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Back to the Origins. The Tragic History of the Szekler Sabbatarians

Author(s): Gábor Győrffy,Zoltán Tibori Szabó,Júlia-Réka Vallasek / Language(s): English Issue: 03/2018

Sabbatarians were the only proselyte religious community that had an official institutional form in nineteenth-century Europe. This study aims to present the history and gradual disintegration of the Sabbatarian community and their acceptance of a common fate with Transylvanian Jewry during the Second World War. This is realized by, first, outlining the historical context of the formation of Sabbatarianism; second, by describing the social and political circumstances of Transylvanian Jews in the first half of the twentieth century; and third, by giving a detailed presentation of the 1944 deportations and other related events.

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L’émancipation graduelle des Juifs de Roumanie et la révision de la citoyenneté roumaine sous le gouvernement Goga. Aspects juridiques (1879-1938) et historiques (1937-1938)

Author(s): Philippe Henri Blasen / Language(s): French Issue: 3 (19)/2018

This article focuses on the changes of the citizenship status of Jews in Romania between 1879 and 1938. It presents the Romanian citizenship law beginning with the constitutional amendment of 25 October 1879 and concluding with the citizenship review under the Goga ministry. It rediscusses the citizenship review using previously unexploited archival material. It argues that the Romanian State performed an almost complete rotation in the above-mentioned period: the State gradually granted most of the Jews in Romania citizenship, then challenged its acts beginning with 1936. The citizenship review deprived 30% of the Jewish population in Romania of its citizenship shortly later, in 1938-1939.

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Templul Coral, un spațiu al memoriei de un secol și jumătate

Author(s): Lya Benjamin / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2 (18)/2017

This study is a short history of the Coral Temple from the time it was built until today. It highlights: the modernism of this holy place, without impairing upon tradition; its religious, cultural, philanthropic and political functions. The multifaceted activity of the Temple is presented chronologically, across different political regimes of modern and contemporary Romania. The erection of the Coral Temple, in the 1850s and 60s, marks the beginning of modern times, as well as the beginning and self-emancipation of the Jews in the Romanian context.

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Официалните турски преброявания на населението като извор за етническия характер на Македония (1879 –1912)

Author(s): Stanislava Stoycheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2020

The study examines the censuses of the Bulgarian population in Macedonia during the Late Ottoman Empire (1879 – 1912) on the basis of the official state censuses (Salname). Statistical and demographic indicators of the population are traced.

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Серското българско мъжко педагогическо училище 1895–1913 г.

Author(s): Georgi Trenchev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2020

The high schools opened by the Bulgarian Exarchate could not solve the problem of training teachers for the Bulgarian schools in Macedonia and Edirne Thrace. That is why the Exarchate decided to open pedagogical schools. The Serres Men's Pedagogical School is one of them. This publication, based on archival and published sources, discusses the emergence and development of this school. The curricula, the organization, the teachers, the students, the base of the school and its results during the years of its existence are revealed.

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Обликът на Петрич в първите години след Освобождението. Спомени на Иван Георгиев Чорбаджийски

Author(s): Todor Tarakov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2020

The memoirs of Ivan Chorbadzhiyski (1908 – 1998) reflect the time from the first years after the Liberation of Petrich in 1912, before the town began to gradually change its appearance from Oriental to modern. They contain a lot of interesting information about the town's neighbourhoods, shopping streets and squares, iconic public buildings and houses. The author Ivan Chorbadzhiyski was born in the village of Hadjibeylik, Demirhisar region, today's Hellenic Republic, but lived in Petrich since he was a child. He remembered a number of facts and important figures from local history. He was a tailor by profession. The memoirs were recorded in 1996 and are published here for the first time.

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Провозглашение независимости Болгарии 22 сентября 1908 г. в оценках историографии Российской империи

Author(s): Dmitro Mikolenko / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1-2/2020

In this paper we consider scientific works devoted to the proclamation of the independence of Bulgaria in 1908, such well-known researchers as P. N. Milyukov, A. L. Pogodin, V. I. Picheta, N. V. Yastrebov and P. A. Lavrov. The author shows not only the contribution presented by the authors to the study of this issue, but also defines how the creation of the Balkan Union of 1912, the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913, the unfolding of the global world conflict of 1914, the accession of Bulgaria to the Triple Alliance of 1915 and others important political and international events influenced the assessments given by Russian researchers to the proclamation of the independence of the principality. In addition, the article shows how the political preferences of historians, their social origin, and also their belonging to a particular nationality influenced the interpretation of this event. The author came to the conclusion that, despite the different ethnic origins, they did not go beyond the framework of the Russian imperial narrative. Belorus A. L. Pogodin, Ukrainian V. I. Picheta, Russians P. N. Milyukov, N. V. Yastrebov and P. A. Lavrov interpreted the declaration of independence of Bulgaria in the same way. The assessments of the historians of the event of interest to us were influenced exclusively by the international conjuncture.

