"Demokracija je počela" - demokratski izbori u Općini Bjelovar 1990.

Author(s): Željko Karaula / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 2/2008

The downfall of the communist system in Europe in 1989, during a peoples’ awakening of a kind, was very soon reflected upon the events occurring in Socialist Yugoslavia, where the Yugoslav Communist Union had, until that time, exercised absolute power. Under the pressure of the communist system having fallen down in Eastern Europe, the true power takeover happened in 1990, when – after the introduction of a multi-party system – the Communist Union disappeared from the Croatian political scene. Referring to and based upon articles from local newspapers, publications issued by political parties and other written sources, the author notes how hard the way to democracy had been and indicates to the emergence of political parties in the area of the then Bjelovar Municipality. The paper presents the election results in the Bjelovar area in detail.

"Izjava enega zanesljivega Slovenca zadostuje" Denunciacije pronemških elementov po razpadu habsburške monarhije v dokumentih okrajnega sodišča Slovenske Konjice

Author(s): Andrej Studen / Language(s): Slovenian / Issue: 1/2009

After the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and the establishment of the new Yugoslav state, Germans in the Lower Styria were not ready to accept new political circumstances. They explicitly disapproved of the new "Southern Slavic" state and strove for their inclusion into the "German Austria". This spurred the Slovenian authorities to become even more severe and determined in the implementation of the systematic policy of "nationalisation". Slovenians hastened to "rectify" the old injustices. Slovenian newspapers demanded "unscrupulous cleansing" of anything that was German or in any way reminiscent of the old Austria and the former German dominion. In the initial post-war years the "ethos of vengeance" absolutely prevailed over the sense of justice. After the overturn "different elements which sow the seeds of discontent with Yugoslavia" also appear and "deliberately disseminate horrible fabricated news". The authorities called upon the people to denounce the anti-state elements. Practically that was supposed to be the duty of each reliable Slovenian. The following discussion focuses on the denunciations based on the speech against the state, preserved in the documents of the District Court in Slovenske Konjice, and on the incidents which reflected national intolerance in the everyday life in the new state after the World War I.

"Srbija jača od Nokie"

Politike identiteta u postkomunističkoj Srbiji

Author(s): Miroslava Malešević / Language(s): Serbian / Publication Year: 0

"Нико не сме да вас бије" Слободан Милошевић у Косову Пољу 24-25. април 1987. Историја и мит

Author(s): Kosta Nikolić / Language(s): Serbian

"Скорозрейно" и "нетрайно" ли е българското развитие?

Author(s): Hristo Matanov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Publication Year: 0

This paper analyses the critically well-known thesis of Prof. Peter Moutafchiev about the raises and falls in Bulgaria's development. We know that, counting the studies of the Russian scholar Alexander Hilferding, Prof. Moutafchiev came to the conclusion that Bulgaria's development was erratic and did not have periods of "peace" - everything featured rapid progress and equally rapid decline and crises. The Bulgarian scholar cited Serbia as an example of slower for more regular progrss. The author attempts to question the general validity of this opinion. First of all, it was dedicated by the historical period in which Prof. Moutafchiev lived and worked. Then Bulgarian history itself was transmitted under the influence of the notion that it consisted of a series of successes and failures. Serbia could hardly be a comparison factor as the main sources about its development are the vitas of its rulers written by their sons and close relatives. Third, there are hardly societies and countries on a European or world scale that have not been subject to the "historical sine" of which Moutafchiev speaks. The author of the article appeals for abandoning the romantic approach in reconstructing the Bulgarian past, which demands rapid events with a fatal outcome. Instead, he offers a narration based on Fernand Braudel's idea of continuity and longue duree.

100 vjet më parë: Durrësi dhe Princi Gjerman Vilhelm Vidi - 7 Mars - 3 Shtator 1914

Author(s): Jani Sota / Language(s): Albanian / Issue: 44/2014

On this study we will try to prove the role of Price of Wied: 1) Why a German Prince was selected? First attempt to bring the European model of governance after the creation of Albanian state; 2) Why Durrës is chosen for a capital? Brief economic and political overview of capital Durrës; 3) Dilemma: Did Prince of Wied really fail? This study is based on archival sources as: Albanian National Archives (Funds of period 1913-1914, etc.), and the Archive of Historical Institute, Center of Albanological Studies (Fund of Austro-Hungary); documentary sources edited till today; the data of Albanian press; etc. Also, there have been used the famous memories of much known personalities of the time, Prince of Wied, Eqrem Bej Vlora, etc. All of these describe difficulties that Price of Wied had to face in order to accept the decision of Great Powers. It also emerges the character of his determination to carry out to the end the mission and the goal that he has set to himself, despite of many difficulties towards political stability of Albania.

