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Turkish Theme in Folk Ballads

Author(s): Martina Pavlicová / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The spread of traditional folk culture phenomena over a wider area need not be associated only with tangible documents. A similar spread occurred with folklore materials, specifically with ballads – song compositions with a dramatic story and a usually tragic end. These epic, or lyrical and epic, songs narrate a story in brief but with a time sequence and respect for a cause-and-effect relationship. As mentioned by Oldřich Sirovátka (1925–1992), it is not possible to clearly definethe ballad form, as there are a lot of inter-stages between the lyrical song and the ballad: the lyrical song uses epic methods and the ballad uses lyrical means.

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Cumhuriyetin İlk Yıllarında Balkanlardan Türkiye’ye Gelen Göçmenlerde Sosyal ve Kültürel Uyum

Author(s): Ülkü Köksal,Hikmet Öksüz / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Türkler tarih boyunca çeşitli coğrafi bölgelerde sıklıkla göç olgusuyla karşı karşıya kalmıştır. Türk tarihi açısından Osmanlı Devleti’nin Balkanlardan tasfiyesi sürecinde 1877-1878 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı ile hız kazanıp Balkan Savaşları ile birlikte adeta akın halini alan göçler Cumhuriyet’in ilk yıllarında da devam etmiştir. Gerek zorunlu gerekse isteğe bağlı bu göçler yeni kurulan Türk Devleti’nin temellerini şekillendirmiştir. I. Dünya Savaşı’nın ardından kurulan Türkiye bir yandan siyasi bağımsızlığını elde etmek için mücadele ederken diğer yandan ulus-devlet idealinin somutlaştığı, homojen nüfusun hâkim olduğu bir toplum oluşturmayı ilke edinmişti. Buna bağlı olarak da yıllarca çeşitli problemlere neden olan azınlıklar sorununun çözüme ulaştırılması hedeflenmişti. Bu amaçla Lozan görüşmelerinde, 30 Ocak 1923 tarihinde “Türk ve Rum Mübadelesine İlişkin Sözleşme ve Protokol” imzalanmıştır.

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Türk Halk Hikâyelerinde Çok Kültürlülük ve Göç Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme

Author(s): Songül Çek / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Türk halk hikayeleri hemen her açıdan halk hayatının çeşitli tezahürlerini gösteren ve Osmanlı imparatorluğunun belli bir dönemine ışık tutan eserlerdendir. Yerleşik hayatın benimsendiği atlı göçebe hayatın izlerinin giderek yok olduğu yüzyıllarda olgunlaşmaya başlayan âşıklık geleneği ve âşık edebiyatı 16 yüzyıldan başalayıp 19. yüzyılın sonlarına kadarki süreçte bir yandan halkın estetik ihtiyaçlarını karşılamış, sanat zevkini ortaya koymuş bir yandan da âşıkların içinde biçimlendikleri yaşam koşullarına dair bilgi vermiştir. Bu sayede onların dilinde ve sazında biçimlenen halk hikayelerinin âşıklar için taşıdığı anlam değerlendirilebilmekte, âşıkların hangi koşullarda ne tür eserler ortya koyduğu anlaşılabilmektedir.

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Tuna dergisi ve göç edebiyatına bir bakış - yazar ve şair Zahit Güney’in göç ile ilgili yazıları üzerine

Author(s): Cahit Kahraman,Ilhan Güneş / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Bulgaristan Türkleri ve göç hep iç içe olmuş bir olgudur. Osmanlı-Rus savaşı sonrası yoğun göç dalgaları başlamış, en son 1989 göçüne kadar sürmüştür. Türkiye ve Bulgaristan arasında imzalanan ikili antlaşmalarla 1950-51 yıllarında göç devam etmiş ve bu göç sırasında parçalanan aileleri birleştirmek amacıyla 1969- 1978 yılları arasında yoğun olarak sürmüştür (Akgün, 2011, s.76). Son Göç veya Büyük Göç olarak da bilinen 1989 Bulgaristan Türklerinin göçü, bu göçün canlı tanıkları yüz binlerce göçmenin hafızasında yaşamakta olduğu gibi, yüzlerce yazar ve şairin kalemlerinde halen canlanmaktadır. Hayriye S. Yenisoy, “1989 Bulgaristan’ın gerçekleştirdiği geniş kapsamlı zorunlu göçün sebeplerini 1984/85 olaylarında aramamız gerektiğini” belirtir (Kırcaali Haber, 16 Haziran 2010, s.3). 1989 Bulgaristan Türklerinin göçü zorunlu göç kapsamındadır ve iki ülke arasında bir antlaşma olmaması bu göçü özel ve farklı kılmaktadır.