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ТВОРЧІСТЬ ХУДОЖНИКА ЯК ВІДБИТТЯ СОЦІАЛЬНО-ПОЛІТИЧНОЇ СИТУАЦІЇ В УКРАЇНІ

Author(s): Irina Ivanovna Mishchenko / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2019

The purpose of this article is to highlight the peculiarities of the influence of the state's ideology on the artists work during the Soviet period. The methodology of this study involves the application of methods of historical, systematic, biographical and art-study analysis. The application of such methods enables one to study minutely and objectively the causes of the censorship of artistic works during the time of the existence of the USSR, the specifics of the introduction of socialist realism in the culture of the country by examining it on the example of the work of one of the artists. The scientific novelty of this research results in study of the influence of dominant ideology and socialist realism on the creativity of the particular author as well as the observation of the changes in his works of different periods. Conclusions. Each artist always exists in a certain social environment, reflecting to a greater or lesser extent in his work both the influence of the environment and the socio-political situation in the state. However, in the history of Ukraine there were periods when such influence turned into pressure, limiting the freedom of creativity of the artists, as well as the freedom of the representatives of other types of art. In particular, these were the decades of the existence of Soviet power, when the regulation of the creative process was perhaps the most rigid, not only subordinating the work of artists to the ideological needs of the ruling party, but also determining even the stylistic principles of the solution of works. The confrontation of modernist trends and socialist realism was visible already in the early 1930s, as both the official documents of that time and the works of artists evidence. The study of this topic allowed to determine the manifestations of stylistic changes, in particular, in the work of the Chernivtsi author Leon Kopelman, whose work clearly demonstrates the transition from the trends of European modernism to the art of socialist realism with the characteristic ideological reflection of historical events and the modern life of the country.

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Erik Fischer: Beiträge zur Geschichte der Musik und Musikkultur in Danzig und Westpreußen

Author(s): Hartmut Möller / Language(s): German Issue: 3/2020

Review of: Hartmut Möller - Erik Fischer: Beiträge zur Geschichte der Musik und Musikkultur in Danzig und Westpreußen; (Berichte des interkulturellen Forschungsprojekts „Deutsche Musikkultur im östlichen Europa“, Bd. 5.) Franz Steiner Verlag. Stuttgart 2018. XX, 453 S., Ill. ISBN 978-3-515-09325-5. (€ 66,–.)

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L’ATTITUDE YOUGOSLAVE ET ITALIENNE CONCERNANT LA QUESTION ALBANAISE DANS LA CONFERENCE DE PAIX (janvier-mars 1919)

Author(s): Muin Çami,Marenglen Verli / Language(s): French Issue: 01/2016

Comme on le sait, la Conférence de Paix de Paris, 1919-1920, était organisée par les cinq grandes puissances, la Grande-Bretagne, la France, les États-Unis, l'Italie et le Japon, pour résoudre, par leur prise de décision, les problèmes politiques et territoriaux créés par les développements au cours de la Première Guerre Mondiale Bien qu'elle n'ait pas été alliée d’aucune des parties belligérantes, l'Albanie se trouvait dans une situation très difficile menaçant son existence. Il était peu probable que les récentes injustices de la Conférence des Ambassadeurs de Londres (1912-1913) aient été définitivement corrigées, et un traité de 1915, à savoir le Traité secret de Londres du 26 avril 1915, signé par les puissances d'Entente avec l'Italie, pour la faire séduire dans leur coté, menaçait d’anéantir l’État fragile albanais, créé seulement quelques années auparavant.

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Reflecting on the Diaspora: The Transylvanian Saxon Self-Image and the Saxons Abroad

Author(s): Sacha E. Davis / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2012

Communities both shape and are shaped by their geographical contexts, the spaces of social, economic and environmental interaction in which they are found. These spaces are fluid and contingent, reflecting and influencing changes in the community that gives them significance. This is true also of ‘spaces of imagination’, the geographical context in which the myths and self-representations of the collective are formed and given meaning. The late formation of the German nation-state, and the exclusion of many ethnic Germans from its borders, resulted in a fractured German nationalism in which local (Heimat) identities played a prominent role. This was particularly true for so-called ‘Germans Abroad’ [Auslandsdeutschtum]; German minorities living outside of Germany, mainly in scattered settlements in Eastern Europe. Far from simply reflecting the nationalism of Germany, Germans Abroad embraced understandings of Germanness that reflected their local circumstances and histories. While Heimat communities were local in origin, migration from Europe to the Americas in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries transformed them into transatlantic communities. But what meaning did local identities have in a transnational context, and how did transnational ties of localness relate to Germans’ growing sense of German nationalism?

