(In)formal distribution channels in Romania during the 1980s: Entrepreneurial foreign students within the Second Economy

Author(s): Alexandra Bardan / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2022

This article explores the role of entrepreneurial foreign students in the entangled informal networks of the second economy in Romania during the 1980s by questioning an underexplored part of the distribution chain, namely the provision of commodities missing or in short supply which further fueled the black market. Using a network analysis that traced improbable connections, we identified an unexpected channel in the form of international trade fairs, seen here as potential occasions where informal links are most likely to be first realized. The case study figured the second economy as a transnational place where various actors competed in the generation of hard currency.

(Ne)legitimni revizionizam: pravo i (pseudo)istoriografske revizije na zapadu i istoku

Author(s): Vladimir P. Petrović / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

The contribution is analyzing the legal aspects of historiographical revisionism, in an attempt to highlight the role of the courts in delineating between legitimate historical reevaluation of the past and the denial of essential historical facts, the latter being referred to as negationsim. The experience of Western countries in combating negationism through criminalisation of various forms of denial of mass crimes or through the civil litigation is juxtaposed to the confused postotalitarian dynamics in Eastern Europe and its anarchic reception in the region of the former Yugoslavia.

(Post)socialističtí ekonomové jako objekt historického zkoumání

Současný stav bádání a perspektivy

Author(s): Václav Rameš / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3/2017

The article examines the current state of research in the field of the history of economic sciences and activities of Czechoslovak economists in the era of socialism. It provides an overview of basic contributions, both domestic and foreign, on this topic since the 1990s, examining works of Johanna Bockman, Jiří Suk and Gil Eyal in a greater detail. It also mentions the latest research projects concerning this topic. In the end, the author offers a list of available sources (archival documents and published memoirs) which can be used in future research.

(Proto)underground. Několik poznámek k vývoji podzemního hnutí

Author(s): František (Čuňas) Stárek,Ladislav Kudrna / Language(s): Czech Issue: 04/2016

In this study the authors explore the development of the movement later dubbed the underground, a group of people who had retreated into society’s undergrowth to get away from the regime but whose harsh punishment by the latter inspired and kick-started the Charter 77 movement.

(Re)konstrukcija suvremene hrvatske / jugoslavenske povijesti u pregledima / sintezama nakon 1991. godine

Author(s): Damir Agičić / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

The author concentrates on the treatment of contemporary Croatian/Yugoslav history in several monographs, overviews, and summaries of Croatian history published over the past ten years. In addition, he completes a short re¬view of research on contemporary history included in the scientific-historical projects financed by the Republic of Croatia’s Ministry of Science, Education, and Sport. He concludes that when guided exclusively by scholarly criteria, the matrix of Croatian historiography is developing in a satisfactory manner.

(Не)видљиви мигранти: миграције назарена у Северну Америку током комунизма у Југославији

Author(s): Aleksandra Đurić-Milovanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2017

The migration of religious minorities from the region of Southeast Europe to North America was not in the focus of ethno-anthropological, sociological and historiographical research until recently. In the last two decades, the main focus in migration studies was on labor and economic migration, and only indirectly to the religious identity of migrants. This paper discusses the migration of one neo-Protestant religious minority – the Nazarenes, who emigrated massively from Yugoslavia to North America after the Second World War. The Nazarenes were pacifists, refusing to bear arms, take an oath, or to be members of political organizations. By adhering to their strict religious beliefs, the Nazarenes came into conflict with the state authorities. After the Second World War, the communist state considered Nazarenes as disloyal citizens and a threat to the government. From 1949, the Nazarenes were condemned to severe prison sentences in the worst prisons such as Goli оtok. In this period, the illegal emigration of Nazarenes to North America started. The material collected for the purposes of this paper came to be the result of empirical research, conducted in the United States (March-June 2015) with members of the Nazarene community who emigrated from Yugoslavia between 1950 and 1975. Emphasizing the role of religion in the process of migration, as well as the transformation of the community after several decades in their new setting, this paper analyzes the oral history of emigration of the Nazarenes during communism, where emigration is seen as 'survival strategy' for this religious minority.

