Villem Ernits lähemalt ja kaugemalt
Review of: Villem Ernits. Koostaja Ott Kurs. Rupsi: Liivi Muuseum, 2021. 118 lk.
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Review of: Villem Ernits. Koostaja Ott Kurs. Rupsi: Liivi Muuseum, 2021. 118 lk.
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The paper addresses the changeable vs persistent part of the culturally constructed unconscious – the so-called “dark matter of the mind” (Everett 2016). Two sets of responses given to an identical list of Estonian stimuli in a word association test (WAT) are compared. The first set originates in the time when Estonia was ruled by the Soviet regime and the second (an excerpt from a larger database) in the 21st century during political independence. The aim was to detect which associations tended to survive and which did not. The quantitative results show that two-thirds of the primary associations have retained their position while their strength has weakened. Contrasting pairs like short → long, man → woman, woman → man, boy → girl, girl → boy, etc. are the most persistent. One-third of the primary associations have moved to a lower position or disappeared. The qualitative changes point to progress in the standard of living, to a change of the ruling ideology (from communism to capitalism), to changes in the implicit values (incl. the rise in openness and dynamism), and to the growing preference for eliciting individual and experience related responses. The latent dominants (recurring responses) were partly similar (e.g. water, sky, big), partly pointing to differences in the emotional tone (the “bright” words such as white and yellow were replaced by those usually associated with darkness (black, night, dream, and bed). There were also changes in the preferred strategies of eliciting the responses – the ones gathered in the 20th century revealed a preponderance of paradigmatic relations, i.e. strategies relying on abstract semantic relations such as antonymy and co-hyponymy; while syntagmatic relations (such as complementing a compound or evoking a fixed phrase) showed a higher percentage among those gathered in the 21st century. The results were discussed in relation to changes noticed in other languages and in respect of differences in the methodology of carrying out the WAT tests (paper and pen vs internet; administered vs voluntary; controlled vs uncontrolled time of performing).
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Review of: Alina-Sandra Cucu, Planning Labour: Time and the Foundations of Industrial Socialism in Romania. New York: Berghahn Books, 2019
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In the years after the Second World War, Osijek and Slavonia experienced a significant lack of trained medical personnel, especially dental personnel. A large number of such personnel were of Jewish origin and perished in the persecutions during the war, also a large number of people that were of German origin moved away from Slavonia. In addition to that, a considerable number of trained dental and medical personnel retired after the war, so the situation was very difficult. To improve the state of dental protection of the population, in 1961, the College of Dentistry was established in Osijek. The education lasted two years and was organized into six trimesters, after which the participants obtained the title of the senior dentist. During the ten years of activity at the College of Dentistry in Osijek, there were several hundred students who studied from all parts of the country at the time, but mostly they were from Slavonia. In this way, this educational institution fulfilled its goal. The shortage of trained dental personnel has been reduced and Osijek and Slavonia are catching up with the rest of Croatia in the number of medical personnel. In 1971, the College of Dentistry ceases to operate, transforming into the Polyclinic for the protection of teeth and mouth in Osijek, which continues the tradition of dental protection of the population and training of dental staff.ijek, which continues the tradition of dental protection of the population and training of dental.
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The experience of imprisonment at the end of World War II and during the subsequent period is still deeply etched in the survivors’ memory. Throughout the present paper, the author deals with specific issues related to the topic, focusing on the ordeal of some Hungarians from the Székelyland who took part in the operations and were taken prisoner by the Soviet and Romanian authorities both from the front and through centrally issued orders and instructions regarding those who had returned to civilian daily life. The author turns to several of the dozens of interviews with survivors that he has collected during the 1990s and the 2000s, but also to archival sources that reveal the details of how they were taken prisoners and their attachment to the homeland and the loved ones left behind. The paper approaches the topic from the bottom up, from the perspective of individuals affected by the war and its consequences.