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Die Siebenbürger Sachsen im Blick der Luxemburger

Author(s): Philippe Henri Blasen / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2012

Das gemeinsame Kulturjahr 2007 Luxemburg/ Großregion Luxemburg–Hermannstadt hat zu einem Zeitpunkt, zu dem die Idee von Kulturkreisen und Nationalstaaten von der Wissenschaft kritisiert wird, in Luxemburg wieder alte nationalistische Thesen aufleben lassen beziehungsweise neue geschaffen, folgt man dem Luxemburger Soziologen Fernand Fehlen. Offizielle Diskurse und polemische Schriften weckten erneut die Aufmerksamkeit der Luxemburger Öffentlichkeit an Siebenbürgen und an seinen sächsischen Einwohnern. Dieses Interesse hatte seit Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs nachgelassen, nachdem die Karpatenregion siebzig Jahre lang, von etwa 1870 bis 1940, immer wieder in Luxemburg für begeisterte Artikel gesorgt hatte.

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Untergang oder Aufbruch? Siebenbürgen nach dem Ende des Ersten Weltkriegs

Author(s): Stefan Măzgăreanu / Language(s): German Issue: _/2019

Am 15. September 2018 fand in Gundelsheim am Neckar die Jahresversammlung des Arbeitskreises für Siebenbürgische Landeskunde (AKSL) in Kooperation mit dem Institut für deutsche Kultur und Geschichte Südosteuropas an der LMU München (IKGS) und der Kulturreferentin für Siebenbürgen am Siebenbürgischen Museum Gundelsheim zum Thema „Untergang oder Aufbruch? Siebenbürgen nach dem Ende des Ersten Weltkriegs“ statt. Gefördert wurde die Tagung von der Beauftragten der Bundesregierung für Kultur und Medien. Aus unterschiedlichen historisch-politischen sowie literarisch-künstlerischen Blickwinkeln wurden die Folgen des Zerfalls der Habsburgermonarchie für Siebenbürgen beleuchtet. Inhaltlich schloss sich diese Jahresversammlung zum 100. Jahrestag des Endes des Ersten Weltkriegs damit an die 49. Jahrestagung „Umbruch mit Schlachtenlärm“ 2014 an, die anlässlich des 100. Jahrestags seines Beginns die einschneidende Bedeutung des Ereignisses und seiner Folgen für Siebenbürgen untersuchte.

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Balkan Anti-Semitism: The Cases of Bulgaria and Romania before the Holocaust

Author(s): William I. Brustein,Ryan D. King / Language(s): English Issue: 03/2004

The considerable difference between Bulgaria and Romania with regards to Jews and anti-Semitism makes for an intriguing case study, and the available evidence thus far appears to challenge prominent theories of European anti-Semitism. Why did Bulgaria protect its Jews despite its alliance with Nazi Germany during WWII, while anti-Semitism flourished in Romania? Were these countries equally as distinct with regards to anti-Semitism prior to the rise of European fascism? If so, how great was the difference in popular anti-Semitism in the two countries, and how might the differences be explained? In this article, the authors attempt to address the latter two questions by examining Bulgarian and Romanian anti-Semitism prior to WWII. They seek to show that popular anti-Semitism in Bulgaria was noticeably scant between 1899 and 1939 while rather extensive in Romania during the same period, attempt to illustrate where existing theories of anti-Semitism have trouble explaining the cases of Bulgaria and Romania, and propose an eclectic theory to account for societal variation in anti-Semitism.