1917-2017: Уроки столетия для России и мира

Author(s): Konstantin Lobanov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 12/2016

В сознании россиян 1917 год связывается, прежде всего, со столетием Февральской революции и последующими за ней октябрьскими событиями. И не случайно. Ведь тысяча девятьсот семнадцатый справедливо считается переломным моментом новейшей истории, после которого Россия и мир уже не могли быть прежними и начали развиваться по новой социальной траектории. Многие государства под влиянием идей русского революционизма и практики постреволюционной модернизации развернулись от дикого капитализма к социальной ориентированной экономике, отказались от авторитаризма и формальной демократии в пользу открытой и диверсифицированной системы власти и управления, перестали подавлять личность и предоставили людям больше прав для самореализации. Все это стало возможным благодаря глубокому осмыслению русского опыта, его творческой переработке в сферахэкономического моделирования, государственного строительства и социальных взаимоотношений. А что же россияне? Как у них обстоит дело с рефлексией? Иначе говоря, усвоили ли они собственный опыт, извлекли ли уроки из своего прошлого?

1920 – 1950’li YILLAR AZERBAYCAN EDEBİYATINDA MİLLİ MANEVİ İDEALLER HAKİM İDEOLOJİNİN GİRDABINDA

Author(s): Yaşar RIZAYEV / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2009

1920-1950s, national-spiritual ideals of the Azerbaijan literature in the servitude of the judge ideology. This article is dealt from in which condition was national-spiritual ideals of Azerbaijan literature in the servitude of the soviet ideology and problems of Azerbaijani writers lived during this period.

1920-1930 Yıllarında Azerbaycan’ın Milli ve Manevi Değerlerine Karşı Sovyet Rusya Tarafından Yürütülen Asimilasyon Siyaseti

Author(s): Ülker Yakar / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2018

Azerbaijan, with its geographical position and natural richness, has always attracted Russia’s interest. Azerbaijan, having been invaded by Russia in the early XIXth century, declared its independence on 28 May 1918 in the leadership of M.E. Resulzade but was invaded by Bolshevik Russia again on 27 April 1920. This invasion, which lasted until 1991, caused a great destruction among Azerbaijani Turks. Soviet Russia, who wanted complete command of Azerbaijan, intended to raise new generations that served Soviet Russia’s purpose to remove the community from Turkish culture and Islam, and to impose Soviet culture. Through social and cultural policies, Azerbaijan society was broken its identity. In this aim, freedom of religion was restricted and it was necessary to write Azerbaijani on the IDs instead of Turk until 1983. With a similar assimilation policy, Azeri Turkish was ignored and the alphabet was changed, in order to make Russian the language of education and to make Turkish forgotten. This assimilation policy showed its effects in familial relationships, clothing of public and art and even playing tar, fiddle, clarion, balaban was banned. In order for these intrusive policies to not cause a riot, Soviet regime carried out these policies as “reform”. In this study, while Soviet Russia’s national and moral exploitation acts in Azerbaijan were examined. Education language, culture and family life were taken into account through archival documents and scientific works related to the topic

1930’LU YILLARDA AZERBAYCAN BAĞIMSIZLIK MÜCADELESİNDE BİR KESİT: KAFKASYA KONFEDERASYON ŞURASI

Author(s): Ali Haydar Soysüren / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 41/2019

When following the Bolshevik movement in 1920 Azerbaijan lost its independence, which was achieved after the October Revolution of 1917, she restarted its struggle for independence. Leaders of Azerbaijani nationalism in pursuit of independence continued to work towards their targets in different countries through different ways and methods. In this struggle, Azerbaijani nationalists occasionally came together with representatives of other nations that share similar fate, and the struggle against Soviet government created a natural ground for moving different elements of various nations together. The Shura of the Caucasus Confederation is an experience of this context in the 1930s. The experience of the Shura of the Caucasus Confederation, against the common enemy on the axis of the Caucasian common identity, of the "National Liberation Movement of Azerbaijan" under the leadership of Mehmet Emin Rasulzade together with Northern Caucasus Turkish nationalists and the Georgian Mensheviks is a remarkable example in terms of understanding the process of Azerbaijan's independence struggle in the 1930s.

