Villem Ernits lähemalt ja kaugemalt
Review of: Villem Ernits. Koostaja Ott Kurs. Rupsi: Liivi Muuseum, 2021. 118 lk.
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Review of: Villem Ernits. Koostaja Ott Kurs. Rupsi: Liivi Muuseum, 2021. 118 lk.
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The paper addresses the changeable vs persistent part of the culturally constructed unconscious – the so-called “dark matter of the mind” (Everett 2016). Two sets of responses given to an identical list of Estonian stimuli in a word association test (WAT) are compared. The first set originates in the time when Estonia was ruled by the Soviet regime and the second (an excerpt from a larger database) in the 21st century during political independence. The aim was to detect which associations tended to survive and which did not. The quantitative results show that two-thirds of the primary associations have retained their position while their strength has weakened. Contrasting pairs like short → long, man → woman, woman → man, boy → girl, girl → boy, etc. are the most persistent. One-third of the primary associations have moved to a lower position or disappeared. The qualitative changes point to progress in the standard of living, to a change of the ruling ideology (from communism to capitalism), to changes in the implicit values (incl. the rise in openness and dynamism), and to the growing preference for eliciting individual and experience related responses. The latent dominants (recurring responses) were partly similar (e.g. water, sky, big), partly pointing to differences in the emotional tone (the “bright” words such as white and yellow were replaced by those usually associated with darkness (black, night, dream, and bed). There were also changes in the preferred strategies of eliciting the responses – the ones gathered in the 20th century revealed a preponderance of paradigmatic relations, i.e. strategies relying on abstract semantic relations such as antonymy and co-hyponymy; while syntagmatic relations (such as complementing a compound or evoking a fixed phrase) showed a higher percentage among those gathered in the 21st century. The results were discussed in relation to changes noticed in other languages and in respect of differences in the methodology of carrying out the WAT tests (paper and pen vs internet; administered vs voluntary; controlled vs uncontrolled time of performing).
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Curtea de Justiţie a Comunităţilor Europene (a 3-a Cameră) 27 octombrie 1998 Nava „Alblasgracht V002” – Hotărâre prejudicială Transport maritim - Competenţă internaţională
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Kogumiku „Seilates sadamata” põhiteksti autor ja koostaja Kersti Unt ning kaaskoostaja Marja Unt on teinud kiiduväärt katse anda teatud kogupilt 1960.-1980. aastate almanahhideajast. Hannes Varblane on aga selle teose tutvustamise/arvustamise käigus teinud rea tähendusrikkaid vihjeid, mis paraku jäävad enamjaolt täpsustamata ja teabelises mõttes avamata. Näiteks toob H. Varblane ära raamatus esitatud periodiseeringu, olles eelnevalt teinud paljuütleva märkuse: „On antud ka almanahhiliikumise periodiseering, kuigi eks sedalaadi sedastamine jääb tahes-tahtmata vaieldavaks” (Varblane 2013: 66). Kuid toodud periodiseeringu algusaasta 1968 pole mitte vaieldav, vaid lausa väär. Raamatu tekstist küll selgub, et esimene almanahh „Hees” ilmus 1967. aastal, kuid miskipärast periodiseering sellest aastanumbrist ei alga. Tähelepanu peaks äratama seegi, et teisel „Heesi” almanahhil on kaanel samuti aastaarv 1967. Tiitellehel aga ilmumisaastaks 1968, mis on muidugi formaalselt õige, kuid kaanel olev aastanumber märgib seda, et 1967. aastal oli sisuliselt kõik valmis (kaasa arvatud kaanevinjett ja siseillustratsioon) ja vaid masinakirjas paljunduse tegemine lükkas ilmumise järgmise aasta algusesse. Kas omab selline täpsustus tähendust? Sedavõrd ikka, et kinnitab veelgi enam tõika, et almanahhide aeg algas 1967. aastast. Lisaks aga peaks märkima, et kui otsida seoseid noorte vaimuilma ja hoiakute kujunemise ning Pariisi ja Praha 1968. aasta sündmuste vahel, mis kahtlemata olid olemas, kuid loomingulistes avaldustes suhteliselt raskesti jälgitavad, siis on hea teada, et „Heesi” teisest almanahhist pole tiitellehel olevast ilmumisaastast hoolimata mõtetki neid otsida.
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Interview with Mati Erelt, by Helle Metslang.
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Review of: Ene Mihkelson. Kõik redelid on tagurpidi. Valik luuletusi 1976–2010. Koostanud Hasso Krull. Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus, 2016. 351 lk.
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The lower vocational Housekeeping schools (NSDŠ) were four year schools for female youth that were introduced in 1952 i 1953 in 24 towns in Bosnia and Herzegovina. One such school was established in Gračanica in 1952 and closed in 1957. During this period two generations graduated. The school was not a part of the regular school system (it did not have its own legal status), so the female students that graduated did not acquire any recognized vocational qualification or profession, but were ready to work as auxiliary workers in institutions and companies on the base of their acquired knowledge and skills – apart from also being ready to lead their own household on the basis of these skills. For these reasons the NSDŠ had a lot of success during its five year activity, and gained a greater reputation both in Gračanica as well as in the wider area.
