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"Błąd krymski" jako efekt myślenia grupowego? Polska wobec aneksji Krymu w 2014 roku

Author(s): Agnieszka Orzelska-Stączek / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 39/2015

The ease with which Russia managed to surprise the political elites of the West with the events of early 2014 is dumbfounding. On the eve of the annexation of the Crimea, no one in the public space in Poland warned against the upcoming turn in the policies of Moscow. Representatives of the highest Polish authorities responsible for the security and foreign policy were clearly surprised with the developments. Undoubtedly, the “Crimean error” indicates that information that had been flowing from Russia for a long time was ignored as it did not fit into the policy adopted by the Polish authorities. From today's perspective, multiple signals can be indicated about the upcoming profound changes in the immediate environment of Polish security.When examining why the Polish authorities did not notice the upcoming shift in the politics of Russia, we should take into account the group thinking syndrome, described by Irving Janis. In this approach, group members try to minimize conflict and reach a consensus decision without critical evaluation of alternative viewpoints. This term has gained popularity in social psychology, but has also provided important research tools for the analysis of foreign policy, treated as a separate area in the context of international relations.

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"Trzeba umieć sobie radzić"

Author(s): Olga Drenda / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 672/2018

Polska w latach 90. przeżywała uwiedzenie karykaturalnym z dzisiejszej perspektywy światem wielkiego biznesu, uosabianym przez okładki poradników dla przyszłych milionerów: eleganci w doskonale skrojonych garniturach podskakują z entuzjazmem przed siedzibą giełdy.

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"Važno je imati moćnog vođu!" Analiza autoritarnosti u hrvatskom društvu od 1999. do 2018. godine

Author(s): Krunoslav Nikodem / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 3/2019

The primary goal of this paper is the analysis of authoritarianism in Croatian society which is based on the results from the European Values Study. In a theoretical sense, we are following Bob Altemeyer’s concept of authoritarianism, which is defined as the combination of three attitudinal clusters–authoritarian submission, authoritarian aggression and conventionalism (Altemeyer, 1988). The analysis is divided into two parts. In the first part we analyse separately eight particles which comprise our authoritarian construct with the basic socio-demographic characteristics for the year 2018. In the second part we use the authoritarianism index as criterion for the three-predictor model (socio-demographic characteristics, religiosity and trust). On the basic level, the results show an increase of those who consider that having a strong leader is good and that it would be a good thing to have greater respect for authority in the near future. Further analysis shows that a lower level of education, the importance of God in life, and trust in the Church are the most important predictors for authoritarianism in Croatian society.

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"По-русски говорите": сообщение информации и обратная связь во взаимодействии врача-генетика и Пациента

Author(s): Aleksandr Shirokov / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2019

The article is devoted to the analysis of interactions between geneticists and patients through the perspectives of ethnomethodology and conversation analysis. The focus of the research is on how geneticists deliver medical information to their patients and how patients are involved in this process. The primary data are audio recordings and ethnographic observations of genetic counseling sessions conducted in July–December 2018. The study also uses materials from interviews with geneticists and from genetics textbooks that deal with issues of patient-provider communication. The author criticizes some features characteristic of the research on “information delivery” in a medical context. First, such studies are often one-sided: although they analyze how the patient understands information and what it means to him/her, the patient is represented as a passive recipient of information. This article, conversely, argues that the patient is also an active participant in the process of formulating information through various kinds of promptings, clarifications, and responses. Thus, communication of information is a joint achievement of doctor and patient. Secondly, when analyzing information delivery, various expressions, for example, “yes,” “aha,” “ooh,” and such, are considered signals of epistemic status change in conversation analysis. That is, it is assumed that these are signals that the recipient has received the information and understood the message. The question of which part of the message the recipient understood is hardly addressed. This article highlights a specific feature of the interaction between geneticist and patients: the difficulty of achieving mutual understanding. For the doctor, a description of the patient’s condition and his/her diagnosis is “packed” into abstract medical concepts, the explanation of which is problematic during the consultation process. Hence the difficulty of reaching an understanding, which happens either when the doctor himself/ herself begins to use everyday language or when the patient begins to ask for clarification in everyday language (although this can lead to tension). Using medical terms, the doctor gives a report, but it does not explain everything to the patient, and because of the problematic nature of the demonstration of misunderstanding, the patient has almost no way to tell the doctor about it.

