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Státy Východního partnerství v české zahraniční politice

Author(s): Lucia Najšlová / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Východní politika patří k dlouhodobě deklarovaným prioritám české zahraniční politiky. I když v roce 2015, zejména v jeho druhé polovině, dominovala diskusi o evropské politice sousedství uprchlická krize, podařilo se dosáhnout několika posunů i v politice východní. Za nejzásadnější možno považovat pevné ukotvení východní politiky jako priority ve všech nových koncepčních dokumentech, přičemž v zahraničněpolitické koncepci je východní Evropa spolu se západním Balkánem definována jako součást euroatlantického prostoru. Tyto změny vycházejí z programového prohlášení vlády ČR přijatého v roce 2014, ve kterém se zavázala chápat EU jako základní rámec české zahraniční politiky.

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Balkánský rozměr české zahraniční politiky

Author(s): Tomáš Dopita / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Stejně jako v předchozích letech, i v roce 2015 pokračovali aktéři české zahraniční politiky v proaktivní podpoře euroatlantické integrace západního Balkánu jako hlavní dlouhodobé prioritě balkánské dimenze české zahraniční politiky. Tak jako v předchozích letech však docházelo v české zahraniční politice k polarizaci a politizaci kvůli nezávislosti Kosova. Proces normalizace vztahů mezi Srbskem a Kosovem, nastartovaný dohodou z dubna 2013, se v české zahraniční politice stále ještě nikterak neprojevil, začal však již být brán v potaz v českém mediálním prostoru. V roce 2015 také pokračoval trend geopolitického soupeření mezi EU a Ruskem, který započal v roce 2014 a doposud fungoval jako katalyzátor euroatlantické integrace západního Balkánu a protiváha únavy z integrace ve starých členských státech EU.

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Francie v české zahraniční politice

Author(s): Eliška Tomalová / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Již po nástupu Sobotkovy vlády v lednu 2014 bylo patrné, že v kontextu česko-francouzských vztahů dojde k obratu. Francie vnímala pozitivně zejména proevropský kurz české zahraniční politiky, dobré atmosféře vzájemných vztahů napomohla i stranická příslušnost nového premiéra, kdy styky na stranické úrovni s francouzskou Socialistickou stranou (Parti socialiste, PS) podpořily další roviny bilaterálních i multilaterálních vztahů. Během roku 2014 se tato tendence potvrdila. Byla doprovázena větší intenzitou návštěv vrcholných představitelů obou zemí: Francii navštívil premiér Bohuslav Sobotka i prezident Miloš Zeman, Prahu francouzský ministr pro evropské záležitosti Thierry Repentin a premiér Manuel Valls, jehož prosincová návštěva byla vyvrcholením celého roku v rovině česko-francouzské spolupráce. Oba premiéři v Praze podepsali Akční plán na léta 2014–2018, který je zasazen do Strategického partnerství obou zemí a specifikuje jednotlivé oblasti spolupráce České republiky a Francie.

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The media context of Czech foreign policy

Author(s): David Chudoba,Vlastimil Nečas / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In this chapter, which is devoted to the analysis of the news reporting by Czech media in 2015, we follow the research from the previous years with the same objective, i.e. we identify and determine the predominant characteristics of the news reporting on foreign affairs. The structure of the chapter and the analytical procedure remain the same as in the previous years, and we complement the continuous series of findings on this topic collected since 2008.

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The European dimension of Czech foreign policy

