The Chamber of Commerce and Industry in Košice

Author(s): Adriana Priatková / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2021

The year 2020 saw the 90th anniversary of the construction of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry building in Košice, as well as the 125th anniversary of the birth of its designer, the Košice architect Ľudovít Oelschläger. These commemorations lead us to consider the fate of this remarkable multifunctional structure, a listed cultural monument and important example of Košice modernism, which has long ceased to serve its original purpose and now lies empty and neglected. Indeed, the latest owner was able to reclassify the building as residential and is currently selling the property. Its forlorn state and uncertain future use, together with the impending deterioration of its still-present architectural qualities, warn of the potential threat both to the physical integrity of this cultural monument and its expressive originality.

Byzantine-period lamps from Antiochon-the-Orontes and its hinterland

Author(s): Ani Eblighatian / Language(s): English Issue: XXVIII/2019

The paper is an off-shoot of the author’s PhD project on lamps from Roman Syria (at the University of Geneva in Switzerland), centered mainly on the collection preserved at the Art Museum of Princeton University in the United States. One of the outcomes of the research is a review of parallels from archaeological sites and museum collections, and despite the incomplete documentation in most cases, much new insight could be gleaned, for the author’s doctoral research and for other issues related to lychnological studies. The present paper collects the data on oil lamps from Byzantine layers excavated in 1932–1939 at Antioch-on-the-Orontes and at sites in its hinterland (published only in part so far) and considers the finds in their archaeological context.

Antropologia donosu, red. nauk. J. Syrnyk, R. Klementowski, IPN Warszawa–Wrocław 2017

Author(s): Antoni Czermak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 52/2018

German Citizenship versus Protectorate Membership in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (1939–1945)

Author(s): František Emmert / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

As a direct consequence of the Nazi occupation of the Czech lands in 1938–48, the institution of German citizenship (i.e., Reich citizenship as established by the Nuremburg Race Laws) was introduced in the Czech lands. Pursuant to newly promulgated German laws, ethnic German inhabitants of the Czech lands became citizens of the territorially expanding Reich in two phases, in 1938 and 1939. In the occupied Czech lands, ethnic Germans acquired the status of privileged citizens, but nonetheless their rights were significantly restricted by the totalitarian power of the Nazi state. In autumn 1939 more than three million people living in the Sudetenland, including come Czechs, became German citizens. After the establishment of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia on 15 March 1939 the institution of German citizenship penetrated the Czech interior, where ethnic Germans comprised only 2 % of the population. For the Czech inhabitants of the Protectorate, the occupiers created a citizenship status known as Protectorate membership because, in the eyes of the Germans, the Czechoslovak state, and hence Czechoslovak citizenship, had ceased to exist. Czechs, who became Protectorate members, were denied »political rights« and the right to govern their own country. They became mere inhabitants of a territory. In 1939–45 two legal systems, one for Germans and one for Czechs, and two analogous administrative and judicial systems existed side by side in the Protectorate. Legal historians refer to this unusual situation as legal dualism.

Трудности советской урбанизации и создания «социалистического города» на мультикультурной периферии: Казань 20-х годов XX века

Author(s): Thomas M. Bohn,Svetlana Yu. Malysheva,Alla Arkadevna Salnikova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2021

Based on the example of Kazan in the 1920s, the difficulties and problems of implementing the Soviet policy of urbanization and “socialist city” construction in cities with a nationally and religiously heterogeneous population are shown. This policy and the related processes of rural-urban migration, “indigenization”, “apartment redistribution”, and development of the urban outskirts at the expense of the former “bourgeois” center destroyed, deliberately and purposefully, the urban culture that had previously prevailed here and changed the social and national composition of the urban population. Therefore, they can be regarded as the tools of “positive discrimination”. The “positive discrimination” of the formerly dominant urban Russian culture in favor of the developing Tatar culture, mostly in its rural variant, manifested itself very clearly in education, namely in the content and design of the Soviet Tatar alphabet (alifba). However, the practice of granting preferences to the previously discriminated strata turned out to be short-term, tooled for the tasks of immediate strengthening of the social base of the Soviet power, and designed to destroy the former society and culture. These practices of dealing with multiculturalism became less popular by the late 1920s–early 1930s, as the Bolshevik power stabilized and “state-oriented” and unifying tendencies in the power policy increased.

