"Błąd krymski" jako efekt myślenia grupowego? Polska wobec aneksji Krymu w 2014 roku

Author(s): Agnieszka Orzelska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 39/2015

The ease with which Russia managed to surprise the political elites of the West with the events of early 2014 is dumbfounding. On the eve of the annexation of the Crimea, no one in the public space in Poland warned against the upcoming turn in the policies of Moscow. Representatives of the highest Polish authorities responsible for the security and foreign policy were clearly surprised with the developments. Undoubtedly, the “Crimean error” indicates that information that had been flowing from Russia for a long time was ignored as it did not fit into the policy adopted by the Polish authorities. From today's perspective, multiple signals can be indicated about the upcoming profound changes in the immediate environment of Polish security.When examining why the Polish authorities did not notice the upcoming shift in the politics of Russia, we should take into account the group thinking syndrome, described by Irving Janis. In this approach, group members try to minimize conflict and reach a consensus decision without critical evaluation of alternative viewpoints. This term has gained popularity in social psychology, but has also provided important research tools for the analysis of foreign policy, treated as a separate area in the context of international relations.

20 години секция Медицински науки при Съюза на учените в България – клон Сливен

Author(s): Ivan Trifonov,Vasislav Petrov,Maria Todorova,Janeta Uzunova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1-2/2016

2003–2015: ERA MEHANIZAMA ZA RODNU RAVNOPRAVNOST

Author(s): Edita Miftari / Language(s): Bosnian / Publication Year: 0

Ovo poglavlje obrađuje žensku politiku i angažmane najaktivnijih političarki u BiH od usvajanja Zakona o ravnopravnosti spolova 2003. godine do trenutka pisanja ovog poglavlja 2015. godine. Usvajanje ovog Zakona se u historiji bh. ženske politike postavlja kao prekretnica u ženskoj političkoj participaciji, a najviše zato što je rodna kvota od 40% koju uvodi dovela i do harmonizacije drugih ključnih zakonskih odredbi, kao što su odredbe Izbornog zakona BiH, o čemu će također biti riječi u poglavlju koje slijedi. Jedan od vrlo važnih momenata u ženskom političkom udruživanju, pored udruživanja unutar političkih partija u različite forume, asocijacije i aktive, predstavlja i formiranje prvog nadstranačkog kluba u Parlamentu Federacije BiH 2013. godine. Stoga će ovo poglavlje obraditi izazove i prepreke sa kojima su se susretale federalne parlamentarke u implementiranju ove inicijative. Ovo poglavlje će obraditi i segment izvršne vlasti u BiH, s obzirom da posljednjih godina žene obnašaju sve više izvršnih funkcija na svim nivoima u BiH, ali će također biti riječi i o unutarstranačkim strukturama nekih političkih partija, odnosno o položaju žena na pozicijama odlučivanja unutar njihovih političkih opcija. Za kraj, ovo poglavlje će kratko predstaviti i nove nade na političkoj sceni u BiH koje predstavljaju budućnost bh. ženske politike.

25-eri požiūrio į Lietuvos narystę Europos Sąjungoje tyrimų metai: 1991–2016

Author(s): Vladas Gaidys / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 4/2016

Examination of the attitudes towards Lithuania’s membership in the European Community (hereinafter the European Union) has been started in the first representative public opinion surveys. The Public Opinion Research Center at the Institute of Philosophy, Sociology and Law (Lithuanian Academy of Sciences) began to study this issue in 1991. Since then, many representative surveys have been conducted, and attitudes towards the membership have been changing. Also, motives of supporting or not supporting the membership, a thematic discourse and actuality of this issue in the society have been altering. The dynamics of different aspects of the attitudes is analyses in the paper. The empirical results show that after a strong support of the membership 25 years ago, a period of skepticism followed, and later on the period of optimism appeared again. The latest surveys indicate a high support for Lithuania’s membership in the European Union as well. A high support for the membership before the Euro referendum was not defined by believes in quick personal benefits, but rather by believes in benefits for children in the future and for Lithuania in general. This is one of the reasons why later a disappointment in the membership was not fixed. The support for Lithuania’s membership in the EU has been and remains higher among younger, better qualified people and, inhabitants of big cities.