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According to his own memories and with the help of narrators from his own generation, the author tried to describe and recall some forms of social life in the Stjepan Polje village, near Gračanica, during the second half of the last century, focusing especially on the activities of younger people during the sixties. Thus, we received useful records which can be used for a better understanding of certain social processes in the countryside, in the wider area of Northeastern Bosnia during the aforementioned period. From his own experience the author emphasizes the educational significance of voluntary youth work actions during that period, which is often misjudged, and sometimes tendentiously equated with some forms of communist repressions. In the parts in which he remembers the cultural and entertainment, as well as sport programs of the youth, which he himself organized, the author clearly notices the accelerated positive trends, especially after 1965, the processes of modernization and raising the general educational and cultural level in the countryside. Through his work, a certain “transition” can be seen, from traditional way of life and social relations in the countryside towards the more modern forms of the contemporary era.
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Review of: Aleksander Suuman. Et valgusest vestelda. Luulet 1957-2003. Koostanud ja järelsõna kirjutanud Tõnu Õnnepalu. Tartu: Ilmamaa, 2017. 559 lk.
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The article provides an analysis of the political circumstances and the echo of the Second Havana Declaration. The Second Declaration of Havana was a Cuban response to the decision of the Organization of American States expelling the country from the organization in 1962. The statement underscores the fundamental goal of fighting in alliance with the peoples of the region against imperialism and for a revolution in Latin America. The article analyses the topic from this latter issue.
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In this paper my aim is to present the role that Hungary played in the West German Ostpolitik, and how the status of the country changed in the light of the foreign policy aspirations of the FRG.In 1963, Hungary and West Germany agreed on establishing trade of-fices to stabilize trade in goods and, in the long run, to normalize political relations. The convention was part of Ludwig Erhard's Eastern policy, which called for the development of relations with the countries of the Warsaw Pact as well as the political and economic infiltration of East Ger-mans’ „hinterland”. Hungary seemed to be an ideal partner, but it soon became clear that its opportunities in foreign policy were rather limited.As Willy Brandt came to power, Hungary lost its key position. The West German government realised that Eastern policy could only be effective, if they make the painful compromise of recognizing the GDR.
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Beyond all political or economical dimensions 12th September 1980 Military Coup has had a bloody and dark shadow casting for years over social lives in the country. It was definitely radical in terms and created its own extraordinary legal conditions which shaped the nation for generations with all its political, cultural and social consequences. Compared to the country’ s past, the most important result of staying out of politics among society is that the emerging popular culture, converting social life and consumption habits accompanied by the changes having no boundaries on youth and their attitudes, behaviours besides of course all the main differences becoming clear in many sectors or fields. Either globalization or the coup’ s subversive impact social life has transformed significantly and uploaded many new meanings which have never been experienced.
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This study, conducted with an interdisciplinary methodology, deals with one of the most important promoters of Romanian culture in interwar Italy, Claudiu Isopescu (1894-1956), known mainly as the founder of the Department of Romanian language and literature at the University „La Sapienza” in Rome, but also as a promoter of Romanian language education in other Italian universities. Claudiu Isopescu has been engaged in Italy in a complex mission as a teacher, publicist, researcher, organizer of cultural events, translator and coordinator of the first Italian monographs dedicated to Romanian authors. He was also the creator of an important collection of Romanian books in Rome (Fondo Isopescu, Biblioteca Alessandrina). After a brief presentation of the sources used, in particular those found in the Italian and Romanian archives, and of his rich correspondence with important personalities of the interwar period (Giovanni Gentile, Vittorio Rossi, Giulio Bertoni, George Călinescu, Mircea Eliade, Nicolae Iorga, etc.), we focused on the activity and work of the Romanian intellectual, in an attempt to deepen the reception he enjoyed to the present day. Although we discussed all aspects of his activity, we focused in particular on his work as a teacher of Romanian language and literature, publicist and researcher. The aim of our study was to understand the value of his contribution to the development of Italian-Romanian cultural relations, in particular the significance of his scientific work, and to explore the idea of cultural apostolate that is reflected in his historiographical and literary reception.
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Review of: Alina-Sandra Cucu, Planning Labour: Time and the Foundations of Industrial Socialism in Romania. New York: Berghahn Books, 2019
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Women who break new ground are also a beacon of hope for those who will come after them. When we examine the life of Süreyya Ağaoğlu, who has pioneered Turkish women in different fields, which has been very productive and filled with every moment, we see very important examples of this feature of being a beacon of hope. In this study, it will be tried to deal with the life of our first female lawyer, Süreyya Ağaoğlu, in terms of the aspects that lead Turkish women.