The Roma Minority and Romanian Fascism: The 1937 Alliance between the Roma and the National Christian Party

Author(s): Petre Matei / Language(s): English Issue: 14/2021

This article focuses on the 1937 episode of collaboration between the antisemitic National Christian Party (PNC) and Calinic I. Popp Șerboianu and George A. Lăzurică, important leaders of the interwar Roma movement. As a result of Octavian Goga’s support, these two Roma leaders were able to publish a special edition for Roma of the Țara Noastră newspaper. They were given a headquarters and entered a mutual support agreement: the two Roma leaders agreed to support the PNC candidates against the promise that members of the Roma minority would run on the PNC lists at the next local elections. At the same time, an antisemitic radicalization of these Roma leaders took place. How this alliance was possible, what this episode says about Romanian nationalism and about the way the Roma were perceived by Romanian nationalists are some of the questions addressed by this paper. My article consists of three parts. The first part reviews the most important interwar Roma organizations and the context of their emergence, the second part deals with the discourse of Roma organizations, including their attitude toward other minorities and toward Jews in particular, and the last part deals in more detail with the episode of the electoral alliance between the Roma and the National Christian Party.

INTERESTS PROTECTED UNDER THE POLISH LAW ON COMBATING UNFAIR COMPETITION

Author(s): Jakub Kępiński / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

The article concerns the problem of determining the relationship between the Polish Act on Combating Unfair Competition of 1993 and the Polish Act on Combating Unfair Market Practices of 2007. The problem arose when the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive was implemented in the Polish system in 2007. The Directive is based on the division, which was not known in the Polish Act on Combating Unfair Competition, relating to business-to-business (B2B) and business to-consumer (B2C) relationships. The adoption of such an artificial division has raised numerous problems of interpretation. A better solution would be to adopt in subsequent legislative works the criterion of protected interests, which are the basis of each of the analysed legal acts. Consequently, it will be necessary to introduce legislative changes to the Polish Law on Combating Unfair Competition.

Za pierwszych Sowietów. Pogranicze polsko-białoruskie w latach 1939–1941 w relacjach ustnych mieszkańców Białorusi, red. Aleksander Smalianczuk, Warszawa 2021, ss. 460

Author(s): Małgorzata Ruchniewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 11/2021

HENRYK DEMBIŃSKI (1908–1941) I JEGO POGLĄDY NA ISTOTĘ SAMORZĄDU

Author(s): Jarosław Dobkowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2020

The article presents Henryk Dembiński’s views on the essence of local self-government through the prism of the notion of public-law personality. His key finding is that the ideological and sociological context is important, but not conclusive as to the legal essence of local government. In this respect, one can disagree with Henryk Dembiński’s downgrading or even denying the public-law personality of local self-government. However, while his views represent a particular perspective, they must always be taken into account when considering this issue.

GRAMATYKA JĘZYKA POLSKIEGO JANA OTRĘBSKIEGO

Author(s): Katarzyna Jasińska,Dariusz R. Piwowarczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2021

This paper describes a forgotten historical grammar book of Polish, which was published in the form of a multiplied typescript as a compilation of notes from the lectures delivered by Jan Otrębski at the Stefan Batory University of Vilnius in the 1930s. The notes were compiled by Otrębski’s student, Józef Trypućko. The study was published in 1933 and 1934 in two parts: one and three. Part two probably remained in the form of a manuscript. In the opinion of the authors, the study, although incomplete, provides an insight in the content of Otrębski’s lectures and the teaching of the historical grammar of Polish in Vilnius in the 1930s. It presents also the scholar’s innovative hypotheses, which cannot be found in the historical grammar books of that time.

New contributions on the dispute at the Peace Conference (February-March 1920) concerning the Romanian-Hungarian border

Author(s): Lucian Leuştean / Language(s): English Issue: 67/2021

The aim of the article is to make some new contributions on the attempt of February-March 1920 to change the Romanian-Hungarian border, the one made at a time when the peace meeting had briefly moved to London and the British and Italian leaders proposed to renegotiate the border line, a position that seemed capable of prevailing despite French opposition. The present article is an endeavour to provide evidence, from unknown or relatively little-known sources, about the man who, in early March 1920, succeeded in blocking the attempt to change the borders established in 1919 in favour of Hungary. Allen Leeper is the name of the Australian-born British diplomat who managed to convince his superiors – Eyre Crowe, Lord Curzon and David Lloyd George – that it was neither fair, just nor practical to alter the border lines already established and announced to all parties concerned. In the end, nothing changed, and the line proposed by the experts in 1919 was to find its place in the peace treaty Hungary signed with the Allied and Associated Powers on 4 June 1920 at Trianon.

