Raamatutest ja lugemisest baltisaks memuaristika valguses

Author(s): Reet Bender / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 04/2018

The article discusses the references to reading and learning to read in Baltic German memoirs. It also introduces some new sources, which are particularly valuable for containing information on everyday history. The examples represent the period from the late 18th century to the interval between the two World Wars. Despite the long period of report, as well as the social diversity and gender heterogeneity of the list of authors (e.g. Baer, Anders, Schwartz, Ostwald, Hunnius, Kentmann, Hartge, Bodisco, Taube, Staden etc.) it is notable that reading and books have often been considered worthy of discussing in memoirs. In most cases it is described how one learned to read (here the mother’s role can hardly be overestimated), adolescent reading experiences (as an important part of personality development) and the procurement of reading material. Adult reading habits can rather be deduced from indirect evidence, such as, e.g. mentions of reading to children or family, which was a popular pastime in Baltic German Biedermeier homes. The second half of the 19th century brings conscious guidance of children in the choice of reading materials, and also an accumulation of books in homes, due to improved conditions for publishing and bookselling as well as to economic growth in the Baltic provinces. University students, in addition, had access to the voluminous libraries of student corporations. The authors and texts referred to in the memoirs testify to a continuous consumption of culture, keeping in step with Germany and in touch with all fashionable and topical texts. A vital issue was the example of other family members and the availability of books to rouse and develop mental and spiritual interests in children, which was, however, done in a natural combination with other activities, without becoming an end in itself.

Inglise luule ja draama baltisaksa retseptsioonist - Eestimaa Kirjanduse Ühingu raamatukogu põhjal

Author(s): Kairit Kaur / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 05/2018

Based on the subclass XII (poetry and drama) of the Library of Estonian Literary Society, a Baltic German learned society (1842-1940) in Tallinn, this paper takes a look at the emergence of English literature in (Northern) Estonia. A more continuous reception of English literature in this area began in the second half of the 18th century. Although the most often mentioned publication place was London and some direct contacts can be traced with the help of inscriptions, the main part (4/5) of English literature reached the Baltic German reader via German printing and publishing houses and in translation. Some works were also published in the Baltics. In the 18th and 19th centuries only a few were able to read English in Estonia, mostly people with higher education, e. g. teachers, but also some merchants and aristocrats. The most popular authors of poetry and drama were Shakespeare and Byron, the most popular texts including Macpherson’s The Poems of Ossian, Milton’s Paradise Lost, Thomson’s The Seasons and Young’s Night-Thoughts.

Esimese öö õiguse stereotüübi leviku eellugu. Mõisnike ja talutüdrukute suhetest regilaulus ning valgustusajastu saksa kirjameeste teostes

Author(s): Merili Metsvahi / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 07/2018

The article was inspired by interest in how the stereotype of the right of the first night (ius primae noctis) arrived in Estonia. The first publication introducing the meaning of ius primae noctis to the Estonian reader is a translator’s footnote in the Estonian translation of the first part of “Ehstland und die Ehsten” by Johann Christoph Petri (1901). The translator was Adam Peterson, who had cut a figure in the Estonian society in the 1860s. It was certainly arbitrary of him to attach his commentary on ius primae noctis to a text on the Estonian condition written by a German enlightener. However, numerous bits and pieces of information on sexual relations between landlords and peasant girls can indeed be found in other works on Estonia by Petri and other enlighteners, which anticipate later discussions on the subject. The article is focused on sexual relations between people of unequal social ranks as depicted in the works of Christian Hieronymus Justus Schlegel, August Wilhelm Hupel, J. Chr. Petri and Garlieb Helwig Merkel. The prime aim of Schlegel and Hupel was to introduce the reader to Estonian topography and the ethnic and social customs of the inhabitants of the territory, whereas Petri and Merkel described the life of the peasant folk mainly in order to criticise the estate society. Hence the difference between the depictions of morganatic relationships by the two pairs of authors. Petri and Merkel put a relatively strong emphasis on such relationships, including several attempted rapes thwarted by the girl’s courageous defense of her honour. The agency of a girl and her readiness to act by herself in similar situations can also be noticed in old runo songs. The considerable independence and presence of mind of peasant girls, as well as the Estonians’ contempt for sexual relations with representatives of other estates are subjects also reflected in Hupel’s writings. Thus, on the one hand, the depiction of an Estonian girl or woman as a noble Amazon defending her virtue was a motif undermining the predestination ordained by the estate society and discrediting the ruling nobility. On the other hand, the fact that the subject keeps popping up in most different sources suggests that the motif must have had a solid basis in real life, associated with the historically strong position of the Estonian woman in the community.

Baltisaksa kirjakultuuri poliitilised dimensioonid - Politische Dimensionen der deutschbaltischen literarischen Kultur

Author(s): Tiina-Erika Friedenthal / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 11/2019

Review of: Politische Dimensionen der deutsch¬baltischen literarischen Kultur. (Schriften der Baltischen Historischen Kommission 22.) Koostanud Liina Lukas, Michael Schwidtal, Jaan Undusk. Münster: LIT Verlag, 2018. 350 lk.