Author(s): Vít Beneš / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In 2015, the Government coalition of Česká strana sociálně-demokratická (ČSDD), Křesťanská a demokratická unie – Československá strana lidová (KDU-ČSL) and the movement ANO 2011 continued to work. The mere fact that this coalition continued to work for a third year without any significant inter-coalition conflicts in the European policy, as was the case with the previous governments, is worthy of attention. The op-position to the Government’s European policy was relatively weak in 2015. The coalition government declared a “pro-European” course of its foreign policy, so the pro-European opposition (TOP 09) had only a small space for criticising the Government for the pro-European positions. On the opposite side of the spectrum, the traditional Eurosceptic opposition (ODS) was considerably weakened after the last parliamentary elections. In regard to specific issues, such as the reaction to the refugee crisis and the scandal of “the refugee quotas”, the Government had a critical attitude towards the EU, thereby reducing the space for criticism from the traditional eurosceptic political parties. The new populist movement Úsvit of Tomio Okamura is undergoing an internal crisis and is falling apart. The parliamentary opposition had some problems in formulating credible alternative European policies. There is an evident tension between President, Miloš Zeman, and Prime Minister, Bohuslav Sobotka, that is manifested on the level of personal as well as political priorities, but the President’s attitudes in the European policy did not pose a major threat and challenge to the Czech European policy. The President had a much stronger opinion on the Union proposal on the solution of the refugee crisis than the Government. He shaped the public debate on this topic and tried to direct the Government’s policy, but it was not a threat to the European policy of the Government as such.

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The security dimension of Czech foreign policy

Author(s): Jan Eichler,Ondřej Ditrych / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In the area of the security and defence dimensions of the foreign policy, the previous year was mainly about the adaptation to the perceived change of the security environment in connection with the Ukrainian crisis, and also the significant securitization of the issue of refugees and the uncontrolled transit of foreign nationals across the territory of the Czech Republic. On the one hand, the trend toward the mainly passive constructive formation and implementation of the Czech foreign policy could have continued in relation to its environment. On the other hand, the normalization, which here means the broad acceptance of the idea of the uniqueness of the contemporary security situation and the necessity to adopt adequate, exceptional measures, brought new risks.

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The Countries of the Eastern Partnership in the Czech Foreign Policy

Author(s): Lucia Najšlová / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Eastern policy belongs to the declared long-term priorities of the Czech foreign policy. Although in 2015, especially in its second half, the debate on the European Neighborhood Policy was dominated by the refugee crisis, there were also several shifts in the Eastern policy. The most important one was the solid anchoring of the Eastern policy as a priority in all the new conceptual documents, while in the foreign-policy concept, Eastern Europe, together with the Western Balkans, are defined as a part of the Euro-Atlantic area. These changes are based on the programme declarations of the Government adopted in 2014, in which it undertook to understand the EU as the basic framework of the Czech foreign policy.1

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The Balkan dimension of Czech foreign policy

Author(s): Tomáš Dopita / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Identically to former years, some representatives of the Czech foreign policy continued with the proactive support of the Western Balkans Euro-Atlantic integration in 2015 as the main long-lasting priority of the Balkan dimension within the Czech foreign policy. Identically to former years, the Czech foreign policy was polarized and politicised in regard to the independence of Kosovo. The normalisation process be-tween Serbia and Kosovo, commenced by the agreement from April 2013, was not reflected in the Czech foreign policy but it was considered by the Czech media. In 2015, the trend of geopolitical competing continued between the EU and Russia; it started in 2014 and functioned as a catalyst for the Euro-Atlantic integration of the Western Balkans and the counterbalance to the tiredness from the integration in the old EU member states. The general procedure during the integration of the Western Balkans was accompanied by the further development of direct economic and social relationships with all South East European countries, and the economic dimension in 2015 was less affected by former unsuccessful investment expansion of Czech power generating companies in this area. Like in the previous year, the Greek debts played quite a significant and special role in the Czech foreign policy in 2015; it was strongly discussed in the public debate on European and macroeconomic topics but the communication on the official side of the Czech foreign policy was minimal. The new subject of reaction in 2015 from the Czech foreign policy representatives, the public, and media was the wave of migrants passing through the Western-Balkan migration path. In regard to the structure, this chapter focuses on the current solutions and political context of the Czech foreign policy in regard to the Balkan Peninsula. Subsequently, the attention is focused on the agenda and the events in 2015, namely the Euro-Atlantic integration of the Western Balkans, the economic and social relations with Southeast Europe, the refugee wave and the migration. Prior to the conclusion, the analysis of the media context of the Czech foreign policy has been introduced with respect to individual Balkan countries.