Noi consideraţii privitoare la înfiinţarea Facultăţii de Teologie din Chişinău (1926)

Author(s): Ionel Moldovan / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 67/2021

This study presents a contribution on the topic of the establishment of the Orthodox Theology Faculty from Chişinău in 1926. The novelty factor of the research is represented by the use of previously unedited documents from the Archives of the Metropolitan Church of Moldavia and Bukovina from Iaşi. We highlight the importance of the file no. 71/1926, exclusively dedicated to this topic, which contains original and copied documents with the main addresses and interventions sent by the clergy from Chişinău and Iaşi to the Romanian authorities, as well as the decisions adopted by those in power. Those documents have a great relevance to the topic, as the issue of the new faculty made it as a press subject only after the failure of the negotiations between institutions.The conclusion is that there were two separate projects for the establishment of superior theological education institutes based in Chişinău and Iaşi. The Archbishop Gurie Grosu from the Bessarabian capital wanted a Theological Academy in Chişinău, in the template of the one from Kyiv, but the Moldavian Metropolitan Pimen Georgescu proposed the reopening of the Theology Faculty from the University of Iaşi. The Romanian authorities compiled the two projects, resulting in the establishment of a Theology Faculty located in Chişinău, but under the auspices of the University of Iaşi.

»Provvidenze, dirette a potenziare le forze vitali della popolazione italiana«: stiske ljudi in fašistična socialna politika v Izoli med obema vojnama

Author(s): Urška Bratož / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 3/2021

The present contribution looks at how the social issues were addressed in the interwar period (which, in the case of the Slovenian Litoral, also involved a transition to a diferent social system due to the change in the political regime), using the example of Izola, where the Italian policies had to be integrated into the existing social systems, in particular through the creation of special state entities in the feld of social welfare afer the rise of fascism. The examples of subsistence hardships in Izola can be used to identify some of the most vulnerable groups of the population, which often received several diferent forms of support at the same time in order to solve their material distress, at least for a while. The contribution also specifcally discusses the intertwining of the fascist ideology with social and demographic issues, as the state saw their resolution as a means of gaining military and political power.

Perica Hadži-Jovančić, The Third Reich and Yugoslavia. An Economy of Fear, 1933–1941.

Author(s): Klemen Kocjančić / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 3/2021

Book-Review: Perica Hadži-Jovančić, The Third Reich and Yugoslavia. An Economy of Fear, 1933–1941. London & New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2020, 193 strani. Reviewed by: Klemen Kocjančić.

»Volkovi in hijene.« Primeri »obračuna« s spodnještajerskim nemštvom (in vsenemške »obrambe domovine«) v prevratni dobi

Author(s): Filip Čuček / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 2/2021

In the following contribution, the author analyses the upheaval in Lower Styria (especially in the “endangered” areas) through the prism of the examples of the reckoning with the Lower Styrian Germans. The establishment of the new state terrifed the Germans. Many German civil servants were dismissed practically every day, while, on the other hand, the Slovenian side euphorically looked towards the future. The events that followed spread hatred (and fear) of the Germans, who felt increasingly threatened. The most fervent “defence” of the Lower Styrian Germans came fom the Grazer Tagblat newspaper fom Graz, which kept constantly arguing (for two decades) that Lower Styria should be annexed back to the German nation (which eventually really happened).

IKONA NIEMIECKIEGO ORGELBEWEGUNG – ORGANY OŚRODKA JUGENDHOF HASSITZ W KŁODZKU-JURANDOWIE (GOSZYCACH)

Author(s): Andrzej Prasał / Language(s): Polish Issue: 12/2021

One of the first instruments that was produced in Silesia in the spirit of the Orgelbewegung was the organ of the Youth Leisure and Training Centre in Kłodzko-Jurandów. This centre, founded on the initiative of Richard Poppe, became a source of renewal for the Singbewegung in Eastern Germany. The instrument, called Ver sacrum (Sacred Spring), was meant to commemorate and remind everyone of all those who had sacrificed themselves and given their lives for their Fatherland (in particular, the fallen soldiers of the First World War). The organ was built in 1929 by the Sauer company from Frankfurt/ Oder (opus 1400). It had 27 stops (including 21 real stops), and pneumatic key and stop action with Taschenlade windchests. The organ disposition was designed by Christhard Mahrenholz, Ph.D., one of the leaders of the Orgelbewegung. Even though, musically, the instrument draws on the organ ideal from the Bach era, its mechanism perfectly reflects the achievements of organ construction of the twentieth century. In late 1945, the instrument was relocated to the Trinity parish church in Strzelce near Kutno.