1941. GODINA U JUGOSLOVENSKOJ ISTORIOGRAFIJI

Author(s): Petar Kačavenda / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1+2/1991

Pedeset godina od početka oružane oslobodilačke borbe naroda Jugoslavije u Drugom svetskom ratu, prilika je da se i najkraćim osvrtom nešto kaže о jugoslovenskoj istoriografiji 1941. godine. Ova prelomna godina, ispunjena mnoštvom krupnih događaja i zbivanja sudbonosnih za jugoslovenske narode i evropsku i svetsku zajednicu u celini, zaokupljala je i zaokuplja pažnju i interesovanje i nakon 50 godina, ne samo istoričara, već i mnogih drugih stvaralaca, koji svojim delima daju doprinos naučnom osvetljavanju istorijske stvarnosti toga vremena. Sve to rezultira da se svestranije i objektivnije vrednuju društveno-politički odnosi i snage u Drugom svetskom ratu, tom najkrvavijem sukobu u istoriji Ijudskog drustva i Ijudske zajednice. Nekoliko puta, u okviru podsećanja na strahote Drugog svetskog rata, sumirani su i rezultati istorijske nauke u izučavanju 1941. godine u svetskim razmerama a u okviru toga i rezultati jugoslovenske istoriografije.

1943-2018: Sedamdeset pet godina ZAVNOBiH-a (Antifašističkog vijeća narodnog oslobođenja Bosne i Hercegovine ) i nenaučene lekcije

Author(s): Asim Mujkić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1/2018

Ovaj tekst nudi uglavnom kratak pregled izvora moderne bosanskohercegovačke državnosti koja se danas obilježava, barem na jednoj trećini njezina teritorija kao 25.11. – Dan državnosti. Ovaj praznik referira na prvo zasjedanje AVNOBiH-a koje se održalo u Mrkonjić Gradu na slobodnoj teritoriji 25.11.1943. Ovo zasjedanje se razumijeva kao utemeljujući revolucionarni događaj moderne bosanske države, a u isto vrijeme je, kako ću tvrditi, finalna faza u realizaciji ljevičarskog koncepta pluralne, multietničke republike nasuprot uobičajenom modelu monoetnički homogenizirane jedno-nacionalne države.

1943-2018: Seventy-five Years of ZAVNOBiH (The Anti- Fascist People’s Liberation Council of Bosnia and Herzegovina) and Unlearned Lessons

Author(s): Asim Mujkić / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

This text intends to offer a rather brief review of the sources of modern Bosnian statehood that is celebrated, at least in one third of this country as Statehood Day – November 25. This Day refers actually to the First session of ZAVNOBiH (Session of Anti-Fascist People’s Liberation Council of Bosnia and Herzegovina) that was held in Mrkonjic Grad on free territory on November 25, 1943. This Session is perceived as the founding revolutionary event of modern Bosnian polity, and at the same time it was, as I will argue, the final phase in realization of Leftist concept of a plural, multiethnic Republic contrary to a common pattern of monoethnically homogenized one-nation-state. Furthermore, this concept is genuine and significantly different from typical communist but also from liberal federalist solutions. In fact, Communist federalist solutions for the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, and Czechoslovakia failed with the collapse of communism, exactly because they strictly followed the structural model of one-nation-one-state. The Yugoslav, the Soviet and the Czechoslovak republics of their respective federations were indeed molded on one-ethnic-nation state model. Had Bosnia been internally federalized in 1940s, had Bosnia been reconstituted as some kind of union of its one-ethnic-nation-regions or entities, it would have had collapsed overnight just as communist federations did, as the framework changed from socialism to capitalism. The same would have happened had Bosnia, as a whole, been constituted as one-nation-state.

1945 IN CROATIA

Author(s): Zdenko Radelić / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

The author presents the basic contours of 1945, which was marked by the end of the war, the collapse of the Independent State of Croatia, the establishment of Federal State of Croatia as a component of Democratic Federal Yugoslavia and the seizure of authority by the Communist Party of Yugoslav (KPJ). After the end of a liberation and civil war, the KPJ took power into its hands and created the essential prerequisites for the federal reorganization of the Yugoslav state and the revolutionary change of society in compliance with its revolutionary and federalist ideas and through the application of experiences from the USSR. The emphasis is on the most important moves by the KPJ in the first year of its rule and the fate of the main anti-communist forces in Croatia.

1945. Крај или нови почетак?, Tематски зборник радова Gлавни и одговорни уредник др Зоран Јањетовић. Београд: Институт за новију историју Србије, Музеј жртава геноцида, 2016, 625.

