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Getting a conceptual collection of intelligence information in the literature. Intelligence has been in a systematic and organizational structure. Old Turks, Chinese commanders Sultanlardan important prophets have much intelligence. Old Turks, the Ottomans until the intelligence activities have been effective. Çaşıtlar and the Raiders played significant role in the pre-war and post.
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In this study, the structure of a typical Bolu family between the years of 1838 to 1850 has been investigated according to Bolu registration books. The findings show that Bolu family was a core family in nature in this period with respect to the number of children and mature people within the family. Furthermore, it iterates the fact that monogamy was widespread and preferred then in Bolu families rather than polygamy.
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Ottoman Empire that was containing different ethnic structures suffered major damages to due the nationalism movement that began both in the Balkans and in the Middle East in the aftermath of the French Revolution of 1789. The Arabian met with the idea of nationalism firtstly in Lebanon via a number of Arab Christian authors and philosophers. Ibrahim el-Yazıcı and his colleagues who are known as one of the pioneers of the idea of this movement called as "The Arab Literary Renaissance" tried to spread their ideas with essays and poetry in various journals they issued. In this study, with the aforementioned poet’s brief biography, some examples associated with Arab nationalism in his various poems will be given.
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There isn’t a common definition of the concept of the Levantines. Usually, who have settled in the port cities of Ottoman territories for various reasons from the 17th century, are British, Italian, French, Hungarian and Slavic- based communities. Although they aren’t Muslims, by communicating with various cultures, mainly in the social, cultural and economic fields, they’ve been able to live with Muslims. Particularly they have stood out in the commercial activities. During armistice ad occupation, Levantines took part in the Turks against the Greeks. And still, in cities such as Istanbul and Izmir, political and economic activities carry on. Levantines, despite having a significant impact on the Ottoman-Turks, haven’t been searched thoroughly. In the article, Levantines who have been living in Izmir, one of the great port cities, in the time of Ottoman Empire and today, are investigated. This study is discussed by the methods of observation, interview, literature and scanning resources.
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The scope of scientific research on Turkish history was limited to hanedan until the last period of Ottomon Empire. This narrow point of view have been widen at the beginning of 20th century but thereafter Turkish history researches strongly influenced by the foreign resources. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk refused fiction history of Western World and gave special importance to history investigations. With our present knowledge, the oldest writing can be read in Turkish, the founders of the past civilizations are scientifically proven to be Turks and the footprints of Turks are found in all parts of the world. Turkish historians should write source materials based on this knowledge. This history is the common history of Central Asia including Turkiye. In order to analyze the real dimensions of Turkish History, common history research of Turkish world is very important. Geograpical, social, cultural and political history of Central Asia should be in the center of Turkish history researches.
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İnsanların binlerce senelik kültür tarihinden açık olarak görülüyor ki, Tarihin eski devirlerinde dünyanın çeşitli yerlerinde yaşayan muhtelif kavimler, içinde bulunduğu yerlerin çevre ve iklimleri, iktisadi koşullar ırk, düşünçe ve kültüründeki farklılar dolayı, kendi bünyesinde değişik özellikler arzetmiştir. Böyle bir özellikler ve düşünceler aynı kavimlerin tarihi ve kültürün her yanlarını büyük ölçüde etki altına almıştır. İklimi sürekli olarak değişmekte olan Orta Asya’nın yüksek dağlık ve tepeliklerinde, bozkırlarında ve kumluklarında yaşayan ve tarihinin ilk çağlarında başlıca olarak avcılık ve hayvancılık iktisadına dayanan Türkler, yaşam gereği sürekli göç ederlerdi. korkulu dağ ağızlarından, tehlikeli yüksek tepeliklerden ve sonsuz cezirlerden geçerek yeni hayatlık yerlerini ararlardı. Sürekli olarak otun ve suyun bol olduğu yerleri takıp etmek gibi müşkül ve sıkıntılı hayat tarzı ve bu arada belirli bir ölçüde birlik, dayanışma ve teşkilatçılığı bekleyen yaşam yolu, aynı mılletin ruhunda ve cisminde çeşitli sıkıntılara tahammül etmek, anıden ortaya çıkan tehlikelere karşı gögüs germek, kahraman, cesaretli, fedakar, azimkar, savaşçı, disiplinli ve toplumcu seciyeleri ve bunu temel yapan ahlakı sistemleri yaratmıştır.