Trikrat: sosledje v zgodovinskem dogajanju na poti do slovenske državnosti v 20. stoletju

Author(s): Zdenko Čepič / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2021

The Slovenian state was formed in the “short” 20th century”. Slovenians have atained the state that they now live in gradually, in three steps (in 1918, 1941–45, and 1990–91). The formation of the Slovenian statehood involved cohesion, a sequence of events. Without the atainment of the initial Slovenian statehood, the second step would not have taken place, while the third stage would have been particularly impossible without the second one. Each of the steps towards the establishment of the Slovenian statehood occurred in its own period, subject to various conditions that infuenced the process of the creation of the Slovenian state and the degree of its independence. The frst step was taken at the end of World War I, afer the statelegal ties with the Austro-Hungarian state had been severed due to the international political circumstances and Slovenians joined the State of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs. This state then “merged” with the Kingdom of Serbia to form the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (as of 1929, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia). The second step took place during World War II, afer the former Yugoslav state had collapsed and needed to be restored in new circumstances and with a diferent organisation – which was, during the war, the goal of the so-called bourgeois political camp, the traditional Slovenian political parties, as well as the so-called revolutionary camp or the liberation movement. The third step, however, occurred when the Yugoslav state, organised in accordance with the criteria of the liberation movement that had prevailed during the war, outlived its purpose. All three steps shared the same goal, while the manners of ataining statehood and the atitude towards it varied, depending on the situation and relations between the factors or proponents of statehood as well as on its political or social agents. The formation of the Slovenian statehood in the “short 20th century” was related to the right to self-determination. This right represented the means or the foundation for the construction of statehood during each phase and was understood somewhat diferently during each of the stages of the Slovenian statehood’s formation. Self-determination was an essential condition that made it possible for Slovenians to atain their own state at all –during all three stages of its creation.

Ruska emigracija in jugoslovanska politika do Sovjetske zveze med obema svetovnima vojnama

Author(s): Petra Kim Krasnić / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2021

The following contribution focuses on the Yugoslav policy towards the Soviet Union in the interwar period concerning the Russian emigrants living in the Yugoslav territory. Between 1918 and 1940, the diplomatic relations between Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union were not formally and legally established. Nevertheless, various political contacts that were based on the mutual fear of undermining the system of government existed and expressed themselves mainly in the twofold way in which the Yugoslav authorities treated the Russian emigrants: on the one hand, they enjoyed unparalleled support; while on the other hand, they were under constant surveillance due to the fear of Soviet secret agents. Only the increasing Nazi threat forced Yugoslavia to relax its anti-communist policies and establish diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union, which infuenced its atitude towards the Russian emigrants as well.

Mrtvi in pogrešani Slovenci v italijanskih oboroženih silah in vojnem ujetništvu med drugo svetovno vojno: izpraševanja o virih, številu, imenih

Author(s): Irena Uršič / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2021

In the following contribution, the author analyses the sources and databases of the dead and missing Slovenians who lost their lives as members of the Italian armed forces or as Italian soldiers of Slovenian nationality in war captivity during World War II and afer it. The Slovenian and Italian databases, resulting fom many years of research eforts, represented the primary sources for the author. She underlines the Slovenian national collection Casualties of World War II in Slovenia (titled Fatalities among the Population in the Territory of the Republic of Slovenia During and Immediately afer World War II), created by the researchers fom the Institute of Contemporary History; and the Italian database Banca Dati dei Caduti e Dispersi 2a guerra Mondiale, created by the researchers of the Archive of the General Commissariat for War Graves Care (Commissariato Generale per le Onoranze ai Caduti) of the Italian Ministry of Defence. Almost a hundred years have passed since Slovenians fom the Litoral Region were frst drafed into the Italian armed forces between the world wars. As Slovenians in the Italian Army were among the frst Slovenian casualties of war in the interwar period (in 1935) and during World War II (in 1940), this contribution analyses the current state of the basic lists and sources regarding the fatalities, their numbers and names, as well as examines the possibilities of assisting the victims among the Slovenians mobilised into the Italian armed forces and their families with more detailed lists and by honouring their memory.

Knjižnice v Mariboru v obdobju od 1918 do 1941

Author(s): Dragan Potočnik / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 3/2020

Libraries are one of the indicators of the cultural developments in Maribor. They spread around the city after 1918. In 1921, the pre-war scientific library of the Historical Society for Slovenian Styria transformed into the general scientific Study Library. Under the expert leadership of Janko Glazer, it soon became the first and largest Slovenian scientific library in Styria. In the interwar period, the libraries in Maribor were – because of the socio-political and ideological splits – divided among three political camps: the liberals with the People’s Library; the Catholics with the Educational Catholic Library; and the socialists with the Chamber of Labour Library. The libraries of the Association of Cultural Societies also played an essential role in national awakening and culture. The educational institutes and numerous societies in Maribor had their libraries as well.