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(No) future music?

Author(s): Simon Reynolds / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2020

One of the many memorable memes and thought slogans associated with the late theorist Mark Fisher is ‘‘the slow cancellation of the future.’’ What does this evocative and melancholy phrase signify? In this talk Fisher’s blogging comrade and Retromania author Simon Reynolds reexamines the belief that the 21st century so far has been a Zeit without a Geist: an atemporal time of replicas, reenactments, reissues, revivals, and other syndromes of cultural recycling that put the ‘‘past’’ into pastiche. Are there reasons to be cheerful about music and pop culture as the 2010s limp to the finish line, if not so sanguine about politics or the environment? If society is deadlocked or, worse, heading in reverse, can we even expect music to surge forward like it once did?

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(Re)conceptualization of Memory in Ukraine after the Revolution of Dignity

Author(s): Csilla Fedinec,István Csernicskó / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2017

In Ukraine, having arrived at a critical stage of its history, three areas can be highlighted at the level of legislation during the struggle for the way forward since the end of 2013: the language issue, the constitutional process, and the efforts to eliminate the Soviet legacy. The subject of our analysis is the four laws belonging to the 2015 legislative package on decommunization, with an outlook to the broader context, as well. The four laws in question decide about who are heroes and who are enemies in history; what Ukraine’s relationship is with World War II, as well as with the Communist and Nazi regimes. The laws point out firmly and excluding any further debate the primacy of the country’s independence over all else, and the protection of the ideal of independence by any means concerning both the past and the present. The laws prescribe impeachment as a sanction for denying their contents. This story – hot memory influenced by politics – will be summarized for theperiod of 2015–2016.

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1980 Sonrası Türkiye’nin Büyük Kent Sorunu ve Göç Olgusu

Author(s): Ece Demiray Erol,İbrahim Erol / Language(s): Turkish / Publication Year: 0

Türkiye’de 1980 sonrası değişen bölgesel politikalar çerçevesinde büyük şehirlerin nüfusları aşırı bir biçimde artmıştır. Türkiye’deki göç hareketlerinin artışında Neoliberal politikalar ve küreselleşme hareketleri etkili olmuştur. Bu göç olgusunun perde arkasında büyük kentlerdeki daha iyi yaşam koşullarının varlığı, yeni iş fırsatları, eğitim ve sağlık hizmetlerinden daha iyi yararlanma ile kültür olanakları ön plana çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı büyük kent sorununu analiz etmek, büyük kentlerin olumlu ve olumsuz etkilerini tartışarak optimal şehir büyüklüğünü ortaya koymak ve bu çerçevede göç olgusunu değerlendirmektir. Değerlendirmeyi zorlaştıran en önemli etken bu alandaki çalışmaların çok az olmasıdır.

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1990’lardan 2020’lere Genç Etkinlik Sergileri

Author(s): Hülya Küpçüoğlu / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 66/2020

Opening of contemporary art venues such as Aksanat, Borusan Sanat, Karşı Sanat in the 1990s supported the development of the Turkish contemporary art field. The biggest organization of the art environment in these years is undoubtedly Young Events. In 1995, President of the International Plastic Arts Association, Hüsamettin Koçan brings up a new project for the young artists of the period. This project will be open to all young artists and they will be able to exhibit their work as desired. The period is also the years in which subjects such as identity or ethnic identity, borders are examined. In this framework, the Association organized “Borders and Beyond” as the concept of Young Event 1, “Deterritorialization” in Young Event 2, “Chaos” in Young Event 3 and Young Event 4 without concepts. After a quiet break from 1998 to 2011, Young Events started again in 2011. However, this time it is not open to the participation of every artist. The artists will be determined by a jury. Young Event 8 was last done in 2019 under the name “Homo Historicus-Homo Projectus”. Young Events in the 1990s were made to provide an environment for the young artists of the period, who had difficulties in finding a gallery to open an exhibition, to encourage production freely because it was unselected, and to make them visible. As a result, many artists who opened exhibitions at the Young Events in the 1990s became visible. It has been observed that the artists participating in the Young Events in 2010 in terms of changing socio-cultural conditions and technology did not activate a mechanism of influence as in the 1990s. In this article, Young Events held in different years will be examined and their dynamics over the years will be given comparatively.

