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As the Hungarian sports, the sports journalism starts in Hungary between the firsts in Europe.From 1857 until the outbreak of World War I there appeared many sports-themed magazines that have played an important role in contemporary Hungarian sport popularization. Editors were athletes or sports specialists who carried the soul if popularizing the sport. Their publications are today an inexhaustible source for historians of sport.
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Among the key links of the 19th century Hungarian cooperative system belonged the cooperatives in the Upper Hungarian Slovak region, many of which either operated in ethnic blocks or in Slovak-Hungarian-German contact zones. The regional and urban associations undertaking self-help and self-promoter profile played an important role, and from 1898 especially those cooperative structures which were set up on a top-down basis, with the aim of modernization (Hungarian National Credit Cooperative, Hangya-Consumer and Marketing Cooperative of the Hungarian Landowners' Association). These credit unions and consumer cooperatives were of great importance for the majority's and the minorities' political elites who were thus developing national societies which constituted communication channels towards farmers, among them especially the landowners. Through this channel they could, on the one hand, carry out such tasks as society organization and social politics, and, on the other hand, they could mobilize and politically activate the membership for national issues. For their existential weight and prestige in the regions they operated in, they had a middle-class creating function. This study is devoted to the integration and market expansion strategies of and the networks set up by the Hungarian National Credit Cooperative and the Hangya Cooperative. It also pays attention to the Slovak national cooperative policy objectives intensifying from the end of the 19th century, which confronted the Hungarian cooperative plans on the eve of World War I.
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The old buildings of the Reformed College in Marosvásárhely (Târgu-Mureș, RO) were significant role players in the Transylvanian protestant public education, but proved to be less functional for educational institutions at the early 20th century. The directorate of the college commissioned a leader of the government’s architectural program, the Budapest based architect Sándor Baumgarten (1864–1928), to propose a project for the new building. He realized the project plans between 1906–1908, and the construction took place between 1908–1909. This study pursues the so far unknown construction process and interior furnishing of the main building, investigating reports from the directorate meetings of the school, documentations related to the abundant planning material. Thanks to rich written resources and the well preserved furnishing, the assembly hall is discussed in an individual chapter as it is the most ambitiously created, organic Art Nouveau interior of the building. Baumgarten took into consideration the local conditions of the site, as well as the expectations of the directorate when planning the building. As a follower of Ödön Lechner applied the national style, borrowing design elements and patterns from the Hungarian Art Nouveau style. To carry out the construction plans, young Lajos Csiszár, a building contractor from Marosvásárhely was commissioned, along with other local craftsmen. The foundation stone was celebrated on September 10th, 1908, with the construction procedures coming to an end in the autumn of 1909. The inauguration took place in June 1911, once the annexed buildings (primary school, sports-court), both planned by engineer Győző Nagy, and the renovation of the 19th century boarding school were completed. The three storey central building has a U-shaped layout. The unity of its wings is given by the characteristic execution of the facades and the harmoniously applied details. The various fixtures of the building (fences, chandelier etc.), the interior furnishings and the annexed building all celebrate the talent of engineer Győző Nagy. He applied the style of Baumgarten in the design of the furniture belonging to the directorate’s office and the teaching room, and took significant responsibility in shaping the assembly hall too. (The furnishing of the assembly hall dating back to 1910 was complemented in the interwar period with furniture that animated the ornamental language of their Art Nouveau ancestors, while keeping the integrity of its interior style.) The project received a governmental support of three-hundred thousand crowns, but its expenses reached almost half a million crowns by the time its construction and interior furnishing had been completed. With its neat floor plan, inner division striving for functionality, luminous rooms, wide and airy passageways, the building complex is a representative work of this architectural programme. The style and execution of details recall the features of the rest of the gymnasiums planned by Baumgarten (from Zilah/Zalău, Rozsnyó/Râșnov, Máramaros/Sighetu Marmației [RO], etc). However, by being an assignment and investment of the church, and thanks to its adaptation to the irregular, sloping site and local context of the already existing buildings, this work has contributed to the achievement of an original and independent work of Sándor Baumgarten in Marosvásárhely. The building-complex founded in the early 20th century hosts today the Reformed College and the Bolyai Farkas Theoretical High School.