6335 Sayılı Kanun Değişikliği Sonrası Yeni Türk Ticaret Kanunu’nda Ticari Defterlerin Yeni Düzeni Ve Finansal Raporlama

Author(s): Koray Tuan / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 6/2013

Turkish Commercial Code No. 6762, which remained in force for over 55 years, has provided for the development of commercial activity in a specific order. However, Turkish Commercial Code was insufficient to cover the current needs in the face of major changes occurring in the economic and trade life of Turkey and the rest of the world. This situation certainly gave rise to the need for preparation and implementation of an update commercial code. For this purpose, the New Turkish Commercial Code No. 6102 (New TCC) entered into force on July 1, 2012. Code No. 6335, as a 50 articles revision package, entered into force in conjunction with the New TCC published in Official Gazette No. 28339, dated June 30, 2012 in order to prevent problems that might arise in practice and to facilitate adaptation of legislation before effective date of the New TCC. In this study, the radical innovations and regulations on the order of entry of commercial books and financial reporting issues under the Code No. 6102, which also includes the changes of Code No. 6335, were examined and evaluated.

A “Constitutional” Coup in Hungary between 2010–2014

On Some Aspects of the Exclusive Systemic Exercise of State Power with Regard to Constitutional Law, International Law, and European Law

Author(s): Imre Vörös / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

The Fundamental Law, drafted in 2011 and instituted on 1 January 2012, was amended no less than five times over a year and a half.Hungary’s sitting prime minister since 2010 had formulated his intent to stay in power for an extended period of time in his state-of-the-nation speech delivered in Kötcse, as early as 9 September 2009. As well, he expounded the necessity of building a system of political institutions that could guarantee the realization of this plan, practically by establishing a one-party state. His idea of a “central field of power,” especially if designed for the long term, was neither reconcilable with democracy, nor with a multiparty system, let alone with the electoral law which was in force until 2010.

A comparative analysis of research – development and innovation activities in Romania

Author(s): Laura Asandului,Livia Baciu / Language(s): English / Issue: Spec/2010

When adopting the recommendations of the Lisbon Agenda or Strategy, the European states have decided that in order to make the European Union a space of competitiveness and greater social cohesion and a model of sustainable economic growth, research-development and innovation (RDI) must become the main pillar of the member states common policies. Consequently, the European Council recommended more investment in research and development, setting the collective EU target of raising research investment to 3% of the GDP, namely 1% from public funds and 2% from private sector. The current economic and financial crisis and the pressure it poses on resources, public or private, ]has limited to some extent the achievement of these objectives. The investments might not increase as anticipated or they might even decrease. However, several states have understood that, in times of crisis, the investment in research and innovation might bring tremendous gains in terms of new technologies, human capital and knowledge or, in other words, gains in economic competitiveness. This paper aims at providing a comparative analysis of the Romanian situation using the statistical indicators of the knowledge economy, those related to RDI financing and also to RDI results for the short period of time when financing has increased as a result of applying the objectives set out by the Lisbon Strategy. We underline the fact that without financing there is no research and innovation and without policies to support RDI the delays in development cannot be recovered. The final part of the paper provides several recommendations aiming at improving the RDI policies in Romania in accordance with post-2010 Lisbon Strategy.

A financial performance comparison of group and non-group firms in textile sector of Pakistan

Author(s): Ishtiaq Ahmad,Syed Zaheer ABBAS KAZMI / Language(s): English / Issue: 08/2016

Pakistan is a developing economy and business groups are key players of the Pakistan’s economy. Previous research evidence shows that in the emerging economies group affiliation creates value for the firms. This study is intended to empirically investigate to know that whether group affiliated (GA) firms perform financially better than non-group affiliated firms or not? GA firms in emerging economies can have better financial performance by sharing tangible and intangible resources at group level. The financial ratio is used to compare performance of affiliated and non-group affiliated firms by using the data of 70 textile firms listed at Karachi Stock Exchange(now Pakistan Stock Exchange) covering a period from 2008 to 2012. Based on mean values of return on assets (ROA), results of the study show that GA firms have higher financial performance than non-group affiliated firms in each year and over all five years.

