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After Hitler had seized power in Germany, relying on his aggressive propaganda, part of the German population in Romania started to show hostility towards the Romanian State, also becoming tools for spreading Nazi ideology. After General Ion Antonescu had become ruler of Romania on November 21, 1940, the Romanian citizens of German origin were granted the right to form an organization registered as a legal entity, called the German Ethnic Group in Romania, a Nazi oriented group that soon found itself in conflict with the Evangelical, Lutheran and Roman Catholic clergy thus affecting the relations within the German community.
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Following the Bucharest meeting of the representatives of communist and workers’ parties, occasioned by the Third Congress of the P.M.R. on June 20-25, 1960, the Soviet-Chinese disagreements grew worse. In order to understand each party’s position and to reach a common denominator, Soviet-Chinese bilateral talks were held in Moscow on September 17-22. This article focuses on Gheorghiu-Dej’s report on the results of the 81 communist parties’ conference in Moscow in November 1960. Presented within the P.M.R. Central Committee’s session on December 19-20, 1960, the speech is revealing for the way in which the P.M.R. leadership regarded the evolution of the Soviet-Chinese conflict at that time.
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The author, a former political detainee, describes the detainees’ living conditions in the communist prisons, focusing on a rebellion that took place in Gherla, in 1958.
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On of the elite officers of the Romanian Army at the beginning of his career, General Radu Băldescu participated to the campaign on the East Front in the Second World War. Finding the General an “enemy to the democratization of the Army”, the new regime removed him from command (in 1946) and then ordered him to retire (in 1947). He was arrested by the Securitate in Sibiu in December 1951; then he was incarcerated in the Jilava prison, where he died. Major Nicolae Dabija distinguished himself on the battlefields of the Caucasians and Crimea. Starting with 1948, he becomes involved in the Romanian anticommunist resistance and organizes the groups of partisans in the Apuseni Mountains, with their headquarters at Muntele Mare. The Securitate troops cunningly capture him; he is sentenced to death and executed in October 1949. Peasants’ Party, Ion Mihalache was a model of moral conduct in Romanian politics between the two World Wars. His rejection of any form of compromise with the representatives of the “proletarians’ dictatorship” after 1945 made him a hateful figure to the communist authorities. Ion Mihalache was arrested in 1947 and tortured in prison despite his old age. He died in prison.
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Reviews of: 1. Paul Sfetcu 13 ani în anticamera lui Dej, Editura Fundației Culturale Române, București, 2000, 335p. 2. Boris Souvarine Stalin: studiu istoric al bolșevismului, trad. Doina Jela Despois, Editura Humanitas, București, 1999. 3. 'lan Kershaw, Moshe Lewin Stalinism and Nazism. Dictatorship in Comparison, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1999.
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In 1948-1951, the communist world was “purged” of over 2.5 million people, of whom approximately 10 percent were arrested, tried and sentenced to many years in prison or just executed. Once the purges were over, the “new” communist parties completely followed the policy of the C.P.S.U. The new leaders of the “people’s democracies” imitated Stalin. Like him, they put their political rivals away, developed their own cult of personality, practiced abuse and committed crimes in the name of preserving the unity and purity of the communist parties. Everywhere, there was a “Stalinization” of the “people’s democracies,” in what really became a “socialist camp,” totally subjected to the will of the Soviet dictator.
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Communist leaders used festivals to increase or consolidate their popularity. One special moment: organizing in Bucharest in 1953 The Third Congress of the Democratic Youth World Federation and The Fourth World Festival of Youth and Students for Peace and Friendship. It was considered that the material and human efforts would pay, due to the propaganda effect of the festivities. So, propaganda was the main purpose of the 1953 events, as it also happened, in fact, with all festivals created by the communist regime.
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Nikita Khruschev used the opportunity offered by the Third Congress of the P.M.R., which took place in Bucharest on June 20-25, to call a meeting of the socialist countries (most of them on the Soviet side): the purpose was to anathematize the Chinese position. The analysis of those debates and the position of the P.M.R. on the issue of the Soviet-Chinese disagreements became a separate issue in the Plenum of the P.M.R. Central Committee on August 1, 1960; the short hand of that meeting is given in this issue of our magazine
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Part two of this study deals in depth with new propaganda techniques in Romania: agitation and party propaganda. Agitation is synonymous with propaganda and the agitator is the ideological “soul” of a totalitarian system, based on appearances. Party propaganda is a continuation at a higher level than agitation, the same Stakhanovists of the communist ideology made a fetish out of the party and its directives.
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The armed resistance or the partisan movement was the spearhead of the Romanian nation’s opposition to the establishment of the communist regime by the Soviets. There were paramilitary organizations ready to fight but waiting for a liberating intervention, unarmed subversive organizations, economic sabotage groups, the opposition of peasants against the collectivization of agriculture, groups that gathered and transmitted intelligence, etc. The documents have made it possible to identity 19 centers of anticommunist armed resistance in Romania.
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This document attempts to reconstruct the structure of the Communist Party of Romania (P.C.R.) leadership between the wars and during World War 11. Personal quarrels, suspicion, fear of the state Security, contradictory ideological opinions, and, last but not least, the lack of funds (mostly supplied by the Comintern) made it necessary to change leaders frequently.
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This material includes information from the Police General Directorate regarding “the basic rules of conspiracy,” for the P.C.R. members, approximately dated 1930.
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While the official propaganda showed the “historical success” of the Romanian people under the leadership of the Romanian Workers’ Party, the mass support of the “entire nation” for the party policy, the real situation was much more complex and the opposition against the “Stalinization” of Romania was manifest in all social layers. This fact was described by the Minister of the Interior, Teohari Georgescu, in a meeting with the instructors of the Romanian Workers’ Party Central Committee, which took place on March 11, 1948.
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Specific data showing the way communist justice applied repression to support the regime in achieving the collectivization of agriculture.
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Dintr-un dosar de anchetă penală cuprinzând zeci de mii de file am extras un eșantion de opt documente.
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