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Eyes, exactly speaking the vision was the most important subject of pedagogical texts in Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1878 to 1918. We hold that two factors influenced it. Firstly, they recommended visual education (Zorna obuka) as a right way to educate the character, according to which our acquiring the unquestionable knowledge starts from the all-sided observance of everything around us. Secondly, they held that the vision is one of various factors for creating the loyalty to Habsburg Monarchy, for example, through people’s participation on Emperor Franz Joseph’s visit to Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1910 as its spectators. It is therefore well-known that the visual representation was important to create loyal, pious, national character etc. Nevertheless, the scholarship has not analysed how the vision itself was understood in Bosnia and Herzegovina at that time. In this paper we investigate what kind of image of “observer” was re/produced by means of discourse on vision. As a starting point we analyze a book School bench of Luka Karaman (1910) that firstly discussed the school benches and myopia in the visual way. Besides it, we research the various texts in Bosnian and Croatian pedagogical periodicals and monographs that discuss the vision, especially myopia. In Bosnia and Herzegovina in the early twentieth century, the concept of cost effectiveness became increasingly prevalent in the educational sphere, depending on the progress of mechanization in society. We demonstrate that the correct vision in this context was considered as an economically rational approach to the nerves. Furthermore, psychosomatic activities encompassed the energy circulatory system, involving neural networks and blood flows. Thus, myopia functioned as one moment to normalize the “observer”, that is, human who sees correctly in Bosnia and Herzegovina under the Habsburg regime according to mental and physical rational economy.
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The Romanian invasion of 1916 represents a demarcation for all areas of life in the history of the Székely Land. The war has reached the Székely settlements with all its cruelty, and has brought about a greater social shock both for both families and individuals than the year 1914, when the war broke out. Due to the Romanian invasion and to the flight of the inhabitants, the homes, shops and catering establishments of the Székely families of Székelyudvarhely/ Odorheiu Secuiesc were lost to the looters and the soldiers passing through the area. All their money saved during the first years of the war as well as their food, sugar and coffee stocks have disappeared due to the hostilities of 1916. Beginning with 1917, the citizens of this small town had to accept that their flour, bread, sugar, fat and coffee is rationed out. If they wanted to have a sweet coffee in the coffee shop, they had to bring the sugar from home
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Among Hungarian historians the subject-matter of female labour has gradually become a popular topic. The research work can be placed to the borderline of two disciplines: female history and history of journalism in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. With the application of news analysis, discourse analysis and text linguistics, the study intend to prove that women.s movements at the beginning of the 20th century considered the safeguarding of female workers. interests as essential as the fight for women.s enfranchisement. The author analyses the views, opinions mediated by the Austro-Hungarian feminist periodical press ‒ The Woman and The Society (A Nő és a Társadalom) and New Woman.s Life (Neues Frauenleben) ‒about female labour and the working conditions of working women between 1907 and 1913.
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A Pozsonyi Városi Múzeum (1868-1918)
There are stories forgotten and lost from collective consciousness. A sterling example of this is one of the oldest museums in Hungary´s history, the City Museum of Pressburg (Pozsony, Prešporok, today Bratislava) founded in 1868. There have been many authors, especially Slovak museologists, endeavouring to write the history of this museum. But their attempts, because of the disappearance of the German and Hungarian cultural and language codes, and also due to the Slovak nation-building program, have turned out to be rather ambiguous. This study also offers an analysis of the negative aspects of the Slovak publications, and it presents theses dedicated to the service of politics of memory. On the other side, it also pays attention to the paradigm shift of Slovak museology performing numerous positive signals after 1989. On the basis of the so far fundamentally overlooked archival materials held in Bratislava and Budapest, the author also analyses the motivating factors and circumstances of the museum´s foundation, its development in the era of dualism, and its relationship with the State General Inspectorate of Museums and Libraries. He also pays attention to the operation of its custodians (József Könyöki, Ágost Helmár) and their concepts of institution-building and collection enlargement.
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This article deals with a period of Serbian rule over the Northern Albanian districts (from November 1912 to April 1913). As Kingdom of Serbia was the only European country, beside Switzerland, with no territorial access to the open sea, one of its main war aims was the annexation of an outlet to the Southern Adriatic. Thus after the First Balkan War victory, Serbian army occupied some territories in Northern Albania which were not populated by ethnic Serbs, but were of utmost importance for the commercial and strategic reasons. In this article the colonial and imperial aspects of short-lived Serbian rule are examined and compared with the experience of colonial powers.