A lengyel elnökség - „Európa lelkiismeret furdalása?”

Author(s): Katalin Szokolay / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

A magyar nemzeti érdekek első világháború alatti érvényesítésének lehetőségei és vaskos korlátai

Author(s): Pál Pritz / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

István Tisza, along with most of the Hungarian political elite was well aware that the country would inevitably suffer damage in the war. In case of a victory, it would have to put up with even more foreign nationals, and upon defeat the empire would fall apart.After a lost war, Saint Stephen’s Hungary was inevitably doomed. However, fate could have been somewhat less tragic. For the subsequent events, the state of the civil democratic revolution of 1918 can partly be held accountable. But the main responsibility lies with István Tisza’s Hungary, and the government in power from August 1919.

A multilevel analysis of the returns to education in Ecuador. The multifaceted impact of human capital

Author(s): Mercy Raquel Orellana Bravo,Monica Raileanu Szeles,Dalia Maritza Argudo Barrera / Language(s): English / Issue: Spec/2016

This paper analyses the returns to education in Ecuador based on cross-sectional data collected by a National Survey at the individual- and canton-levels in 2005 and 2015. The multilevel analysis provides the methodological framework that allows capturing the regional peculiarities of data as well as addressing the high regional economic heterogeneity. The two level- random intercept and random slope models are used to examine the impact of individual-level and canton-level characteristics on the labour income. In subsidiary, the paper explains the proportion of variance in individual- level income that is explained by canton- level characteristics.

A SEMANTIC-COGNITIVE ANALYSIS OF THE CONCEPT OF UKRAINE IN THE SPEECHES OF B. OBAMA (2014)

Author(s): Anatoliy Khudoliy / Language(s): English / Issue: 16/2016

This article presents a semantic-cognitive analysis of the concept of Ukraine, verbally represented in the speeches of the American President, Barak Obama. The peculiarities of the President’s worldview are highlighted. The objective of the article is as follows. Firstly, it aims to demonstrate that the concept of Ukraine is verbally represented in the speeches of Obama. This means that Ukraine as a country, moving towards democracy despite the war with Russia, is an object of focus for American leaders. Secondly, the article suggests that there is a connection between the concept described, its pragmatic orientation and its cognitive processes. Thirdly, it describes the semantic peculiarities of the concept of Ukraine in the political speeches of the American leader, which are due to the role Ukraine plays in the local and regional context. Our research is based on the content-analysis of political speeches delivered by American President. The functional, communicative and pragmatic orientation of the speeches is highlighted. In line with the approaches of cognitive scholars, the article concludes that the concept of Ukraine is a complex semantic-cognitive structure that consists of core, transition zone and periphery. During the research for this article, fifteen speeches made by Obama in 2014 were analysed. This research presupposes the application of content analysis. It is relevant in the analysis of international relations with respect to the notions used by President Obama in his speeches delivered during 2014 in the relations between: the USA – Ukraine, Ukraine – Russia, the USA – Russia, and Europe – Ukraine.

A szentföldi konfliktus – világrendszer-szemléletben

Author(s): Gyozo Lugosi / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

A török külpolitika és a Nyugat-Balkán

Author(s): Ágnes Kovágó / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

A történelemtankönyvek vitája Japánban

Author(s): Krisztina Merényi / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

A világháborútól a világválságig

Beszélgetés Székely Gábor professzorral hetvenedik születésnapja alkalmából

Author(s): Béla Háda / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

ADALET VE KALKINMA PARTİSİ DÖNEMİ TÜRKİYE-BULGARİSTAN İLİŞKİLERİ (2002-2015)

Author(s): Kader Özlem / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 2/2015

Turkey and Bulgaria, being two neighbor countries, have strategical importance for each other in terms of political, economic, cultural, geographical and social aspects. Although the incidents in the historical process create a confidence problem, there have been positive political, military and economic developments in bilateral relations because of the structural changes in foreign and internal policies of Bulgaria after the end of Todor Zhivkov regime. In this, Bulgaria’s renunciation of the assimilation policies towards Turks in 1980s has been main factor in thatregard. The bilateral relations have developed rapidly after the Zhivkov period and this trend continued in 2000’s as well. The aim of this study is to examine the relations between Turkey and Bulgaria with the political, military, economic and Turkish minority dimensions in the period of Justice and Development Party (Ak Party).