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Objavljeni primarni izvori iz Osmanskog razdoblja kao doprinos historiografiji Bosne i Hercegovine (2000–2019)

Author(s): Aladin Husić / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Publication Year: 0

As was evident, even though the period in question was relatively short, a considerably large number of Ottoman materials were published, despite the diverse nature of the sources. This is partly a result of the fact that some of the above work was made even before 1992, either as projects of individuals or institutions. The material may be uniform in its kind, but it still allows the study of numerous issues that can be studied on the basis of published sources, which makes the “uniformity” of materials completely marginal. While an argument could be made in this respect with regard to the temporal disparity of sources, there are a number of other factors that need to be taken into account. First of all, the (lack of) preservation of the materials for certain periods, but also the absence of a strategy that would, in its program, at least to a point define certain guidelines that should be followed in filling certain time gaps, especially when it comes to the 19th century. Regardless of this kind of shortcoming, it can be said that in terms of publishing of sources, this period was still productive, even though there was a significant amount of material that was translated for decades before its publication.

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Pitanje ustanka 1875–1878. u bosanskohercegovačkoj historiografiji: između historijske istine i multiperspektivnosti

Author(s): Edin Radušić / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Publication Year: 0

Bosnian-Herzegovinian historiography of the 21st century shows that the uprising and the eastern crisis (1875–1878), as part of the great theme of imperialism and nationalism, are phenomena of long duration. During this period, new books and articles appear that elaborate or significantly touch the uprising. The dominant feature of much of this new historiography and its creators is that they were more or less willingly placed in a national context. The central point of historiography on the uprising has been Milorad Ekmečić, who intensively dealt with this thematic framework in the second half of the 20th and the first half of the 21st century. In his more relaxed phase of interpreting historical themes, Ekmečić, in methodological terms, selecting and processing phenomena of long duration, strongly connected the uprising in Bosnia and Herzegovina 1875–1878 not only with previous events (the “Serbian Revolution” and other uprisings of the Balkan Christian peasantry) but also with those that recur at certain intervals until the end of the 20th century. Moreover, in his interpretation, the uprising of 1875–1878, together with other similar events, before and after it, belongs to one whole that is an expression of revolt against the socio-economic system of inequality and division, essentially established by the Ottoman (Islamic) state idea and practice. Established social relations during this period, which ultimately resulted in the division and distrust of members of different religious and national groups, Ekmečić saw as the historical foundations of division and mutual violence in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Balkans at the end of the 20th century. Such Ekmečić’s approach found fertile ground among some of his historiographical followers, who at scientific conferences and round tables, together with institutional leaders of political, scientific and cultural life in Republika Srpska, strengthened the link between the Bosnian-Herzegovina uprising 1875–1878 and the present. In interpreting the causes of the uprising in the Bosnian-Serbian historiographic circle, Ekmečić’s thesis on the dominant socio-economic causes of the uprising and on agrarian movements as the essence of the national revolution has been largely retained, with some exception in recent interpretations of Bratislav Teinović.

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DOPRINOS AKADEMIKA BRANISLAVA ĐURĐEVA U PISANJU KNJIGE “HISTORIJA NARODA JUGOSLAVIJE II”