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The musical milieu of Lwów in the first half of the twentieth century was characterised by dynamic activities of women, particularly as music school students, which was the reverse of the situation prevailing in the other schools – particularly, tertiary schools. This fostered the female students’ keen interest in musicology, especially that Musicology was launched as a new major at the local university in 1912. Bronisława Wójcik-Keuprulian was its first graduate ever (in 1917). In 1934, she was the first woman in the history of Polish science to receive a post-doctoral degree (so-called habilitation) in Musicology at a Polish university. This was accompanied by multiple complications, including those caused by the Head of the Chair of Musicology. Yet, the applicant’s resolve brought about a successful end.
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The study compares articles published about Colonel Alfred Redl’s treason and subsequent suicide in 1913 in twenty-four contemporary Hungarian-language dailies. Nearly all the papers fell short of editorial integrity, either by publishing fake news or by withholding information that did not fit into the narrative flow of the coverage of the case, for example, Redl’s homosexuality. Csiszár examines the attitudes of contemporary political press towards the government, the military, the ministries and the judicial system, suggesting that the number of publications which supported and lauded the government in power was higher than previously assumed in scholarship. Regardless of their political sympathies, many papers incited against ethnic communities on account of Redl’s Slavic background and demanded a firm political foothold of the reliable Hungarians within the monarchy. Based on an incorrect assumption about Redl’s Jewish heritage, one Catholic daily also went as far as publishing an openly anti-Semitic op-ed.The other theme in the study is the representation of homosexuality in contemporary media. The articles reveal the attitudes towards homosexuality upheld by opinion leaders of the intelligentsia a hundred years ago. Homosexuals were depicted as victims of sexual abuse who are (in modern terminology) bisexual, and effeminate in appearance. They were believed to be blackmailed but at the same time it was assumed that they built a secret network to support each other. There were reports about (probably fictitious) orgies in Vienna, transvestite photography, and false charges of paedophilia. One of the articles of Pesti Hirlap, however, was a pioneer of the gay civil rights movement in Hungary: adopting the German fight against Article 175, the author argues for the abolishment of criminality.
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The paper entitled “A Stylistic-Cognitive Approach to Wilfred Owen’s Poems about the War” tackles the issue of WWI from a twofold cognitive and stylistic perspective. It was Owen’s preoccupation with rendering his war experience both in a realistic and artistic manner that has convinced us of the opportunity to approach his poetry from a stylistic perspective. On the other hand, Owen’s experience of the Front will be also cognitively approached by us, via Soja’s Thirdspace, precisely because the poet seems to be mostly concerned with a ”strategic awareness of this collectively created spatiality” – the Front and its socio and psycho-cognitive consequences.
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Népházak, szövetkezeti házak
The Minister of Agriculture, Ignác Darányi (1895–1903 and 1906–1910) inaugurated a uniform economic development programme, the so-called aid actions, to supply the underdeveloped regions with governmental support aiming at the whole mountain range of the Carpathian Mountains. The secondary level specialised institutes obtaining regular tasks by the 1910’s, wanted to eliminate the underdeveloped economic methods by their wide development programmes, thus created social security and peace for the nationalities.. The Székely (Transsylvanian) development programme of the economy between 1902 and 1914 created important artefacts, the so-called folk houses (cooperative houses), in close relationship with the social organisation, the development of the smallholder circles and the network of the cooperatives. About the quarter of the more than 70 buildings were planned by Ede Thoroczkai Wigand (1870–1945), one of the most important figures of the Hungarian architecture, prominent architect and artist of the Hungarian Art Nouveau. The network of the institutes working for the modernisation of the villages and the development of the countryside also played an important role in maintaining the architectural features of the countryside.
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Collapse. This is probably the best word for describing the processes of the last trimester of 1918 in the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Hungarian Kingdom. The military and political leadership of the Empire could not have messed up the Habsburg Empire more efficiently. Far from stopping the erosion, it unwillingly intensified its effects. The political leadership also failed along with the military defeat. The situation was the same in Hungary. The failure of the entire Hungarian political elite and the establishment of the Hungarian National Council, with its first measures, further deepened the crisis. At the same time, it was also the realization of the ideal of 1849. An independent Hungary fell into their lap. One could go on enumerating the further results of the new regime, but there weren’t any. The failure and the lack of results of the military policy was complete. They did not succeed in equipping even one of the eight regiments allowed by the Belgrade military convention. The only refreshing exception was the 38th Regiment, renamed to Szekler Regiment on 20 January 1919. This military unit can be viewed as called to life by the necessity of defending the country’s territorial integrity, protecting Transylvania and the Szeklerland. Its existence and history could provide the opportunity to analyse the issue of armed defence of this period.