Ajaloo vahendamine filmis „Disko ja tuumasõda”

Author(s): Helena Haller / Language(s): Estonian / Issue: 12/2015

Historical reality can be reached through textual constructs. Reality is thus distorted, no matter how slightly. In addition, every period of time interprets texts in a way that suits best with current understandings and beliefs, admitting something and forgetting something else. Estonian pseudo-documentary film „Disco and Atomic War” (Jaak Kilmi and Kiur Aarma, 2009) is an example of an audiovisual text mediating the past. Some texts are considered as more reliable versions of history than others, as reconstructions of the actual historical world rather than constructions of just some fictional world. So the question of the credibility and reliability of the text emerges. In the film this question emerges through the usage of means of expressions that conduct the story. All the elements normally constructing credibility and reliability in a docu-mentary are here used to mix reality with conditionality. The means of expression used in the film and the ways they are combined build up three levels. Each of these offers a different viewpoint to the depicted period. Together they tell a very personal and memory based version of the Soviet period in Estonia. It is important that all the different means of expression combined in the film are remediated into a documentary space. Within the whole the elements can change their modality.

AKTUALNE KONFLIKTY NA BLISKIM WSCHODZIE I ICH WPŁYW NA SYTUACJĘ W EUROPIE

Author(s): Piotr L. Wilczynski,Viktor Verba,Anton Fogaš / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 17/2016

The Middle East is a region that significantly affects world events. A relatively hopeful period in the form of revolutionary wave of the Arab Spring, from North Africa to Gulf countries has been “drowned” in a return to “business as usual”. The political situation has escalated to the extent possible in many countries of the region and has grown up into open military conflicts and terrorist activities of individuals or smaller groups. A number of hotbeds of tension is present in the region now - Syria, Iraq, Palestine and Afghanistan in a broader context. The most complicated situation is on the border between Syria and Iraq, where followers of radical Islamist terrorist organization of Islamic State has created a state of the same name on its conquered territories. Events that take place in this space greatly affect not only immediate contact regions of Europe but also more distant areas. Central Europe and Slovakia is no exception. “Export” of Islamic fundamentalism in Europe and extension of activities of Islamic state in the form of terrorist attacks and the recruitment of volunteers left no doubt that Europe and the world are facing very tough opponent. Conflicts taking place in this region have an impact on Europe in the secondary form too. Tens of thousands of migrants who come mainly from Syria and Iraq are trying to leave their homes due to military events and persecution and to save their lives by fleeing and a subsequent immigration in the developed countries of Central and Western Europe. This rampant process has caused conflicts within the EU and “stripped” different positions of individual countries diametrically.

Aktualny stan terminologii na Litwie: badania naukowe, zarządzanie informacją i edukacja

Author(s): Albina Auksoriute / Language(s): English / Issue: 40/2016

The article discusses the current state of terminology in Lithuania, presents terminological research carried out in the last five years, analyses ways of Lithuanian terminology management, and briefly overviews terminological education and teaching in Lithuania. Lithuanian terminological research is mostly carried out at the Institute of the Lithuanian Language and at universities and other research institutes. The largest part of terminological research is carried out at the Centre of Terminology of the Institute of the Lithuanian Language, which researches Lithuanian terminology and terminography, analyses the use of Lithuanian terminology in different fields. Three ways of terminology management are discussed: terminography, creation of term banks and databases and standardisation of terms. The number of term dictionaries published in Lithuania is rather considerable – over 600. The most productive period for publishing term dictionaries is from 1990 up to date. Between 1990–2013 more than 420 term dictionaries and special encyclopaedias were published.