200 години от рождението на Георги Стойков Раковски (1821 – 1867)

Author(s): Adriana Spasova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 42/2021

225. DOĞUM YILINDA EN BÜYÜK MACAR: ISTVÁN SZÉCHENYI (1791-1860)

Author(s): Gökhan Dilbaş / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 1/2016

The year 2016 is the 225th anniversary of the birth of István Széchenyi, named in Hungarian history “the greatest Hungarian”, and considered as the founder of modern Hungary. István Széchenyi has a particular place and a special significance in Hungarian history, for his ideas, his works, his efforts for the development and progression of Hungary.His works to put Hungary at the same level than modern contemporary European states (the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Nemzeti Casino, shipyard, Lánchíd, ...) and the reflection system based on rational values he brought to Hungary allowed the Hungarian people to watch, interpret and evaluate the events through a broad perspective, and not be discouraged by the difficulties and face the future optimistically. The ideas and stance deal of István Széchenyi with events in one of the most difficult periods of Hungarian history were a guide for the Hungarian people.It will be useful to study the ideas, works of the Count István Széchenyi and the values he brought to Hungary, on the occasion of the 225th anniversary of his birth, to dedicate again its place in Hungarian history and Hungarian national consciousness.

250 години „Славянобългарска история“ на Паисий Хилендарски

Author(s): Kiril Topalov / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 25/2012

A Balkan Trilogy

Author(s): John K. Cox / Language(s): English / Issue: 03/2006

The review of: 1) Outcast Europe: The Balkans, 1789-1989: From the Ottomans to Milošević by Tom Gallagher. London: Routledge, 2001. pp. xvi + 314. Maps, index, bibliography, notes. Hardcover. 2) The Balkans after the Cold War: From Tyranny to Tragedy by Tom Gallagher. London: Routledge, 2003. pp. 256. Index, bibliography, notes. Hardcover. 3) The Balkans in the New Millennium: In the Shadow of War and Peace by Tom Gallagher. London: Routledge, 2005. pp. xv + 232. Maps, index, bibliography, notes. Hardcover.

A BOOK REVIEW OF POTRIANONSKÉ KOŠICE

Author(s): Dana Kušnírová / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2020

Review of: FICERI, Ondrej. Potrianonské Košice. Premeny etnických identít obyvateľov Košíc v medzivojnovom Československu [Košice Post-Trianon. Ethnic Identity Changes of Inhabitants of Košice in Interwar Czechoslovakia]. Bratislava: VEDA, Vydavateľstvo SAV, 2019, 336 pp. ISBN 978-80-224-1737-2

A Brief View over American Most Prominent Abolitionist Newspapers and Writings during the Mid XIX Century (1820-1850’s)

Author(s): Borislav Momchilov / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2016

The main purpose of this article is to show the different aspects of abolitionist literature in United States during the mid-nineteen century. The wide historiographical view of this subject brings to the reader chance to receive accurate knowledge over this object. Over the last few decades the rhetoric over the abolitionism debate is circulating in many aspects, in a slightly range of historical researchers. Important target of this lemma is to show the main and impacting literature and newspaper writings in USA during relevant period.

A Bulgarian Student in Early XX Century Ukraine: Study, Lifestyle and Challenges

Author(s): Аndrii Chutkyi / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2021

The paper discusses the life of Konstantin Nikolov, a Bulgarian from the town of Gorna Oryahovitsa, during his study at the Kyiv Institute of Commerce (1909 – 1915). The very “insignificance” of this person allows for some wider generalizations, given the fact that precisely such people best reflect the society as a whole. For this reason, the study of ordinary people’s biographies has become an important focus of modern historiography. Nikolov’s student years illustrate some aspects of contemporary Bulgarian history and exemplify the experience of Bulgarian students in the Russian Empire before and during the World War I. The present study is based on archive materials previously untapped by scholars. It also involves some documents relative to Svitozar Drahomanov, who was of Ukrainian origin but spent his childhood in Bulgaria and studied at the Kyiv Institute of Commerce along with Nikolov, as well as documents regarding a trip to Bulgaria by Czesław Madej, another student of the same institute. The study demonstrates that archives of different Kyiv-based higher educational institutions should be explored for more valuable materials regarding Bulgarian born students, which may help draw a fuller picture of Bulgarian-Ukrainian relations in the field of education and culture. This, in turn, will contribute to a deeper understanding of the history of Ukrainian higher education in the early 20thcentury. It will also provide a wider perspective on the phenomenon of Bulgarians studying abroad before and during the World War I, including the life situations of the students during this period which proved crucial for the whole European civilization.

A Centenary of Jewish Politics in Eastern Europe: The Legacy of the Bund and the Zionist Movements

Author(s): Zvi Gitelman / Language(s): English / Issue: 03/1997

The year 1997 marks a century since the founding of two Jewish political movements, one triumphant and the other largely forgotten, that brought East European Jewry into the modern era of politics. While Zionism achieved its primary aim, the founding of a Jewish state, the Jewish Labor Bund has not only essentially disappeared, but its ideals of socialism and secular Jewishness based in the Diaspora seem to have failed and to have been repudiated by Jews and others. Yet, perhaps more than Zionism, it was the Bund that profoundly changed the structure of Jewish society, politics, and culture in Eastern Europe and, by extension, in the Americas, much of Western Europe, and Israel. [...]