Author(s): Enes Pelidija / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Im seinem langen und sehr interessanten Leben erwarb Branislav Đurđev eine große Lebenserfahrung, die man auch in seinem wissenschaftlichen Werk spürt. Schon in realtiv jungen Jahren erwarb er sich den Ruf eines angesehenen Osmanisten. Hinter ihm blieb eine große Anzahl veröffentlichter Bücher, Abhandlungen, Beiträge und Essays. Dafür spricht auch die Bibliographie dieses Professors, die 306 bibliographische Einheiten zählt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden konkrete Daten zu seinen Interessen und Schwerpunkten in der Wissenschaft angeführt. Ebenso werden seine organisatorischen Fähigkeiten hevorgehoben, sowie herausragende Ämter, die er versah. Wenn man alle seine wissenschaftlichen und gesellschaftlichen Referenzen berücksichtig, sowie die Tatsache, dass er zum Professor für die Fächer Geschichte der jugoslawischen Völker in der türkischen Herrschaft und die Einführung in die historische Methodologie, kann man verstehen, warum er engagiert wurde, für den zweiten Band der Geschichte der Völker Jugoslawiens zu schreiben. Diese Studie umfasst den Zeitraum vom XVI bis Ende des XVIII Jahrhunderts. Als Mitglied der redaktionellen Kommission und Mitgleid des engeren Redaktionsstabs, sowie als Autor oder Mitautor der elf von fünfzig Kapiteln dieses Buchs, leistete er in diesem Projekt einen unermeßlichen Beitrag. Konkrete Informationen zu den Titeln und Untertiteln der Arbeiten Branislav Đurđevs werden in der vorliegenden Arbeit angeführt. Der große Beitrag von Professor Đurđev besteht auch darin, die bekanntesten damaligen Osmanisten aus Bosnien-Herzegowina dabei engagiert zu haben. Sie haben in einzelnen Kapiteln die breitere wissenschaftliche Öffentlichkeit an mehreren Stellen zum ersten Mal auf die Stellung und Bedeutung aufmerksam gemacht, welche Bosnien-Herzegowina bzw. das Bosnische Elajet im europäischen Teil des Osmanischen Reiches hatte. Ein besonderer Beitrag in diesem Buch, wie auch in seinem ganzen wissenschaftlichen Opus, waren seine Erörterungen über sie Serbisch-Orthodoxe Kirche in der osmanischen Periode. Zum ersten Mal wurde nun von Đurđev auf die Stereotype, und nicht zuletzt mythologische Darstellung dieser Religionsinstitution, nicht nur im serbischen Volk, sondern auch im osmanischen Staat, hingewiesen. Zahlreiche Beispiele anführend, bestritt er zahlreiche Vorurteile, die die damalige jugoslawische Geschichtsschreibung beherrschten. Faktographisch präzise, klar und kompromisslos wies er auf die Schädlichkeit dieser Einstellung hin. Deswegen hatte er zahlreiche Opponenten. Mehr darüber in der vorliegenden Arbeit. Obwohl einige Kollegen manche Thesen von Professor Đurđev zu einzelnen Fragen bestritten, ermöglichte seine Abhandlung über die Geschichte der Serbisch-Orthodoxen Kirche, dass die Arbeit an der Geschichte der Völker Jugoslawiens II zu Ende geführt und als Buch veröffentlicht wird, was einen großen Beitrag zur ex-jugoslawischen Osmanistik, in der der Name des Akademiemitglieds Branislav Đurđev unumgänglich ist, darstellt.

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KOMÜNIST ARNAVUTLUK’TAKI OSMANLI ÇALIŞMALARI: SELAMI PULAHA (1938-1991)

Author(s): Dritan Egro / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Prof. Selami Pulaha jedan je od rijetkih albanskih osmanista koji je međunarodno priznat. Uprkos tome što je djelovao u komunističkom periodu, nastojao je naučnom svijetu predstaviti svoja istraživanja na polju osmanistike, kao i dokumentarne izvore koji se čuvaju u Albaniji. Selami Pulaha historičar je koji se nije usudio izaći izvan “željezne zavjese”. Ostajući “unutra”, ulagao je ozbiljne napore u bavljenje naukom. Zbog toga što je Pulaha najautoritativniji albanski historičar na polju osmanistike, ocjene koje koje je iznio o Osmanskom carstvu su izuzetno značajne, kako s naučnog, tako i s metodološkog aspekta. Prema njegovom mišljenju, osmanski period okončao je na albanskim teritorijama procese koji su bili u toku; dugo je trajao te ga nije moguće tumačiti samo kao jednu nazadnu epizodu, već kao razdoblje u kojem se odigrao niz korjenitih i složenih procesa.

