the Inter-state Unions and Organizations. Increasingly the “third stage” of German foreign policy was turning into a convenient manoeuvring ground of which were played the moves of the cultural-political “offensive” of the Third Reich.

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