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France in Czech foreign policy

Author(s): Eliška Tomalová / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

After the start of Sobotka’s Government, it was clear that the Czech-French relations would change. France perceived positively particularly the pro-European orientation of the Czech foreign policy; the good atmosphere of mutual relations was also supported by the party membership of the new Prime Minister when the contacts at the party level with the French socialist party (Parti socialiste, PS) supported further areas of bilateral and multilateral relations. This tendency was confirmed during 2014. It was accompanied with greater intensity of visits by leading representatives of both countries: Prime Minister Bohuslav Sobotka and President Miloš Zeman visited France, French Minister for European Affairs Thierry Repentin visited Prague, and Prime Minister Manuel Valls visited Prague in December, which was the climax of the Czech-French cooperation. Both Prime Ministers signed the Action Plan for 2014–2018 in Prague, which was included in the Strategic Partnership of both countries, and it specified individual cooperation areas of the Czech Republic and France. The year 2015 demonstrated a stronger will of the Czech Republic to cooperate with France than the previous years, particularly within the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. This change was based mostly on the personal level of higher administration of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic and it was supported by the party contacts between ČSSD and the French PS. In 2015, the trend of mutual visits continued at the political and administration level; the shift within the public diplomacy became apparent when both states increased the number of events for the French and Czech general public. The negative atmosphere from former years caused by the circumstances related to the exclusion of AREVA from the public tender for further construction of the nuclear power plant Temelín is forgotten and the post-Temelín bitterness of the Czech-French relations is in the past.

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Sub-Saharan Africa in Czech foreign policy

Author(s): Kateřina Rudincová / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In 2015, the trend of strengthening the relations with the traditional partners in Sub-Saharan Africa continued, and also the creation of new relations. The interest in Sub-Saharan Africa was traditionally exercised by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and also other departments, particularly the environmental, agricultural, healthcare, and also industry, including the Czech Chamber of Commerce and the Association of the Industry and Transport which was reflected by increased export to Sub-Saharan Africa. The key aspect considering the implementation of the Czech foreign policy was the approval of new Concept of the Czech Foreign Policy which also focused on the concerned region. Unlike 2014, when the public area focused on the Ebola epidemics, Africa was widely perceived as a region providing significant economic opportunities which was reflected by the number of events organised in relation to the export opportunities to Africa. In 2015, no topic related to Sub-Saharan Africa was politicalized except for the migration issues which became a subject of stereotypical and sometimes even racist media discussions. The Parliament did not develop a polarised debate on the issue of sending the Czech soldiers to Mali within the UN mission MINUSMA, unlike 2013 when the Czech army was sent to Mali within the Training Mission of the European Union EUTM.

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Latin America in Czech foreign policy

Author(s): Martin Hrabálek / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The new Concept of the Foreign Policy of the Czech Republic from July 2015 depicts Latin America as “an area geographically distant but dynamically developing and culturally and geographically close”. The geographic distance is also a major factor for mutual relationships between the Czech Republic and the region of Latin America, which can be described as low-profile in the long-term. On the political level, this re-mote region without (safe for exceptions) closer historical links is relatively of small interest for a country of the size of the Czech Republic. Several years ago, it could even appear that the Czech Republic was withdrawing from Latin America when some missions of the Czech Republic in that region were closed. By reopening of the Embassy in Bogota this trend was stopped; however, instead of its reversal, we can speak about stabilization of the situation nowadays, when other missions of the Czech Re-public are not threatened in that area with high probability now.

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The multilateral dimension of Czech foreign policy

Author(s): Jan Blažek / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In 2015, for the first time since 2011, there has been a change of the decisive value and strategic framework of multilateral co-operation or, as the case may be, of the whole Czech foreign policy. On 13 July, the new Concept of the Foreign Policy of the Czech Republic was approved.1 It follows up the concept from 20112 as well as the programme statement of the government and tries to reflect the changes in the world political order too. This concept has identified three decisive global objectives, which will form the basic outline of the content of this chapter again: a) Security; b) Human dignity and human rights and c) Prosperity and sustainable development.

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Energy in the external relations of the Czech Republic

Author(s): Lukáš Tichý / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In 2015, the main agenda of the internal and external dimension of the energy policy of the Energy Union was developed in token of the strong continuity of the previous year 2014 focused especially on the Union energy security, which represented one of the most frequently used words of the energetic discourse of the EU. Like in 2014, also in 2015 the Union energy security was characterized by the concurrent operation of two important factors.