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За произхода на името Казанлък и местоположението на град Крън

Author(s): Mariana Minkova,Ivan T. Ivanov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The article shed light on the early history of the Ottoman city of Akça Kizinlik, the predecessor of the modern city of Kazanlak, in order to discover the meaning of this name and its possible relationship with the name of the former Bulgarian district town of Krun. Evidence is presented that the city of Krun was located within the territory of today’s town of Kazanlak, near the Kulenska mahala residential district. This conclusion is supported by the linguistic analysis of the semantic rout Kizin of Kizýnlik, which regularly conveys the name of the medieval Bulgarian town of Krun. The first part of the Ottoman name, Akça “spring, a place rich in potable water”, repeats the meaning of the old Greek name Krunoi “spring”, latter transformed into Bulgarian name Kran.The article shed light on the early history of the Ottoman city of Akça Kizinlik, the predecessor of the modern city of Kazanlak, in order to discover the meaning of this name and its possible relationship with the name of the former Bulgarian district town of Krun. Evidence is presented that the city of Krun was located within the territory of today’s town of Kazanlak, near the Kulenska mahala residential district. This conclusion is supported by the linguistic analysis of the semantic rout Kizin of Kizýnlik, which regularly conveys the name of the medieval Bulgarian town of Krun. The first part of the Ottoman name, Akça “spring, a place rich in potable water”, repeats the meaning of the old Greek name Krunoi “spring”, latter transformed into Bulgarian name Kran.

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Osmanlı, Türkiye ve Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti’nde Uygulanan Yazma Eğitimi Becerilerinin Türk Eğitim Sistemine Etkileri, Uygulama Biçimleri ve Tarihten Günümüze Değerlendirilmesi

Author(s): Önder Uçar / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Writing is a language skill that is rarely used in daily life. People mostly prefer verbal communication. However, writing has an extremely important place in terms of the permanence of feelings and thoughts. By making use of the studies in the literature, mutual interviews were conducted with the source persons and questioned in order to determine the writing training studies in the Republic of Turkey and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus and to verify the determined data. The last period of the Ottoman Empire's education policy and the parts related to Turkish education in the 1869 Maarif-i Umumiye Nizamnamesi were examined and archive documents were used, and the subject was discussed and interpreted on the legislation given separately for schools. The educational yearbooks published by the state under the name of Salname-i Nezaret-i Maarif-i Umumiye, which is a work that deals with the education system of the Ottoman State holistically, were examined. In this study, a literature review was made, the data were collected with the document analysis technique and stated in the study. One of the qualitative research methods, descriptive analysis method was used and content analysis was also used. The aim of the study is to determine the writing education studies in the Ottoman Empire, the Republic of Turkey and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, by examining the parts related to writing education in Turkish teaching, by using the archive documents and by going through the legislations given separately for schools, the subject is discussed and how the practice of writing education skills has been applied from past to present and with the theory of constructivism. It is aimed to determine the changes in the writing education skills in the understanding of co-writing education and to determine the pros/cons by consulting the practitioners of this work, that is, the teachers, the last point of the writing skill in question with this understanding. It can be said that the Ottoman state, the Republic of Turkey and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, which were determined as the research area of the study, were the source of writing education studies. As a result of the research, the Ottoman Empire saw and applied the skill of writing education as a unifying element in order to ensure the unity and peace of the people. In the Republic of Turkey and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, the writing education skill studies continued to be explained by the educator in a face-to-face classroom environment, in accordance with the general structure of the Turkish education system, by writing school slips and on the blackboard, and it has been seen that the analysis-synthesis method of writing education is preferred today.