A Comparative Study of the Perception of Railways among Serbian and Bulgarian Intellectuals, 1860s – 1870s

Author(s): Momir Samardžić / Language(s): English / Issue: 3-4/2015

Our article analyses different perspectives on railway construction on the Balkans among Serbian and Bulgarian intellectuals, politicians, economists, leaders of national liberation movements. Our main thesis is that different discourses on economic development and railway construction were largely determined by the different dynamics of social development in Serbia and among Bulgarians, and their process of national liberation and that various authors approached the issue of economic development, concept of free trade or protectionism and other issues through the prism of their own formal education and/or experience gained by the analysis of their community within the Ottoman Empire, faced with the rising pressure from foreign factors due to the slow incorporation of the Balkans into the modern capitalist world system.

A Fifth Year of Independence: Lithuania, 1922 and 1994

Author(s): Tomas Venclova / Language(s): English / Issue: 02/1995

The Declarations of 16 February 1918 and of 11 March 1990 have much in common. Both declarations of independence were made under conditions of occupation. Foreign powers holding Lithuania under their rule-in the first instance Germany, in the second the Soviet Unionwere playing an intricate game with its society. Initially, Sajudis and its leadership, like the Council of Lithuania in 1918, were acting with the connivance and even with a kind of approval of the occupying authorities. Pursuing their own goals, far from identical with the Lithuanian interest, neither occupying power objected to a limited Lithuanian selfrule, but were strictly opposed to any aspirations for full independence of the country. In both cases, the liberation process quickly slipped out of their control. Lithuania, whose leaders were better able to anticipate the course of events than their adversaries and who succeeded in aptly exploiting the inner divisions and weaknesses of the regime, won the game. [...]

A former Romanian Scientific Society: The Society of Physical sciences (1890-1910)

Author(s): George Andrei Iavorenciuc / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2015

The society of Physical sciences (phisycs, chemistry and mineralogy) has been an important Romanian scientific society since its establishment, in 1890 until the middle of the twentieth century. This paper seeks to provide an analysis of its activity in the first two decades of existence, a less studied period, namely how its enterprises contributed to the dissemination and spread of the latest scientifi c ideas within Romania’s culture. The society was founded at the initiative of some of the most proeminent Romanian scientists of that period and, until the end of the nineteenth century, it expanded its sphere of activity by including sections on mathemathics and natural history. Therefore, its activity, exemplifi ed by public conferences, presentation of members’ personal scientific endeavors, intellectual debates or scientific missions, reflected the general development of physical sciences in Romania in that epoch. This research is based mostly on a close scrutiny of society’s scientifi c journal.

A grúziai Írásművelési Társaság. A nemzeti elit iskolája és nemzetszervezési tevékenysége

Author(s): Oliver Reisner / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 3/2014

On the 15th of May 1879, the Society for the Promotion of Literacy among the Georgians was officially founded in Tbilisi. It represented the late product of a small but very active group of intellectuals, the tergdaleulebi, who played a pivotal role in the building of the modern Georgian nation. The Society for the Promotion of Literacy among the Georgians thus served as a tool to introduce national self-reliance and to counter the voluntary and forced Russification of the Georgian nobility. This article initially analyses the development of the “Society” between 1879 and 1914, focusing on the number, geographic origin, estate and social background of its members, as well as their educational backgrounds, professions and political activities. The article then attempts to characterize the various activities of the “Society”. Although the activists found themselves marginalized between the nobility and the peasantry, they managed to develop a sense of Georgian ethnic affiliation as a cultural community freed from estate or locality, accessible to all of its potential members. With its cultural activities, the members developed an institution of public socialization to replace the traditional ones. The social cleavage between the nobility and the peasantry and the domination of the Tsarist state, however, hindered the rise of a political loyalty on national grounds. The non-existent political nation was substituted by a new, culturally and ethnically sensitive community with the “Society” as its main organizational backbone. In this kind of “moral community” the growing layer of marginalized, educated white collar-workers could meet each other and coordinate their efforts.

A Jewish Pan-Turkist: Seraya Szapszal (Sapsaloglu) and his Work Qirim Qaray Türkleri(1928)

Author(s): Dan D. Y. Shapira / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2005

The paper examines a highly interesting workQirim Qarai Türkleri,published in Istanbul in 1928 by Seraya Sapsaloglu (Seraja Szapszal in Polish sources), the renowned Karaite communal leader, one of the leading Russian Turkologists of his time, a former Czarist diplomat and a Jewish Pan-Turkist. This popular and quasi-scientific work was typical of the Romantic Period of the “nation-building”stage in the history of many Eastern European minorities. It was, however, essential in the presentation of the Türkic-speaking Eastern European and Crimean Karaite Jews as remnants of some imagined ancient Türkic race, clandestinely preserving Altaic paganism. Written in an appealing style, this work made a deep impression on the Early Republican intellectuals. In the present paper some of Szapszal's assertions made in this work are analysed against their historical and linguistic background. The paper touches on intellectual trends current during the Early Republican period, the state of the European, Russian and Turkish Turkology of the age, and the metamorphoses of the secularised communal consciousness.

A magyar–német geopolitikai viszony

Author(s): Gusztáv Molnár / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 12/2018