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The development dimension of Czech foreign policy

Author(s): Ondřej Horký-Hlucháň / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

For the first time since 1983, when the European Community established the tradition of thematic years, this year was committed to the external operations of the European Union. The choice of the European Year for Development 2015 was related to the symbolic milestone of the end of validity of the development objectives of the millennium. At the same time, it foreshadowed gradual interconnection of the separate agendas of the global and sustainable developments within the United Nations as a unified framework of the social and economic development within the planetary boundaries. Their merger culminated in September in New York, where the General Assembly of the UN approved the Agenda 2030 and its seventeen Objectives of sustainable development representing a huge challenge for the development and other policies of the countries of the global North and South. In this spirit, the European Year for Development was also initiated with the slogan “Our World, Our Dignity, Our Future”. It stood in a peculiar contrast to the closer and rather technical nature of the covering national topic of the “interconnection of activities of non-governmental, private and public sectors in the official foreign development co-operation”.

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The human rights dimension of Czech foreign policy

Author(s): Veronika Bílková / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The year 2015 brought some pacification in the Czech foreign policy in the area of human rights. The vivid discussion, which was held about human rights diplomacy and its suitable set-up in the Czech media during 2014, was silenced or, as the case may be, it was only brought to mind by a few isolated inputs and summarizing memoir. In the middle of the year, after long months of the preparations, new conceptual materials – The Concept of Foreign Policy and The Concept of Support of Human Rights and Transformation Co-operation were also officially adopted. Both texts showed that in the Czech human rights diplomacy as well as in the Czech foreign policy in general, no revolution was taking place. The objectives and priorities were completed in a partial way, not reassessed on principle. It also applied to the used tools and involved actors. The topic of human rights in the foreign policy remained politicized in 2015, but the level of its polarization was reduced considerably. It became one of many foreign policy topics again, which – with the exception of extraordinary events – did not generate any bigger interest of the public.

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VZDELANOSTNÁ ŠTRUKTÚRA OBYVATEĽOV SLOVENSKEJ REPUBLIKY V OBDOBÍ 2001-2021

Author(s): RADOMÍRA HORNYÁK GREGÁŇOVÁ,DANA ORSZÁGHOVÁ / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

The educational structure of the population of the Slovak Republic (SR) is a dynamic system that has been formed over many years and is constantly changing dynamically and will change in the future. The main goal of the contribution was to evaluate and compare changes in the educational structure in the regions of the Slovak Republic within the period 2001-2021, based on the data on the highest level of education achieved by inhabitants of the Slovak Republic. Research data were obtained from available results of the census of inhabitants, houses, and apartments in years 2001, 2011 and 2021. The comparative analysis of the data was carried out by descriptive methods of mathematical statistics using table and graphic presentation of results. Results showed that over the past twenty years, there has been a significant increase in the population of university-educated residents in Slovakia, the number of residents with primary education and with lower secondary education (GCE O Level) have decreased; the share of residents with the complete secondary education (GCE Advanced Level) has remained stable within the population development.

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Rekodifikácia trestného zákona v kontexte trestných činov proti republike

Author(s): Eva Balážová,Jaroslav Ivor,Marta Hlaváčová / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

The issue of the legal regulation of criminal offenses against the republic is interesting and concise, as it points to the importance of protection and security of the societal interests of the Slovak Republic. Defining the individual facts of crimes against the republic ensures protection against crimes that may threaten the very democratic establishment of the republic, its sovereignty, security, defense, as well as its territorial integrity. In the Slovak Republic, the area of crimes against the republic has undergone several changes, in particular the recodification of criminal law. The main crimes related to the ideology and organization of the socialist state were changed after 1989. The basis of the recodification changed the system of the Criminal Code, which expressed a change in the priority of protection of basic human rights and freedoms of individuals over the interests of the state. This change points out the position of the values of the citizens of the Slovak Republic in today’s modern state and at the same time regulates the obligations that the citizen of the whole society has.