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The dynamics and features of interaction between Karelia and Finland in the cultural sphere in the 1960s are considered in the context of the tasks of expanding the USSR’s influence on the territory of its northern neighbor. The forms and ways used by the creative forces of Karelia in the studied period for presenting the Finno-Ugric culture on the territory of Finland do not allow us to define these relations as intercultural communication. As early as in the late 1950s, the chairman of the Karelian Branch of the Union of Soviet Writers A. N. Timonen joined the party and state structures in their efforts to implement cultural diplomacy in Finland. The Karelian Branch of the USSR-Finland Society, created to establish an intercultural dialogue, was removed from the traditional field of propaganda and agitation. Timonen used multilateral personal contacts with the creative intelligentsia of Suomi. This way, he was able to stimulate informal communication between colleagues in the field of culture and arts and ensured mass participation of residents in cultural and friendship festivals on both sides of the border. This allowed Karelia and Finland, while preserving the tasks of cultural diplomacy in general, to switch to intercultural dialogue in the 1960s and to intercultural communication in the 1970s.
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This paper aims to analyze the use of the theme of industrialization in the communist propaganda discourse in Romania in 1945-1965. According to the communist ideological paradigm, modernization was intrinsically linked to industrialization, understood as a denial of the local economic model of development, in which agriculture played an important role. In the sense of communism, the concept of modernization has known alienating forms, and the image of the “new man” has multiplied through the numerous examples offered by proletarian literature. We will highlight, therefore, the various typologies of this character (illustrative for the positioning of the proletariat, as the axis of the communist formula), in connection with the structural-social changes of quantitative type, generated by the manifestations of the industrialization process as such, corresponding to the first stage of Romanian communization. Oscillating between utopia and concrete achievements, between the clichés of party politics and the need to overcome objective social handicaps, industrialization in communist Romania eventually came to represent a true symbol of the triumph of the new proletarian ideology. The model was found in the Soviet one, the original source of the articulation of all the discourses of the Far-East-Central-Eastern European Left. On the other hand, to reduce everything to ideology and clichés, seems to us an error, as long as capitalist Romania was an example of blatant social inequalities, against the background of an economy that had serious delays, compared to the situation of other European states. . Modernization was absolutely necessary, and industrialization was a necessary argument for a broad process in this regard. Communist ideology will apply it (but) according to its specific paradigm, and literature will become the main mirror of the reflection of this obsession. A literature of a low aesthetic level, lacking authenticity and which (with very few exceptions) is of interest today only to literary historians or researchers of the totalitarian phenomenon. A literature that represented only the equivalent of communist dogmas and that insisted on the concept of "New Man", which they considered a symbol of the world that the communists were to build. However, this symbol was in reality the equivalent of the deepest antihumanism.
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The study examines Bulgarian research on American problems from the Renaissance to the early 1990s. The author believes that the professional level of the research has been influenced by the political situation in Bulgaria at different stages of its historical development and the ideological views and dogmas prevailing during these periods. These views and dogmas negatively influenced the development of a particular field in history studies in Bulgaria. For a long time, the image of the enemy prevented an objective assessment of the history of the United States and the history of Bulgarian-American relations. The question of the civic responsibility of researchers, called through scholarship to promote mutual understanding and to dispel prejudice, to combat superstition and ignorance in spiritual contacts, is important for any field of study, but its significance for history and political science is enormous. Here, as nowhere else, researchers are obliged to always ask themselves the question (while remaining, of course, faithful to historical facts): What purpose does their research serve – the cause of peace, trust and cooperation, or the cause of war and the fomenting of enmity and hatred? In spite of the positive results achieved in the research on certain problems, and the undoubted achievements of individual researchers who have received recognition in Bulgaria and abroad, Bulgarian research on America did not clearly establish itself as an independent field of study until the early 1990s. The beginning of the 1990s was a turning point both in history studies in Bulgaria and in the field of American Studies in particular.
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Review of: Nikola Mijatov, Sport u službi socijalizma: Jugoslovensko iskustvo 1945–1953. Beograd: Čigoja štampa, Institut za savremenu istoriju, 2020, 507.
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Review of: Jugoslavija: poglavlje 1980–1991. Beograd: Helsinški odbor za ljudska prava u Srbiji, 2021, 963.