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İstanbul Hisse Piyasasının Evrimi: Galata Bankerlerinden Borsa İstanbul’a Yolculuk

Author(s): Nuri Volkan Kayaçetin / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

The trading of capital assets in İstanbul, which has begun in the second half of the 19th century with the trading of debt securities among Galata merchants in the process of transitioning into a financial bourgeoisie, continues today under the roof of the modern Borsa İstanbul campus in Sarıyer, İstinye. This study discusses the evolution of capital asset trading activity in Istanbul from the late Ottoman period to the present day in the light of socioeconomic developments and events that have affected the economy. In this process, the exchange survived three moratoriums (1875, 1895 and 1958), two world wars (1914-1918 and 1939-1945), and more than a dozen economic crises and managed to emerge stronger from the bottlenecks experienced. Our modern stock exchange started its operations in its Cağaloğlu building with only 19 listed shares under the name of Istanbul Stock Exchange (ISE) on January 3, 1986, and merged with the Futures and Options Exchange and the Istanbul Gold Exchange on April 3, 2013, under the name of Borsa İstanbul (BIST). With 501 listed shares, a total market capitalization exceeding 1 trillion Turkish liras, and a monthly trading volume in excess of 100 million lots, BIST globally ranks thirty-seventh in terms of its market capitalization and first in terms of its average share turnover today.

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Kıbrıs’ın İngiltere’ye Geçici Olarak Devrine Giden Süreçte İngiliz Parlamentosu ve Kamuoyundaki Tartışmalar

Author(s): Gül Çakır / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Cyprus fell out of the hands of the Ottoman Empire after a series of crises towards the end of 19th century, which originally had been under the rule of the empire since 1571. Lands of the Ottoman Empire, defeated in the 1877-1878 Ottoman-Russian War known as the 93 War, came under Russian danger with the Treaty of San Stefano. The fact that the capital of the Ottoman Empire and eastern lands were under Russian threat, and the Russian pressure in the Balkans alarmed England. The British Administration, considering a new mission for the future of India, the Mediterranean and Europe, created a great sensation with the request to use Cyprus as a military base. Britain led the convening of the congress in Berlin to nullify San Stefano and entered a new era in its policies regarding Ottoman Empire. With the Cyprus Convention of June 4, 1878, the British promised to help Ottomans against a possible Russian attack on the Ottoman lands, and aimed to use Cyprus as a base to fulfill this promise. On July 1, 1878, the British gained the right to temporarily settle in Cyprus with an additional agreement. Through this process British Prime Minister Beaconsfield was subject to criticism by liberal wing at the British Parliament. The general arguments of the liberals were as follows. The Cyprus Convention imposed responsibilities on Britain that were difficult to fulfill. It was not a proper method to finalize the agreement secretly before it was presented to the British public. It was believed that the settlement of the British in Cyprus was not a peaceful policy. This project would bring costs and serious liabilities to England. It was believed that there was not enough research before decisions on the island were made. It was implied that the administration added territory to its lands with an imperialist motivation. These were some of the common points of the parliament and the press. When the British landed on the island, the opposition's accuracy in these predictions emerged one by one. They could not achieve their goals. Due Liberals taking power in 1880, and the occupation of Egypt, Cyprus was no longer suitable for British goals. However, the Liberals neither left Cyprus when they came to power, nor they give it back to the Ottoman Empire.

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Ermeni Mezaliminin Kars’taki İktisadi Boyutu

Author(s): Nurhan Aydın,Kübranur Öztürk Derici / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Armenians lived in an environment of peace, trust and tolerance for centuries under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. However, in the 18th century, these privileged positions of Armenians in the empire attracted the attention of European states, and they wanted to create a new area where Armenians could rule in the Caucasus by taking advantage of this situation. As of the 19th century, Armenians took action to become independent. This thought of the Armenians was the result of the Russian provocation of the Armenians against the Ottomans. In particular, the use of Armenians in the Russian army against the Ottoman army during the 93 War also brought the Armenians' betrayal to the Ottoman Empire by contacting the Armenians in the Ottoman army. Armenians took action against the Ottoman Empire with their desire to be independent, and with the support of the European States, they took action in order to get what they wanted and to establish a state of their own in Eastern Anatolia. In this direction, they first started to work to cleanse Eastern Anatolia from Muslims and to establish an Armenian state in the region. Due to their excesses in the region, they were subjected to forced migration by the Ottoman Empire. The Armenians showed their deportation as a massacre against the European states and tried to gain a place in the world public opinion. Armenians began to massacre the people of Eastern Anatolia in order to become independent and establish a state in Eastern Anatolia. This study reveals the economic dimension of the massacre committed by Armenians in Kars and its surroundings.