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Ta evelden her bir toplumun, halkın kendi çalgıları kendine hass havaları ve musikisi varmış. O halkın geçmişi de, kültürü ve sosyoloji durumu da, yaşam tarzı ve geleceye bakışı da her hangi bir çalgının birinci notalarından belli oluyor. Çalgılarda çalınan havalar hastayı tedavi eden, ruhu dinlendiren, toplulukta birlik yaradan, iyi ruhları çağıran, kötü ruhları kovan, iğitlere güc veren bir mucuzedir. XIX. asrın sonunda Gagauz türküleri, havaları, oyunları için ilk bilgileri rus etnografı V.Moşkov`un, XX.asrın evelinde ise gagauz papazı M.Çakir`in kitaplarından, taa sonra çağdaş musikişünas Dm. Gagauzun makalesinden alıyoruz. Folklor materialları da bir bilgi kaynağı olarak kalmaktadır.
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In this article, the authors studied Lipa mahala (mahalle, neighborhood), one of the traditional urban complexes in the town of Gracanica. Lipa is spread in the southwestern part of Gracanica, on mild slopes. It is assumed that arose quite early, even in the 17th century, although its present name dates back to the 19th century, from the old linden tree that was a cult site. Older name was Hadži Džafer mahala, from the eponymous mosque. The paper presents data on homes and families from the late 19th century, and their origin, and also the most significant urban amenities, antiquities and monuments: the Hadži Džafer mosque, the site of Tećište – locality of the former Tekke, the cult place Mula Dedo’s grave etc.
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Pontus Meselesi, Tanzimat’ın gayrimüslimlerle ilgili hükümlerinden faydanılarak ortaya atılmıştır. Pontusçuluk 19. yüzyılın sonlarında özellikle İngiltere, Fransa, Rusya ve ABD tarafından zaman zaman destek bulan, Yunan Megali İdea’sının bir uzantısı olarak Doğu Karadeniz kıyılarında kurulması planlanan bir devletin doğuşunu hazırlamak için başvurulan her türlü faaliyet olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bu makalede, meselenin tarihçesi, mesele ile ilgili iddialar ve yapılan çalışmalar irdelenmektedir.
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Türk milleti tarih boyunca dünya medeniyetinde birer yapıtaşı niteliği kazanmış devletler kurmuş; ''Açtınız doyurdum, çıplaktınız giydirdim.'' diyen Bilge Kağan'dan ''İnsana değer ver ki devlet yücelsin.'' diyen Şeyh Edebali'ye,''Gel ne olursan ol yine gel .'' diyen Mevlana'ya kadar tüm Türk düşünürleri Türklerin ''önce insan'' diyen gücünü gösterişten değil refahını sağladığı halkından alan devlet felsefesini yansıtmışlardır.
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Censuses, performed by the Ottoman Finance Organization in order to determine the taxpayers in different districts and different times, contain important information about administrative, economic and military structure of the State. These censuses were recorded with different names such as land, avarız and temettuat registrations. The main aim at this study is to examine the changes in the socio-economic structure and population of Gediz District in Kütahya Sanjak which was the center of the Anadolu Governor depending on the land registrations in the Beyazit II Era and the avarız registrations in the XVII century.
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This project deals with the times of Suleiman the Magnificent (1522–1566) and the doge Andrea Gritti (1523–1538). However, the basic problem it focuses on is information – the information that Venice collected through its diplomatic envoys in the capital on the Bosporus and which is preserved to this day in the Venetian archives. Of course, the gathering of information on the Turks, the appearance and development of the so-called genre “delle cose dei Turchi” certainly did not first arise at that time. Interest in the subject goes back to Byzantine times and naturally continued after the conquest of Constantinople. Venice was in a most advantageous situation in this respect, for it had knowledge about the territories and its population accumulated over centuries, as well as commercial and economic ties of centuries’ standing with various cities and ports. This knowledge and these skills were handed down over the years by its officials, merchants and diplomats and preserved through documents in its archives. Venice played a major role in collecting information and carrying it over from the East to the West. Merchants were the most active factors in this activity. Subsequently, especially in the 16th century, these processes achieved a completed form with the development of diplomatic practices and the functioning of the Venetian system of governance, developed into numerous offices and chancelleries of the Serenissima. Their most outstanding manifestations were the famous Venetian relazioni – the reports by diplomatic envoys of the Republic, ceremoniously presented to the Senate. The first preserved written texts of this kind date back to the late 15th century.