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1995-2015 - Women and Political Life in Post-Dayton Bosnia and Herzegovina

Author(s): Marina Veličković,Arijana Aganović,Edita Miftari,Saša Gavrić / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 2015

(English edition) While working on improving our program and portfolio on women’s human rights we quickly realized the absence of a detailed and visible account of “women’s” history in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Although there are a significant number of publications and several activist initiatives that address certain fragments of history and explore events, periods of time, and regions, there is currently no exhaustive institutional account of women in Bosnia, nor are attempts being made to create one. The academic community has unfortunately failed in this area. The history of women and their contribution to public life remains at the margins of academic inquiry. The Sarajevo Open Centre published the book Women Documented: Women and Public Life in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the 20th Century. The book was edited by Jasmina Čaušević, a program coordinator at the Sarajevo Open Centre, in cooperation with ten authors. Through publishing this book, the Sarajevo Open Centre and our partner organizations wanted to celebrate the centenary of the First World War in a different way. It was precisely the work on Women Documented that revealed to us the need for further work exploring women’s history in Bosnia and Herzegovina. We hope that our (virtual) museum of women’s history in Bosnia will eventually be institutionalized in Bosnian society. In November and December 2015, we will commemorate the 20-year anniversary of the Dayton Peace Accords – the international agreement that brought peace to Bosnia and Herzegovina and laid the foundations for the long and grueling process of peace-making and trust-building. The Dayton Peace Process was, as this book will demonstrate, a classic example of male politics. The commemoration will, again, be dominated by men – Bosnian and Herzegovinian and world leaders. We decided to conduct this research and publish this book to challenge the male-dominated approach to memory. This publication aims to offer systematic insight into the role played by women in political life. Our goal is to offer a better understanding and a concise overview of political life over the past 20 years, based on the stories of a number of women - activists, politicians and institutional leaders - with the hope that it will inspire other authors to explore BiH political history during this period of time. Since this aspect of history is particularly under-researched, the very process of gathering information was challenging and so we welcome constructive criticism, comments, and suggestions for improvement and enrichment of this text. I would like to thank Marina, Arijana and Edita, who accepted to work with the Sarajevo Open Centre on this project. I would also like to thank my colleague Maida Zagorac, who has helped me immensely with her excellent oversight of both the technical and the substantive aspects of this text. I also owe thanks to the Embassy of Swiss Confederation in Bosnia and Herzegovina for supporting our work and the research of women’s history in Bosnia and Herzegovinian.

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1999-2019 Yılları Arası Ağız Çalışmalarında Kullanılan Transkripsiyon İşaretleri Üzerine Karşılaştırmalı Bir İnceleme: Ünlüler

Author(s): Hüseyin Gökçe / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 66/2020

The problem of transcription signs used in dialect studies has been discussed in our country for many years. In 1999, Turkish Language Institute created a transcription system to solve this problem. Many studies on dialects have been prepared since then, but this system has not been fully followed. In this study we prepared, the transcription signs (vowels) in 56 dialects study between 1999-2019 were compared with the transcription marks in the system created by the Turkish Language Institute. In the introduction part, in these studies, why the system in question is not complied with, the studies for the solution of this problem and some studies that draw attention to this problem are mentioned. Then, the transcription signs for vowels in the system created by the Turkish Language Institution and the vowels' signs in the current studies were compared by means of some graphics and charts. In addition, this section also includes other vowel signs that are not included in the system in question, but are used in current studies. Information about the number of signs detected in the conclusion section, whether these signs are in the "Turkish Language Institution Transcription System" is given. In addition, some conclusions have been made in this section about which signs researchers have/ haven't difficulty in determining, why some signs are used more / less.