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Osmanlı Tarih Yazıcılığında Biyografi Türü: Taşköprülüzade’nin eş-Şakaiku’n-Nu‘mâniyye Eseri Üzerinden Genel Bir Değerlendirme

Author(s): Nejla Doğan / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

The present paper attempts to focus on the first work of biographical dictionary, al-Shaqâ’iq al- Numâniyya, which was completed in 1558 by the famous Ottoman scholar Ahmad b. Mustafâ Tasköprüzâde. After making a brief evaluation on the development of the biography genre in Ottoman historiography, the importance of Shaqâ’iq, which left its mark on the 16th century, and its related problems were discussed. The work, which contains valuable information about the biographies of important scholars, has not been evaluated as a simple collection of “life narrative”. The main problem of the study is to consider how to approach or how one should read this monumental book including biographies of ulema/jurists and sufi masters. As a result of the analysing and discussion held in the light of secondary sources, the biography data shows that they are fond of recording the life stories of the Ottoman world, as well as giving information about the type of biography of the period. Shaqâ’iq, containing biographies of sheiks and ulema, should be consulted for understanding the Ottoman cultural and scientific world rather than as a data collection purpose. It has been concluded that we can catch clues about the socio-economic and political networks of the Empire when we approach the work in question, which we will obtain more than factual information.

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Pad Bosne 1463. prema osmanskim narativnim izvorima

Author(s): Dino Mujadžević / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Ottoman narrative sources compose a significant but little explored collection of sources for the study of the fall of Bosnia in 1463. Most historians prefer Western narrative sources that are both more numerous and more accessible, while the Ottoman sources require rare linguistic skills. Ottoman narrative sources present two historical Ottoman traditions about the fall of Bosnia, both founded by individuals who witnessed this historical event and collected testimonies of other participants. The first tradition is represented by Tevārīh-i Āl-i Osmān (The history of the Ottoman dynasty) by the best known early Ottoman historian, Āšıqpāšāzāde. In the following centuries this tradition was regularly used as a source by later historians. Its main features include a simple style, occasionally reminiscent of the oral tradition; poor reliability; and a relatively small number of details. The second tradition is represented by Tarih-i Ebu-l-Feth (The history of the Mohammad the Conqueror) by Dursun-beg. Although this piece is clearly presented, fairly serious and reliable, and contains many interesting details, it had remained little used by later historians until the nineteenth century. Both of these treatises present the fall of Bosnia from the Ottoman state ideological and raison d’état perspective, and they both have as their goal the propaganda of the rising Ottoman Empire. By analyzing in detail these two sources, little known to wider Croatian historiographical circles, the author is attempting to provide a contribution towards better understanding of the history of Croatian and Bosnian territories as well as of the Ottoman Empire.

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Kraj srednjovjekovnog Bosanskog Kraljevstva u dubrovačkim izvorima

Author(s): Zdenka Janeković Römer / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

The value of Dubrovnik reports about the fall of the Bosnian Kingdom and death of King Stjepan Tomašević for the most part lies in that they record the sources and respond to them from immediate vicinity. Records of Dubrovnik councils and especially of the Senate (Consilium Rogatorum) focus, for the most part, on preparations for defense, lively diplomatic activity and aspiration to achieve a neutral position. To a smaller extent these records contain information on circumstances in Bosnia, response of the Bosnian nobility, attempts of the Bosnian king Stjepan Tomašević to organize defence and his quest to gain support of the Hungarian king, Venetians, Skenderbeg and Pope. While Dubrovnik archival documents comprise no direct information about the fall of Bosnia, they provide rich data about the rescuing of the queens Katarina and Mara as well as Bosnian nobility in the Dubrovnik region. In addition to historical data, Dubrovnik chronicles (Anonim, Nikola Ragnina, Tuberon, Razzi, Orbini, Luccari and Gundula) contain commentaries that justify the position of Dubrovnik at the moment of abrupt change in the long-standing relationship with Bosnia. The chroniclers’ opinions diverge but some of their conclusions are shared: they see the cause of the fall of Bosnia in the disproportionate size of the opposing sides, the failure of the Hungarian king and other Christian rulers to provide assistance and discordance among Bosnian nobles arising, for the most part, in religious disagreements. Turkish conquest of Bosnia radically changed the relationship between the Ottoman Empire and Republic of Dubrovnik. Yet the conditions soon found balance and tensions, conflict and crises notwithstanding, a mode of coexistence was established. Dubrovnik was directly exposed to danger, situated at the very border of the Ottoman Empire, lacking military and naval force to resist Ottoman might and dependent on the freedom of trade. In such a situation it had to lead conciliatory politics. By recognizing the new rule, Dubrovnik retained a continuity of contact with the Bosnian space in which much changed but much remained the same. Old economic and human relations lived on in the new political framework.