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This article presents in brief several rather unusual sources of Balkan social history, placing them into macro-historic context. It refers to three Greek itineraries produced for the needs of itinerant traders, which contain records that could contribute to our better understanding of Balkan national identities formation at the end of 18th and the beginning of 19th century. On the micro level of history these itineraries give us direct information, but viewed from the perspective of macrohistory they become really interesting. The first one of them is a MS written during 1769 and 1773, now at the Elenka and Cyril Avramovi Library Club, Svishtov, Bulgaria. It follows the route Trieste – Brasov via Graz and Vienna. The other two itineraries are printed publications from 1824 and 1829. All these three itineraries together eventually mirror the formation of national identities, the national programs in the Balkans at the time, and all those changes of mentalities that occur during the period.
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The study traces the contacts of the founders of the Bulgarian Literary Society (BLS) Marin Drinov and Vasil D. Stoyanov with the Bulgarian community in Istanbul, where a significant Bulgarian literary, spiritual and political center was formed after the 1840s. Ever since the BLS was founded in Braila in 1869 there was the idea to move its head office to some central town in Bulgaria or to Istanbul in order to be closer to the people and to better meet their educational and cultural needs. This plan remained unfulfilled until 1876 because of the opposition of the revolutionary emigration in Romania and the dissent of the Bulgarians in Istanbul. Only after the Liberation BLS transferred its activity in Sofia, the capital of the Principality of Bulgaria, and thus it was under the new conditions that the original idea of its founders was carried out.
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The publication presents the scientific and everyday relations between the Bulgarian scholar and Professor at Kharkov University Marin Drinov (1838–1906) and the Czech slavist and Librarian of the National Museum Adolf Patera (1836–1912).The relation becomes a mediator of knowledge for the Bulgarians; a mediator of a new concepts in science, culture, Slavic studies etc., whose path starts at the heart of Europe – Bohemia, to reach Bulgarians and affect their worldview. M. Drinov, together with V. D. Stoyanov was greatly influenced by A. Patera and other Czech intellectuals, including in the creation of the Bulgarian Literary Society in Braila. The publication also includes brief biographies of Marin Drinov and Adolf Patera.
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The war of the Ottomans with the Holy League (1683-1699) causes significant changes in the lives of the Balkan provinces within the Ottoman Empire. An interesting moment in the history of the Empire is the participation of civilians in the armed conflicts between the Habsburgs and the Ottoman armies. The population is drawn into the conflict in various ways both by the Ottoman authorities and by the Habsburg propaganda in the Balkans, and assists both parties. One such moment is the Chiprovtsi uprising, as it is called in the Bulgarian historiography, from 1688. The story about the uprising and, in general, about the fate of the Bulgarian Catholics, had been constructed on the basis of the documentation of the Catholic communities, Christian chronicles from ХVІІІ c, relations of Dubrovnik agents, information by the Habsburg generals and correspondents for the military actions in the Balkans, as well as additions by orthodox priests. Up to that moment, however, the Ottoman sources that represent the point of view of the ruling party regarding the Chiprovtsi events remain almost unknown. The goal of this article is to reveal so far unknown information regarding the crushing of the Chiprovtsi uprising through the point of view of an Ottoman historiography monument from the late 17th – early 18th century. The main story was described by Bakkaloğlu Sarı Hadji Mehmed pasha Defterdar (?–1717) in his story Zubde-i Vekayiat (Important events). The author was for a long time a servant at the financial department in Istanbul in the 1680s and 1690s. In the early18th century he was appointed for the first time as a chief defterdar and he occupied that position several times in his lifetime, and that is why he was popular with his nickname – Defterdar. Some comparisons are also made with other sources from that period and some suggestions are presented regarding the chronological frames of the follow up events in Chiprovtsi region.
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This publication presents an unpublished document relating to the economic history of the Bulgarian lands in the 19th century. This historical source is a translation of an Imperial Ottoman Act from Ottoman into Greek language (Μετἀφρασις τοῦ Ὑψηλου Ὀθωμανικοῦ Περατίου). It is a part of the archives of Georgi Popsimeonov, also known as Georgi Chorbadji or Georgi Anangnost of Arbanassi, Veliko Tarnovo district. The publication presents information about the document, its segmented version of the Greek language, as well as its translation into Bulgarian.
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The article traces in details the work of the Bulgarian scholar, politician and diplomat Marko D. Balabanov on the eve and during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877 – 1878. It also reveals his contributions for laying the foundations of the new Bulgarian state. In the first part of the study the author pays attention to M. Balabanov’s attempts to resume the Bulgarian diplomatic mission to the governments of the great European powers, which ended prematurely in early 1876. Then he focuses on M. Balabanov’s work as Vice Governor of Veliko Tarnovo, Svishtov and Russe under the Interim Russian Government. Particular emphasis is placed on M. Balabanov’s active involvement in various initiatives to protect the Bulgarian population which suffered during the hostilities, and to build a new civil administration in the country.
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