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The thousands of documents related to the land of Covurlui, to be found in public or private collections, were, only to a small extent, scientifically used in various Romanian and foreign journals. We intend to present the effort of some Romanian historians, who tried to publish these testimonies related to Covorlui county.
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The national issue was crucial in the context of the transformation of Yugoslav society from socialism to the desired communism. However, in federal Yugoslavia, this issue was proved highly dynamic, and it was resuscitated anew and interpreted significantly differently. Republic leadership in the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina forced the proclaimed principle of national equality, the dogma of brotherhood and unity; in addition, it was highly sensitive to any stepping out of the defined frame. It also listened carefully to impulses coming from other republics, following the events, especially in the Socialist Republic of Croatia and the Socialist Republic of Serbia, which could have affected the mood and activity of the population within the borders of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Based on the original archives, this paper focuses on the President of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Bosnia and Herzegovina Branko Mikulic during the early 1970s, a period of significant political turbulence throughout Yugoslavia. We indicated what he spoke about the position and activities of the League of Communists, the adopted national policy, the conclusions of the 21st session of the Presidency of the LCY and their implementation in Western Herzegovina. Mikulic has been visiting this part of the Republic intending to encourage the activities of the League of Communists, on the trail of the conclusions of the Mostar Consultation (1966), and remove the mortgage of ustashism from the position of Western Herzegovina, unfounded insistence on collective responsibility and generalization. He insisted that the local staff under the aegis of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Bosnia and Herzegovina should solve problems in this part of the Republic, as well that interference from the Socialist Republic of Croatia and the Socialist Republic of Serbia makes the position of the people in Bosnia and Herzegovina onerous. Ultimately, even though the 1970s was a decade of significant progress, the economic development of Herzegovina did not go according to plan and republic funds should have supported local loans and self-contributions to a greater extent. Life in Western Herzegovina has differed significantly from the model defined in party documents, numerous conclusions and resolutions. In congruence with the crucial transforming processes of Yugoslav federalism, there was no intention to change certain practices and attitudes of the Party. However, the national question, and thus the national affirmation, was under the firm supervision of the leadership, which was in constant fear of crossing the permitted border and disturbing the strict balance of nations of Bosnia and Herzegovina in conformity with its views and determinants.
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Along with the development and spread of feminism and women’s movements in the 1970s, there was an expansion of scientific works on women through a history of different spectrum and significance. Thanks to the competence and agility of contemporary historians, a departure from feminism has been established and an independent historiographical direction in the study of women’s history has been formed. In these half centuries of opening the women’s issue and the visibility of the role of women throughout history, numerous scientific works have emerged that shed light on this important and undeniable side of history that has long been marginalized through traditional science. Women’s history as a historiographical direction is not yet institutionalized in all national universities of developed societies, but the history of women and their importance in social development is being studied more and more intensively, which can be seen from the increased number of published works. Recent literature in the first two decades of the 21st century shows that women’s history is written not only by women but also by men, and that integrity and legitimacy are achieved through an interdisciplinary method.
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Review of: Dženita Sarač-Rujanac, Branko Mikulić: politička biografija 1965-1989, Univerzitet u Sarajevu – Institut za historiju, Sarajevo, 2020.
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This paper analyses the continuity of efforts of Bono Zvonimir Šagi to promote promote dialogue with unbelievers. The period after the Second Vatican Council until the establishment of the Croatian state and the period after the establishment of the Croatian state are taken into account. The first part discusses pre-council, council and post-council attitudes of the social doctrine of the Catholic Church and scientific and theological reflections on dialogue with unbelievers. The second part discusses the situation in the Catholic Church in Croatia after the Council and after the independence of the Croatian state, regarding the dialogue with unbelievers. The third part analyses attitudes of Bono Zvonimir Šagi on the complex phenomenon of atheism, and the specifics of the influence of atheism on the predominantly Catholic population in Croatia in the period of Yugoslav socialism and the post-socialist period. The authors summarise in conclusion the contribution of Bono Zvonimir Šagi to dialogue in general, and dialogue with unbelievers in particular.