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The Political Background in Hungary of the Campaign of Jajce in 1463

Author(s): Tamás Pálosfalvy / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Following the 1458 accession of the young Matthias Hunyady (Corvinus) to the throne of Hungary-Croatia, the Hungarian public opinion as well as the papacy expected from the king to continue an active anti-Ottoman politics. Yet he had not been coronated and his position was threatened for several reasons. A number of leading barons turned against him in the early 1459 while the Ottoman pressure, culminating in the occupation of Serbia, continued to rise. The success of his Jajce campaign thus represented the first turning point in the reign of Matthias Corvinus. The unsuccessful siege of Zvornik that followed must have convinced the king to question the wisdom of continuing traditional offensive warfare against the Ottomans. This essay examines political-military processes that resulted in the Jajce campaign, Matthias’s plans in Bosnia after the fall of Serbia, political problems after 1459 as well as the slow consolidation of the king’s position that eventually made possible active intervention in Bosnia.

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The Castle of Jajce in the Organization of the Hungarian Border Defence System under Matthias Corvinus’s

Author(s): Richárd Horváth / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This essay explores the history of the castle and Banate of Jajce between 1463 and 1490. Following the fall of Serbia in 1459, Bosnia had become the main target of the Ottoman expansion and, in spring 1463, was occupied by the army of the Mohammed the Conqueror. Kingdom of Hungary-Croatia responded with a counter-attack in the autumn and winter of 1463, in the course of which the army of King Matthias Corvinus captured the castle of Jajce and some other nearby fortifications. The possession of these forts allowed defence from new Ottoman attacks in the following years. Thus the foundations of a new military-administrative unit in the southern part of the Hungarian defence system were laid. The goal of this essay is to discuss the way in which King Matthias organized this area. Particular attention is paid to the administration of Bosnia, from the temporary authority of Ban of Slavonia and real King of Bosnia, Nikola Iločki (1471-1477) to the plans related to Duke Ivaniš Corvinus and finally for Banate of Bosnia/Jajce, in existence until 1527. The essay traces chronologically different forms of the administration. It attempts to follow royal efforts to organize this region in the best possible manner, by bringing it together with extant centres of defence system such as Banate of Slavonia, County of Temes and Principality of Transylvania.

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Bosanska vlastela u oslobađanju Jajca od Turaka 1463. godine

Author(s): Đuro Tošić / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

In the last months of 1463, the Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus decided to wrest Bosnia away from the Ottomans. Having crossed the river Sava, he arrived in the vicinity of Jajce, capital of the Bosnian Kingdom and one of the largest forts of the medieval Bosnia. Assisted by the local population, the king and his army occupied the city that for two months had been defended by Turkish forces headed by Jusuf Harambeg. In the meantime, King Matthias’s forces had been strengthened by financial and military contributions of the prominent Bosnian noblemen: Herceg Stefan Vukčić Kosača and his son Vladislav, Radič Banović with his brother Vučihna and nephew Ivan, and Ivan, son of the late Pavao Čubretić from Vrlika. Their help was rewarded with feudal estates in western Bosnia, Hungary and the parish of Vrlika. Thus, with great efforts and against major difficulties, in mid-December 1463 Matthias Corvinus succeeded in occupying the strongly defended fortress of Jajce. Soon afterwards the Hungarian king occupied the fort of Zvečaj and then (according to a letter to the Pope Pius II) another 60 Bosnian forts—though the latter number is most likely exaggerated. Yet his achievements not-withstanding, the cold winter forced the Hungarian to leave Bosnia and return to Hungary. He left the rule over the newly created Banate of Jajce to his loyal commander Emeric Zápolya. In February 1464, King Matthias reached Buda with 400 captured Turks and was crowned with the Crown of St Stephen, which had been returned to him in accordance with the contract with the German emperor.