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The study examines the changes of ethnic distribution and the opposing urban images of the nation-building elites in Kassa (now Košice, Slovakia) between 1910 and 1945. In these few decades, censuses mirrored the framework of two different nation states. After 1930, two thirds of the population of the town, which by 1910 had become predominantly Hungarian-speaking, was registered as “Czechoslovakian”. After the First Vienna Arbitration in 1938, however, the absolute majority of the population identified themselves again as Hungarian.Due to forced migration and re-Slovakisation, Hungarians largely disappeared from Kassa between 1944 and 1948, while the local Jewry was nearly completely annihilated in 1944. Such large-scale fluctuation in the self-identification of the urban population provided an ample argument for the Hungarian, as well as the Czech, and the Slovak elites to consider the town as their own national space. The first half of the study provides an analysis of the censuses, as well as data about the language use and voter preferences of Kassa residents, followed by the reconstruction of the local national elites’ image of the town itself. The conclusions emphasise that rather than being a testimony to split, ambiguous, or multiple identities, the national self-definition of Kassa residents of various ethnic affiliations, as well as its evident fluctuation shown in statistical records, can be explained by the individuals’ conscious personal decisions developed in response to parallel nation-building processes.
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The analysis of Zsuzsanna Hanna Biró is based on an integrated personnel database that contains registration data for secondary school teachers graduating between 1873 and 1945, and the teachers’ data from the so-called secondary school pocketbooks. There is the attempt to correlate possibilities for becoming a teacher with three sets of variables: a) the structural features of the school (gender and confessional segmentation), b) the role played by cultural capital and the transmitting of professions among factors connected with family socialization, and c) the impact of the choice of higher education studies and gaining a doctoral. A logistic regression analysis proves that becoming a teacher relates to all three sets of variables. Among structural factors, gender separation seems to be the stronger indicator, which, due to the straitened market in which girls’ schools operate, shows a lower chance of female graduates becoming teachers throughout the covered time period. ”Confessional inequality” can only be mentioned in relation to Jewish graduates, and their situation improved only temporarily, in the 1920s, with the opening of Jewish schools. The father’s education was not a substantive indicator. Male teachers usually emanated from families with a low socio-economic status – while a higher proportion of female teachers came from families possessing a high socio-economic status. Transmission of professions played a greater role in any teaching career after the First World War. However, one’s study program has always been able to improve the possibility of one’s getting employment in this time period – which can be especially seen in the case of language faculties. Though having a doctoral degree had no direct influence on someone’s taking up a career, a lack of academic positions did result in the fact that more and more teachers with academic ambitions got a job in secondary schools, which significantly raised the prestige of being a teacher in the first half of the 20th century.
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This article tries to provide an evaluation of the Greek historiography on the First World War (WWI)and to illustrate its various research stages and trends. It is argued that the Greek historiography mainly approaches WWI and Greece’s involvement not as an international, but as a domestic phenomenon. Greek involvement in WWI has been looked at through the lens of the Asia Minor Catastrophe in 1922, an episode of the ten-year war of the Greek army starting with the triumphant Balkan Wars and ending with the defeat in the Asia Minor Campaign in 1922
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Light cruiser Emden was a unit of the German Imperial Navy’s East Asian Squadron at the outbreak of the World War I. Although she left her post in China with Admiral Spee’s other ships, she was soon separated from her fellow ships, and started hunting alone against the commercial vessels of the Allied forces. From August to November 1914, she carried out military campaigns against allied war ships, as well as against the ports of the Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean. When sunk, some members of the crew under the leadership of first officer, Lieutenant Hellmuth von Mücke were taking part in an action on land so they survived the destruction of their ship. The shipwrecked German mariners finally, after an epic journey, came back to their home countries through the Arabian desert. Emden was the most active German cruiser during the World War I. With this document The author presents this unique result of combat activites.
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