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2000 Sonrası Türk Sinemasında Ailenin Belleğine Yolculuk: Pandora’nın Kutusu ve Kelebekler Filmleri

Author(s): Gökhan Evecen / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: Sp. Iss/2020

The changing / transforming society in today's complex and speed world creates traumatic effects on family members. Traumatic past has an impact that imposes on both personal and social memory. In this sense, narration as a way of reckoning with the traumatic past and its kind, cinema, functions as a memory space and a means of memory. Turkey's host family in particular suffered structural transformation, taking its share of social change and this is reflected in cinema. In our country, where the family is seen as a sacred structure, the reasons leading to the shaking of the institution were generally searched abroad until 2000 in Turkish cinema. After 2000, the factors that caused the family institution to be shaken begin to be searched in the family. After 2000 the cinema represents the core of Turkey's traumatic past in the family is seen as continuing, albeit in different ways. In the study, the journey to the family's traumatic memory is discussed through the films of Pandora's Box (2008), one of the founding directors of the new Turkish cinema, which is addressing the same issues, and Tolga Karaçelik's Butterfly (2018), a second generation director. In this sense, the films were analyzed and compared with each other under the themes of family, memory and travel with descriptive analysis method. As a result of the analysis, common intersection points of these themes in terms of content were captured in many ways, and it was also seen that the personal memories of the directors were reflected in their films. Although the narrative structures differ due to the differences in the styles of the directors, it can be determined that cinema is used effectively in the reckoning of today's people with the traumatic past. In both films, it is possible to talk about the family members' reckoning with each other, the journeys they have begun to continue, and the past they have touched, even if the desired past is not reached.

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21. Yüzyıl Postmodern Japon Edebiyatının Aykırı Sesleri: İkezava Natsuki, Seirai Yūiçi ve Kobayaşi Takici

Author(s): Devrim Çetin Güven / Language(s): Turkish / Publication Year: 0

The 20th century ended with the dissolution of systems based on “modernist” ideals. Although the 21st century was considered to become the construction process of a unipolar but multibase, decentralized, harmonious “new World”, it began as an era of crises of terror, war, refugee issues reminding Huntington’s twisted prediction entitled “the clash of civilizations”. To these were added major economic crises and ecological disasters such as tsunami and global warming. These crises deeply affected Japan, which is one of the important actors of the new world order, especially at the socioeconomic level. In response to such national and international crises, in Japanese literature it was observed several efforts of settling accounts with the past on the one hand, and grasping the “present” on the other. To grasp and express these phenomena a new language, a new style and an entirely new imagination were needed. Indeed, the most predominant feature of 21st century Japanese literature is the reception of postmodernism at theoretical and artistic levels. The prominent figures of this new postmodern literature have been such experimental writers as Tawada Yōko, Levy Hideo, Ikezawa Natsuki and Seirai Yūichi who skilfully articulated the national-international crises, and the individuals’ reactions at them. In our article, we named this literary style as “alternative postmodern Japanese literature” and focused on three specific works: Ikezawa Natsuki's novel Burden of Flowers (2000), Seirai Yūichi’s short stories Ground Zero— Nagasaki (2006) and Kobayashi Takiji’s novella Crab Cannery Ship (1929) that was rediscovered by readers in 2008. We aim firstly to explain the originality of this sui generis literary current, then to demonstrate how postmodernism was received by such writers as Ikezawa and Seirai, or how such theories were anticipated almost a century ago, as is the case in Kobayashi’s text, finally to put forward suggestions about how these literary works with such features may contribute to the education of Japanese language.

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21ST CENTURY WILLS

Author(s): Dubravka Klasiček / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2019

Wills are formal legal affairs that must satisfy strict prerequisites in order to be valid. Otherwise, they will be either automatically null or voidable. The rules pertaining to the form of wills have always been strict and have required wills to be made in a certain way. It is said that the amplified formalism promotes testamentary intent, ensures reliable evidence of testator’s wishes and reinforces the gravity of testation. However, it seems that, as of late, formalism sometimes clashes with the real intent of the decedent. Some countries have already adopted rules that allow judges to consider documents that do not meet all of the formal requirements needed for wills, to be valid and have effect. By doing so, they have opened the door to creation of certain new types of wills, made with the help of digital technology, that have never existed before – i.e. wills created with the help of smartphones, cameras or computers. Wills made with the help of digital technology are extremely informal but nonetheless; they purport testamentary intentions of the people who made them. These wills would not have any effect in most countries, however, in some, they can be declared valid, under certain conditions. This paper deals with a number of such examples and implications of abandoning strict formalism concerning the form of wills.