Author(s): Davor Stipić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2016

1948: jakie wsparcie USA dla krajów bloku sowieckiego?

Author(s): Sławomir Łukasiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 672/2018

Autorzy prezentowanego tu memorandum przekonywali, że celem komunistycznej propagandy jest wychowanie nowego pokolenia ludzi, zdecydowanie wrogiego wobec państw zachodnich. I pytali: jak przeciwdziałać takiej propagandzie?

1956: „Unsere Segel prall, unsere Schiffe voran"

Author(s): Miklós Molnár / Language(s): German Issue: 26/1986

Verschiedenste politische Strömungen versuchen im Westen die Ereignisse der Revolution 1956 für sich und ihre Ideale zu vereinnahmen. Miklós Molnár versucht Fragen zu stellen und Problemstellungen aufzuzeigen, inwieweit die ungarische Revolution als Versuch gesehen werden kann, einen demokratischen Sozialismus zu schaffen. Grundlage des Textes war ein Vortrag auf der Konferenz von Liehfrauenherg im Elsaß, wo die Evangelische Akademie der Ungarn im Mai 1986 zum 30. Jahrestag der Oktoberrevolution eine Konferenz organisierte.

1968 – chronológia udalostí

Author(s): Miroslav Londák,Elena Londáková,Slavomír Michálek,Jan Pešek,Pavol Petruf,Stanislav Sikora / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

V Prahe sa konalo zasadanie ÚV KSČ, na ktorom vyvrcholili rozpory medzi reformným a konzervatívnym krídlom vo vedení strany. Vedúci predstaviteľ konzervatívneho krídla, prvý tajomník ÚV KSČ A. Novotný odstúpil a na jeho miesto zvolili (5. januára) na návrh J. Lenárta slovenského reformného komunistického politika, dovtedajšieho prvého tajomníka ÚV KSS A. Dubčeka. Tejto „výmene stráží“ na čele KSČ predchádzali dve dôležité udalosti. Prvou z nich bol telefonický rozhovor, ktorý mal prvý tajomník ÚV KSČ a prezident ČSSR A. Novotný s generálnym tajomníkom ÚV KSSZ L. Brežnevom dňa 7. decembra 1967. Počas tohto rozhovoru Novotný požiadal Brežneva o návštevu Prahy. Cieľom pozvania bolo získať Brežnevovu podporu na pripravovanom plenárnom zasadaní ÚV KSČ, ktoré malo rozhodnúť o výsledku dlhšie trvajúceho zápasu vo vedení KSČ a o personálnych zmenách v niektorých najvyšších straníckych funkciách.

1989 г. в диахронна перспектива – Китай и Източна Европа

Author(s): Martin Dimitrov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2016

1991 წლის მოსკოვის აგვისტოს პუტჩი და საქართველოს კომუნისტური პარტიის პოზიცია

Author(s): Aleksandre Mosiashvili / Language(s): Georgian Issue: 7/2022

In the early 1990s, the Kremlin continued to try to stop the inevitable collapse of the Soviet Union. The so-called Some of the Soviet republics had already declared the restoration of state independence and were patiently waiting for the de-jure recognition process to begin. In such a situation, in August 1991, certain forces in Moscow staged a coup. The aim of the putschists was to remove from the ranks of the Soviet government those people who, in their view, were contributing to the disintegration of the USSR and trying to replace them with individuals who would halt the disintegration process by demonstrating and / or using force. The mentioned event was followed by mixed reactions, both outside the Republic of Georgia and in Georgian political circles. A relevant statement was made by the Georgian national government, including its president, about the position of the Georgian government. The statement was cautious, measured and called on the Georgian people to remain vigilant and not to resort to provocations. Different positions were observed by the representatives of the opposition forces. Among them, the position taken by the Communist Party of Georgia, which was a direct support of the coup in Moscow, is noteworthy. The newspaper "Life" of the Georgian Communist Party reported about the open expression of this position. The previous article is a kind of analysis of the political assessments and results of the time around this issue. Interestingly, the newspaper is dated August 21, which makes us think of the following: Members of the Georgian Communist Party were hoping for a victory in the current coup. But they still did not know that August 21, the date of the newspaper's publication, would coincide with the end of the coup. It must be said that the position taken by the Communists posed a great threat to the de facto independence of Georgia, and the response of the authorities was quite logical.