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ŠEZDESETA OBLJETNICA ODSJEKA ZA PEDAGOGIJU FILOZOFSKOG FAKULTETA

Author(s): Mladen Bevanda / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Na samom početku želim zahvaliti kolegicama i kolegama što su me pozvali i ukazali čast govoriti u povodu zaista značajnog jubileja na ponos Fakultetu, Univerzitetu, Gradu, ali i našoj domovini jer to bijaše punih trideset godina jedino središte za izobrazbu pedagoga – psihologa u Bosni i Hercegovini. Moje angažiranje govori o kolegijalnom i korektnom odnosu prema prijašnjim profesorima, lijep je primjer zahvalnosti onima koji su radili na Odsjeku prije mnogo godina. Ciceron je rekao da je zahvalnost ne samo najveća vrlina nego i majka svih ostalih. Prihvatio sam prijedlog kolegica i kolega s osobitom radošću jer sam na ovom Odsjeku ostvario svoje snove, mnoge životne želje i uza sve to dočekao i ovaj jubilej. Još kao student bio sam demonstrator dvije godine te predsjednik studenata Odsjeka, a kao nastavnik biran sam za predsjednika Odsjeka dva mandata i za voditelja poslijediplomskog studija tri mandata. Od sveg srca želim mlađim kolegicama i kolegama da u dobroj tjelesnoj i mentalnoj formi obilježe stotu obljetnicu. U ovih 60 godina sadržana su tri jubileja, više važnih događaja i godišnjica. Naime, u šest desetljeća je srebreni jubilej – 25 godina, zlatni – pedeset godina i, evo, dijamantni – šezdeset godina uspješnog i plodnog rada.

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SIGURAN HOD

Author(s): Marinko Jovanović / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Ljeto 1960. godine bilo je tipično vrelo ljeto kakva su bila ljeta u južnoj Hercegovini tih godina. Na plaži Jaz u Šurmancima tih vrelih dana vladala je prava vreva. Dno Neretve još uvijek nije bilo zatrpano šljunkom što će se dogoditi idućih godina izgradnjom magistralnog puta lijevom obalom i nove željezničke pruge desnom obalom rijeke. Neretva je krila brojne zamke u svojim uzburkanim bukovima i pećinama, pa je Jaz bio prava oaza i za slabije i nevješte plivače. Glavnu riječ na plaži vodili su najvještiji u plivanju, ronjenju i skakanju u vodu. Jaz je bio poput košnice. Bilo je tu dosta snažnih i vrlo vještih mladića, ali svojom pojavom posebno se isticao Mladen Bevanda. Te je godine završio Učiteljsku školu u Mostaru i svaki dan koristio je da uživa u zasluženom odmoru. Kratko ošišan, širokog, dobroćudnog osmijeha, preplanulog mišićavog tijela privlačio je poglede posebno nježnijeg dijela plaže. Izvodio je različite akrobacije na vodi, a osobito je bio impresivan način na koji je izvodio salto.

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DOPRINOS PROF. BEVANDE POVIJESTI PEDAGOGIJE I ŠKOLSTVA U BIH

Author(s): Snježana Šušnjara / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Osnivanje i djelovanje Katedre za pedagogiju na Filozofskom fakultetu u Sarajevu 1963. godine je bilo od velike važnosti za razvoj pedagoške znanosti u BiH. Osnivači Katedre za pedagogiju, profesori Petar Mandić, Nikola Filipović, Branko Rakić i Muhamed Muradbegović su s prvom generacijom studenata započeli raditi te 1963.godine. (Šušnjara, 2015, 2016) Katedra za pedagogiju je pored nastavne funkcije odigrala i važnu ulogu u razvoju pedagoških znanosti, čemu su pridonosili pedagoški radovi njezinih članova „[…] kako u ovoj sredini tako i šire jer su učinili značajne doprinose u inovacijama spoznaja i u tehnologiji obrazovanja.“ (Ilić 2005:57) Spomenuti profesori su aktivno sudjelovali u osnivanju pedagoških društava u BiH, a kasnije i u aktivnostima saveza pedagoških društava BiH i Jugoslavije. Uređivali su pedagoške časopise i priređivali različite susrete pedagoga i bivših studenata. Pisali su članke i priloge za pedagoške časopise u Jugoslaviji i BiH.

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