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25. Konferencja Generalna ICOM — KYOTO 2019, 1–7 września 2019

Author(s): Małgorzata Oleszkiewicz / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2019

Conference-Report: 25. Konferencja Generalna ICOM — KYOTO 2019, 1–7 września 2019. Reported by Małgorzata Oleszkiewicz.

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30 YEARS OF TRANSFORMATION AND RECONSTRUCTION. THE SECURITY OF ROMANIA IN THE POST-COMMUNIST ERA

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30 YEARS OF TRANSFORMATION AND RECONSTRUCTION. THE SECURITY OF ROMANIA IN THE POST-COMMUNIST ERA

Author(s): Roxana Olteanu / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2020

In 2020, Romania celebrates 30 years since the establishment of the first contacts with NATO and three decades since the creation of its first post-communist security institutions. If the year of 1989 is one of breakup from the communist regime, the evolution of 1990 represents, therefore, the first steps for resetting most of the areas of state functioning, including the issues related to national security. The purpose of this paper is to provide a short glimpse into Romania’s security situation in 1990, in order to reveal the progress of the 30 years of mutations and reform, and to highlight that there are areas that need further improvement and lessons to be learnt. In relation to the recent past, the study operates with three concepts: understanding (the path), consolidating (the objectives already achieved) and improving (the vulnerable areas of transformation).

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A promising beginning of negotiations of a convention banning nuclear weapons

Author(s): Miroslav Tůma / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 2017

The first round of talks regarding the negotiations of a treaty prohibiting nuclear weapons (their use, production, ownership, etc.) took place on March 27–31, 2017, at the UN Headquarters in New York under the presidency of Ambassador Elayne Whyte Gómez of Costa Rica. The second, and final round of talks, during which the finalization and adoption of the proposed convention is expected, should take place in New York from June 15 to July 7, 2017. The aforementioned first round was preceded by an organizational meeting in New York on February 16, 2017, in the presence of representatives of more than 100 countries, at which the provisional agenda and the rules of procedure for the general meeting of the UN General Assembly were agreed. According to these rules, a two-thirds majority is necessary for decisions on important questions and a simple majority of all present members is required for procedural issues. In contrast to consensus decision-making, which is valid, for instance, for the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva, no country present at the UN conference can veto an adopted decision.The first round of negotiations was attended by around 130 countries, and representatives of several organizations, such as the UN, the International Committee of the Red Cross, and a number of non-governmental organizations, as well as surviving victims of the US-caused nuclear explosion in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, which are called Hibakusha in Japan. All countries that own nuclear weapons, as well as a large majority of Alliance states, including the Czech Republic, and partner countries relying on nuclear protection, especially protection by the US, boycotted the meeting. From the Alliance states, only the Netherlands attended, and from the European Union states, the already mentioned Netherlands, and also Austria, Sweden and Ireland participated. From the partner countries, Japan was present.

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A Research on Schools as Learning Organizations: A Theoretical Approach

Author(s): Gabriela Alina Paraschiva,Anca Draghici,Constanţa-Valentina Mihăilă / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2019

Due to the growing pressures on the educational area to provide young people with the knowledge and skills needed to live and work in a constantly changing society and the technologies and trades that today do not exist, the model of learning organization has been extended to schools, as an attempt to re-conceptualize them from organizations that are traditionally linked to the learning and knowledge process to organizations that are capable of responding with efficiency to uncertain and dynamic environments. The purpose of this paper is to identify the state of affairs in the Romanian educational system (pre-university level) in order to provide a starting point for the implementation of the ‘school as a learning organization’ concept and model. The approach is theoretical, using desk research of regulations and data regarding the public expenditure in education, per capita funding, number of pupils enrolled, PISA results and correlations between the action-oriented dimensions (including their key characteristics/elements) of the model proposed by Kools & Stoll (2017) and the performance indicators (including descriptors) that are used at the Romanian national level. Results show that, between 2009 and 2018, school organizations were under increasing pressure and the implementation of this concept and model at system level could be an opportunity to focus on students from the organizational side, having the determined correlations as a foundation.