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Evoluția demografică, structura, emigrarea și imigrarea populației comunei Avram Iancu

Author(s): Marinel Chirițescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2020

The article presents and analyses the demographic situation, population structure, emigration and immigration of the inhabitants of Vidra de Sus, Avram Iancu commune since 1924. This name was taken in honour of the most important son of the locality, the great national hero Avram Iancu, one hundred years after his birth, since the first documented reference to the present. The demographic evolution of the inhabitants of Avram Iancu commune (former Vidra de Sus) until 1924 was closely related to the demographic evolution of Vidra, being a part (village) of this territorial administrative unit. After the Great Union, and having administrative autonomy since 1924, this remarkable locality evolves itself in the history of Transylvania, independently, as well as its population. The evolution of the population is characterised by a high birth rate, families with many children and was indeed a demographic "reservoir" for the adjacent and more remote areas of Țara Moților, Transylvania in particular, and Romania, in general. This locality with a majority Orthodox Christian population was characterised by the fact that the population was 100% Romanian over the centuries. The article provides detailed information and analyses the demographic data provided by the authorities over several centuries. It surprises the deportation and flight of the inhabitants until 1918, especially after the events of 1784 and 1848-1849, the emigrations and colonisation of the inhabitants after 1918, the depopulation of Avram Iancu commune from the last decades, etc.

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ZAVIČAJ I ZAVIČAJNIK. PRILOG O ODNOSIMA BRODA PREMA NADBISKUPU JOSIPU STADLERU (I.)

Author(s): Mato Artuković,Ivan Stipić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2020

This is the first part of a paper that contributes to knowledge about the relationship between Brod and the people of Brod and Archbishop Josip Stadler. Through his example it is possible to acquire a clear view of how politics dictates and forms the consciousness of citizens towards their fellow citizens, even those whom may be ranked among the most prominent. The political struggle at the national level was also reflected at the local level. Stadler was a great opponent of the Yugoslav option and the entry into a joint state with Serbia. His political option was Western, “trialistic” with a reliance on the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy; in social matters his option was Christian-social with a distinct feeling for the poorest citizens, regardless of religious affiliation. “Materinska riječ- The mother tongue” as the newspaper of the Croatian-Serbian coalition (whose leader was Dr. Vatroslav Brlić) and “Posavska Hrvatska-Posavina Croatia” as the rightwing newspaper of Frank’s side, are two papers that take a completely opposite position towards Stadler. For the Materinska riječ, Stadler is a “dangerous man” because of his opposition to their political program of “one nation with two names” and a common state with Serbia. As most of the newspapers published in Brod between the two wars represented Yugoslav ideology, Stadler was rarely mentioned and practically forgotten in them. His values for Croatian people were temporarily recognized during the Independent State of Croatia. After the advent of the communist dictatorship, primarily in the newspaper Brodski list, he was not even mentioned. With the collapse of the dictatorship, Brod and the people of Brod got to know their great fellow citizen. The biggest credit for this goes first of all to the Sisters of the Servant of the Infant Jesus, a religious community founded by Archbishop Stadler.

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GRAD I LJUDI U VREMENU

Author(s): Safet Bandžović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 3/2019

Review of: Safet Bandžović - Život, ljudi i događaji: Tuzla na razmeđu 19. i 20. stoljeća autora Izeta Šabotića (Centar za istraživanje moderne i savremene historije, Tuzla, 2019).

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PRAVO I DRUŠTVENA STVARNOST: MUSLIMANI U MONARHISTIČKOJ JUGOSLAVIJI

Author(s): Safet Bandžović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 2/2020

Review of: Safet Bandžović - Muslimani Jugoslavije nakon Velikog rata: odjeci Mirovnog ugovora iz Saint-Germaina 1919. (Institut za islamsku tradiciju Bošnjaka, Sarajevo, 2020, 361 str.)

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The Vortex and the Labyrinth: Bruno Schulz and the Objective Correlative

Author(s): David A. Goldfarb / Language(s): English Issue: 02/1997

Bruno Schulz and T. S. Eliot both saw the production of meaning in art as a process deeply laden with the construction and conjuring of mythologies. Despite the religion of the Now and the Future, by which many would characterize Modernism, the recurring gesture of primitivism signals a concomitant yearning for origins. In this essay, I would like to explore the theoretical positions on mythology and meaning in Schulz and Eliot, and consider how they play out in the two authors' artistic work. [...]

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American Philanthropy in Action: The American Red Cross in Greece, 1918-1923

Author(s): Dimitra Giannuli / Language(s): English Issue: 01/1996

The entry of the United States into the First World War was the decisive factor that gave the Allies indisputable superiority over the Central Powers and soon after determined the outcome of the war. Yet, although the great U.S. military and economic support contributed the catalytic energy for the Allied victory, U.S. humanitarian efforts, in the form of joint private and government relief missions, left the more lasting impression upon the European people. The American Red Cross banner became the distinctive symbol of American humanitarian involvement in the European war. The organization's war and postwar operations can serve as a case study of a philanthropic agency that, while fulfilling its humanitarian task, became at the same time a major political instrument of U.S. postwar influence in Europe. [...]

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