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This article provides an insight into the cooperation of musicologist Lovro Županović and conductor Vladimir Kranjčević at the Varaždin Baroque Evenings festival. This cooperation lasted for nearly three decades (1971 – 1999) and was one of the most significant projects promoting early Croatian music at the time. Županović studied, discovered and transcribed works by little known Croatian composers, and Kranjčević staged them at the Varaždin Baroque Evenings, as evidenced from numerous published records and twelve volumes in the series of music editions entitled Monuments of the Croatian Musical Past, edited by Županović. As the director of the Varaždin Baroque Evenings, conductor Vladimir Kranjčević embraced the concept of openness to various interpretative aesthetics. Moreover, the Baroque Evenings frequently featured repertoire from the 16th up to the early 19th century. Thus, Županović was in a position to prepare sheet music for contemporary Varaždin premieres of pieces by composers such as Wisner von Morgenstern and Leopold Ebner, as well as the vocal oeuvre by the preeminent Croatian master of Renaissance polyphony, Julije Skjavetić. In adition, a number of professional and scholarly conferences were attached to the festival, and Županović also staged several concerts in cooperation with his Zagreb musicology students. There is no doubt that the first thirty years of the Varaždin Baroque Evenings were marked by the cooperation between Županović and Kranjčević.
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By taking advantage of abundant literature that has been written on the subject, the paper aims to give an overview of the history of rock music in Yugoslavia from its introduction in 1956 to the mid-1970s, when the new wave emerged. It also intends to remind the reader of this topic’s relevance and open possible new research questions for history and related fields. Particular emphasis will be placed on the impact that this musical, cultural, social, and political phenomenon had on the lives of Yugoslav and other socialist youth while highlighting the changes rock’n’roll brought to their lives, including opening up to Western cultural influences through new fashion, different forms of youth entertainment, new understanding and redefining of gender relations. Also, the paper will review the cooperation of Yugoslav rock musicians with Eastern Bloc musicians. Through the analysis of articles found in Džuboks, a youth music magazine deemed popular at the time; the paper will attempt to illustrate how the Yugoslav youth rock press helped shape the minds of young people. This paper intends to remind the reader of this topic’s relevance and open possible new research questions for this and related fields.
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The paper analyzes the arrest and trial of a group of opponents of the communist regime in Yugoslavia in the mid-1970s in the Socialist Republic of Croatia, who were convicted of founding a terrorist organization that collaborated with Croatian anti-Yugoslav émigrés in the West. The verdict is compared with the investigative documents of the Yugoslav intelligence service, but also with the authorized record of the conversation that the author of this paper had with the first defendant Tomislav Držić in 2019. It is argued that this was a group of regime dissidents whose activity consisted of anti-regime conversations, writing anti-regime texts that were not disseminated, reading Croatian émigrés’ propaganda materials and Držić’s occasional contacts with émigré in Canada Stjepan Dubičanac, rather than a terrorist organization that could seriously shake the regime.
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The subject of the article is the relationship between modernity and peasantry in peasant diaries of the Polish People’s Republic, and interpreted from the perspective of transdisciplinary cultural analysis; it focuses on diaries published in 1969 under the title This Land is Ours [Ta ziemia jest nasza]. Following contemporary historians, the author assumes that the period of 1944–1956, which the diaries cover, was a time of accelerated modernisation and social revolution, and one of the key elements of these processes was the land reform announced by the manifesto of the Polish Committee of National Liberation in 1944. The period covered by the diaries is therefore the time of the socialist “leap into modernity”. In striving to ascertain how the changes related to the fundamental elements of socialist modernisation were perceived by diarists, the author analyses the narratives in three dimensions: literacy, modernisation of the countryside, and changes in the rules of citizenship. By doing so, she shows that the said diaries may contribute to a better understanding of this period.
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Various materials published in professional journals show us a picture of the professional life of a given group. Therefore, an attempt was made to reconstruct the image of ibrarianship in Czechoslovakia in 1945–1955 on the basis of the content published in two major periodicals: „Knihovna” and „Lidová Knihovna”. During this period, the functions of libraries and librarian were redefined. Convincing decision-makers about the role of books in building the socialist system resulted in attempts to involve librarians in propaganda activities.
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