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A tale of two collapses

Author(s): Wojciech Siegień / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2020

Many of us probably do not realise the role that heavy-duty hand cleaning paste has played in the history of the Eastern bloc. In Poland, for instance, this product was called pasta BHP, and it was commonly used to remove stains from paint and grease. Its trade allowed one Polish family, the Kulczyks, to become billionaires. In the Soviet republics, that paste was called Landish and was popularly used in households as a washing detergent.

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ABB, Fotodziennik czyli piosenka o końcu świata

Author(s): Anna Beata Bohdziewicz / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 35/2019

Urodzona w Łodzi. Z wykształcenia etnograf. W latach 1974-1980 pracowała w filmie jako asystent i drugi reżyser (m.in z Wacławem Borowczykiem, Krzysztofem Kieślowskim, Piotrem Szulkinem, Krzysztofem Zanussim, Andrzejem Trzosem-Rastawieckim). W 1980 roku porzuciła film na rzecz fotografii. Dokumentowała początki przemian politycznych w Polsce i narodziny „Solidarności”. W stanie wojennym związana z niezależnym ruchem kulturalnym, współpracowała też z podziemną prasą solidarnościową. Od końca 1982 roku wszystkie zdjęcia z życia codziennego w Polsce włącza do zbioru Fotodziennik czyli piosenka o końcu świata. Zdjęcia opatrzone krótkimi odręcznymi podpisami - subiektywny zapis, klatki pamięci - a jednocześnie ostry komentarz polskiej rzeczywistości. Zapis ten powstaje nadal. Bohdziewicz jest też autorką innych dużych projektów, których realizacja trwa od wielu lat: Kapliczki warszawskie, Kosmos, Antypocztówki, Piękni i szczęśliwi, Prywatna telewizja. Anna Bohdziewicz była też komisarzem wielu wystaw fotograficznych (m.in. „Fotografie Gazety Wyborczej”, „Pod ręką boską” Marka Rostworowskiego, „Warszawa 1943-1944. Fotograf nieznany”). Razem z Mariuszem Hermanowiczem stworzyła wystawę „Ofiary stanu wojennego”. Jest także autorką licznych recenzji i tekstów o fotografii oraz wywiadów z fotografami, m.in. z Zofią Rydet, Edwardem Hartwigiem, Annie Leibowitz. Ma na swoim koncie szereg wystaw krajowych i zagranicznych, zarówno w Europie jak i w Ameryce. Fotodziennik pokazywany był w ponad 60 krajach świata. Wydała Kapliczki warszawskie (razem z Magdaleną Stopą), Warszawa 2008; 1981. Lekki powiew wolności, Warszawa 2014; Wszystko od nowa. 1989. Fotodziennik, Warszawa 2014.

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Aktyvios įtraukties koncepcija ir trajektorijos: Lietuvos atvejis

Author(s): Boguslavas Gruževskis,Rasa Miežienė,Sandra Krutulienė / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 4/2019

The article analyses the two dimensions of Active Inclusion Strategy (the provision of adequate income and inclusive labour market) in the country (due to limitation of the scope of the article, the empirical part does not reflect the social services dimension). The analysis revealed that during the period of 2009–2017, the adequacy of the guaranteed minimum income in Lithuania was constantly decreasing, while the differences between persons with different family status were widening. The minimum needs of some population groups remain unmet: in 2018, both the average social benefit and unemployment benefit in Lithuania were below the absolute poverty line, and the at risk of poverty rate of the unemployed in Lithuania was as high as 62.3%. The analysis also showed that the labour market in Lithuania is not sufficiently inclusive due to relatively low and non-motivating wages. The unemployment trap rate in Lithuania remained high throughout 2009–2018; in 2017, the indicator was by 15 percentage points higher than the EU-28 average. The high unemployment trap rate in the country indicates that there is a strong incentive to remain unemployed as income from employment will only be slightly higher than the unemployment benefits. The high incidence of involuntary part-time work in Lithuania (30.6% in 2017) and the decline in the transition from temporary to permanent employment contracts since 2011 also indicate that the Lithuanian labour market is not sufficiently inclusive.

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