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O obitelji bosanskog protukralja Radivoja Ostojića (prilog rasvjetljavanju bračnih veza posljednjih Kotromanića s plemstvom iz dravsko-savskog međurječja)

Author(s): Stanko Andrić / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

The medieval Bosnian dynasty of Kotromanić, which gave the country most if not all of its bans and kings from the mid-thirteenth century on, established matrimonial relations with several high-ranking families from the kingdom of Hungary-Croatia, Bosnia’s northern and western neighbour. Besides the best-known marriage of Elizabeth, daughter of Ban Stephen II, to the Hungarian-Croatian king Louis I the Great, there were four other marriages between the members of the house of Kotromanić and the nobility of baronial rank from Croatia (Šubić of Bribir, Nelipčić of Cetina), Slavonia (Babonić of Vodica) and the eastern part of the Drava-Sava interamnium (Gorjanski/Garai). This paper aims to shed more light on the remaining and probably the least known case of this kind, i. e. the marriage between Radivoj Ostojić, son of King Ostoja and paternal uncle of the last independent king of Bosnia Stephen Tomašević, and Catherine of the family of Velika (Hung. Velike) from Požega county. Radivoj acted as an anti-king during the rule of King Stephen Tvrtko II (1421-1443) and he also claimed the throne at the beginning of the rule of his own brother Stephen Tomaš (1443-1461), until finally renouncing his royal ambitions in 1446. Since he actively entered the public and political sphere as early as in 1431, it is possible that he had been married to an unknown before 1449 when he got engaged to and expected to marry Catherine of Velika. The marriage was laid down in a contract concluded in that year between himself and Catherine’s father Nicholas. Nicholas and his wife Margaret gave their shares in the family estates of Velika and Petnja (Požega county) to Radivoj “of Vranduk” and his fiancée, while Radivoj gave them in return one half of his castle of Sólyomkő or Sokol (in Bosnia’s northern region of Usora). Nicholas did not belong to baronial elite, his family being only locally significant and, as owners of lands and castles, restricted to the county of Požega. He served as a vice-count in the counties of Baranja and Požega when these were administered by John of Korođ (Kórógy), Ban of Mačva. It is possible that Nicholas came into contact with Bosnia’s aristocracy while assisting John of Korođ in his political missions along the southern borders of the kingdom. In the later part of 1449, Radivoj Ostojić and Nicholas of Velika took under mortgage the castle and estate of Ljevač (county of Vrbas) from the members of the family of Nelepec of Dobra Kuća, a Slavonian branch of the prominent Bosnian family of Hrvatinić. Radivoj and Nicholas loaned 2 000 golden florins in cash and lands to the Nelepec family. In 1455 Nicholas of Velika left all of his possessions to his three daughters including Catherine, wife of Radivoj de castello Zalathnak (he did not appear with this designation anywhere else). The only information about Radivoj’s (and probably Catherine’s) children before the fall of Bosnia comes from the Dubrovnik archives, where an unnamed son (and in one case “sons”) of Radivoj were referred to in 1451, 1454 and 1455. The context of these mentions seems to suggest that he was (or they were) still very young, which would make it probable that Catherine was indeed his/their mother. Radivoj’s children (liberi) are also cursorily mentioned in a privilege granted to Radivoj and his family by Pope Pius II in July 1459. This act coincided with a Bosnian legation visiting the pope at Mantua; it is possible that Radivoj himself took part in he mission, shortly after he and his nephew, king’s son Stephen Tomašević, had surrendered the castle of Smederevo to the Ottomans. An important castle on the Danube, Smederevo was the last territorial remnant of the Serbian Despotate. The castle was acquired by the Kotromanić prince along with his appointment as a new despot of Serbia in March 1459. The succession was approved and supervised by the Hungarian-Croatian king Matthias Corvinus, who soon bitterly regretted it and accused the Bosnians of treason and a deal with the Turks.

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