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Social history, a field that developed especially in the 1950s and 1960s, represents even today a bridge between factual, objective history and the lives of individuals, marked by subjectivity and affectivity. The present article starts from two elements: the analysis of a place of memory – namely a village shop – and, respectively, of an interview granted to Mrs. Delia Gligor, an elderly lady living in Baia de Arieș, Alba County, Romania. Together, these two elements provide a revealing overview of the history of Vidra de Sus village during the 20th century, but also of the political regimes that marked Romania over a period of almost 100 years. Vidra de Sus is a mountain village in Alba County, now known as Avram Iancu. From this perspective, one can note the extent of the impact exerted by the political regime changes, on the one hand, on a family, and on the other hand, on the entire community of Vidra de Sus. At the beginning of the 20th century this family advanced socially and materially on the village hierachy towards the wealthier categories, by opening a shop. With the communist regime, however, their main source of income, the shop, was confiscated and replaced by a post office, which has led the former owners to each look for other occupations to survive. Finally, the year 1989 puts an end to the communist regime, but not to the difficulties that the Goia family was going through – from this moment they had to fight to regain their former properties so that they can lead once more, after almost 50 years, a quiet life.
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In the years after the Second World War, Osijek and Slavonia experienced a significant lack of trained medical personnel, especially dental personnel. A large number of such personnel were of Jewish origin and perished in the persecutions during the war, also a large number of people that were of German origin moved away from Slavonia. In addition to that, a considerable number of trained dental and medical personnel retired after the war, so the situation was very difficult. To improve the state of dental protection of the population, in 1961, the College of Dentistry was established in Osijek. The education lasted two years and was organized into six trimesters, after which the participants obtained the title of the senior dentist. During the ten years of activity at the College of Dentistry in Osijek, there were several hundred students who studied from all parts of the country at the time, but mostly they were from Slavonia. In this way, this educational institution fulfilled its goal. The shortage of trained dental personnel has been reduced and Osijek and Slavonia are catching up with the rest of Croatia in the number of medical personnel. In 1971, the College of Dentistry ceases to operate, transforming into the Polyclinic for the protection of teeth and mouth in Osijek, which continues the tradition of dental protection of the population and training of dental staff.ijek, which continues the tradition of dental protection of the population and training of dental.
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The experience of imprisonment at the end of World War II and during the subsequent period is still deeply etched in the survivors’ memory. Throughout the present paper, the author deals with specific issues related to the topic, focusing on the ordeal of some Hungarians from the Székelyland who took part in the operations and were taken prisoner by the Soviet and Romanian authorities both from the front and through centrally issued orders and instructions regarding those who had returned to civilian daily life. The author turns to several of the dozens of interviews with survivors that he has collected during the 1990s and the 2000s, but also to archival sources that reveal the details of how they were taken prisoners and their attachment to the homeland and the loved ones left behind. The paper approaches the topic from the bottom up, from the perspective of individuals affected by the war and its consequences.
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The dynamics and features of interaction between Karelia and Finland in the cultural sphere in the 1960s are considered in the context of the tasks of expanding the USSR’s influence on the territory of its northern neighbor. The forms and ways used by the creative forces of Karelia in the studied period for presenting the Finno-Ugric culture on the territory of Finland do not allow us to define these relations as intercultural communication. As early as in the late 1950s, the chairman of the Karelian Branch of the Union of Soviet Writers A. N. Timonen joined the party and state structures in their efforts to implement cultural diplomacy in Finland. The Karelian Branch of the USSR-Finland Society, created to establish an intercultural dialogue, was removed from the traditional field of propaganda and agitation. Timonen used multilateral personal contacts with the creative intelligentsia of Suomi. This way, he was able to stimulate informal communication between colleagues in the field of culture and arts and ensured mass participation of residents in cultural and friendship festivals on both sides of the border. This allowed Karelia and Finland, while preserving the tasks of cultural diplomacy in general, to switch to intercultural dialogue in the 1960s and to intercultural communication in the 1970s.
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The study examines Bulgarian research on American problems from the Renaissance to the early 1990s. The author believes that the professional level of the research has been influenced by the political situation in Bulgaria at different stages of its historical development and the ideological views and dogmas prevailing during these periods. These views and dogmas negatively influenced the development of a particular field in history studies in Bulgaria. For a long time, the image of the enemy prevented an objective assessment of the history of the United States and the history of Bulgarian-American relations. The question of the civic responsibility of researchers, called through scholarship to promote mutual understanding and to dispel prejudice, to combat superstition and ignorance in spiritual contacts, is important for any field of study, but its significance for history and political science is enormous. Here, as nowhere else, researchers are obliged to always ask themselves the question (while remaining, of course, faithful to historical facts): What purpose does their research serve – the cause of peace, trust and cooperation, or the cause of war and the fomenting of enmity and hatred? In spite of the positive results achieved in the research on certain problems, and the undoubted achievements of individual researchers who have received recognition in Bulgaria and abroad, Bulgarian research on America did not clearly establish itself as an independent field of study until the early 1990s. The beginning of the 1990s was a turning point both in history studies in Bulgaria and in the field of American Studies in particular.
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