Eesti keel XVII ja XVIII sajandil kiriku kirjalikus asjaajamises

Author(s): Kristiina Ross,Inna Põltsam-Jürjo / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 7/2021

The article deals with language use in 17th-18th century documents concerning the Estonian-speaking area. Although this was the period when German (and Swedish) pastors were busy creating literary Estonian, the latter was mainly used in translating church literature (catechisms, hymns, the Bible) and in sermon writing. The matrix language used in church administration was German. The documents contain but single Estonian sentences, phrases and words still missing generalised analysis. A closer look is given to the cases of Estonian used in four kinds of documents of church administration: 17th century visitation records, two different kinds of parish registers from the early 18th century, and a register of parishioners from the late 18th century. It is investigated whether it is reasonable to approach the Estonian language material found in those documents as cases of code switching and what could be revealed by such text fragments about the linguistic communication and the status of the Estonian language at that time. The results suggest that the code-switching approach worked best for the visitation records, where the Estonian quotations reveal a clear pragmatic meaning, namely, by switching from the German matrix language to Estonian, the writer expressed distancing from the quote. In parish registers, German and Estonian entries follow different templates. Occasional switching from one language to the other had no pragmatic meaning, whereas choice of the template must have been eloquent of intra-community social relations. The exact nature of the relationship needs further research, though. As for the register of parishioners from the late 18th century, it suggests that at least some of the documents of the period in question show mixed use of the two languages without any special meaning added by code switching.

Senj i izbori za Hrvatski sabor u kontekstu razvojačenja

Author(s): Stjepan Matković / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2022

With the fall of the absolutist administration and the restoration of constitutionalism in the Banovina of Croatia (1860-1861), the question of holding the Croatian Parliament once again came to the fore. According to the electoral rules, the town of Senj had the right to two representatives, and the Senj Chapter to one representative. Thereby a similar arrangement of representation was adopted as in the elections for the first representative parliament in 1848, to which Senj sent the same number of representatives. At the same time, a significant part of the Croatian political public also demanded that the issue of separating Senj from the Military Frontier be raised. During the parliamentary sessions, the representatives in a special petition asked the king to abolish the military administration in the town of Senj and that its status of a free royal town was recognised, which gave the Senj issue one of the most visible places in the parliamentary work. In this petition, they specifically referred to Rijeka, which had made significant progress under civilian administration, whilst Senj was constantly deteriorating under military administration. Thereby, the problem of Senj was seen in the context of a wider economic and transport policy that mirrored the power relations upon the construction of the Austro-Hungarian order. According to the temporary law on the electoral order for the Parliament of the Triune Kingdom from 1867, the town of Senj had the right to one representative, which was a consequence of the significantly reduced total number of parliamentary representatives before the Croatian-Hungarian Settlement. After the abolition of the military administration (1871), Senj always had its own constituency, and its electors elected one member of parliament. In addition, the bishop of Senj also held a secure place amongst the virilist members. The grand prefects of Rijeka and, from the 1880s, Lika-Krbava counties, where Senj was located, also received ban invitations. Despite the limited right to vote, the results reflected the ratios of power of the leading political currents, which, due to the decline of economic power, went in favour of the opposition representatives from the ranks of the Party of Rights. Finally, amongst the representatives of Senj there were people who were not born in Senj, however, the success of people from Senj was also recorded in other constituencies.

Slunjske crkve na grafičkim prikazima 17. i 18. stoljeća

Author(s): Zorislav Horvat / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2022

Slunj, the burg and the settlement, emerged during the second half of the 14th century. According to M. Bogović, there were two settlements, each with its own parish church. The main settlement, which is probably the oldest, was the one around the Church of St Mary Magdalene, in the position of today’s cemetery, and the other around the Church of All Saints, also called Trg. A Franciscan monastery with the Church of St Bernardine was built outside the settlement during the 15th century. Due to the Ottoman threat, both Slunj settlements were relocated to the area around the Franciscan monastery, and both parish churches were abandoned. At the same time, the Franciscan church was apparently remodelled as part of the fortifications around the new settlement. Today’s parish church was set on fire during the Homeland War, so the sanctuary of the old Franciscan church, built in the 16th century, appeared under the fallen plaster of the walls. It was a structure of modest design. The church was destroyed during an Ottoman raid in 1582 but was rebuilt at the beginning of the 18th century when it was expanded and given a baroque design. There are no preserved traces of the Churches of St Mary Magdalene and All Saints, only their approximate positions are known. At the end of the 17th and the beginning of the 18th century, frontier (Austrian and Italian) engineers drew the situation of Slunj, with floor plans and vedutas, on which the old churches of Slunj are shown. This documentation was drawn for the purposes of strengthening the border and defence against the Ottomans. The old parish Churches of St Mary Magdalene and All Saints are only indicated, whilst the centre of attention was the former Franciscan church, but only as part of the fortifications around Slunj. For both parish churches, it can be said that they were most likely constructed in the usual manner of parish churches in this part of Croatia: with a vaulted sanctuary, a flat-roofed nave and a bell tower on the western façade.

DJELO MAṬLAʻUʼL-FECR SALAHUDDINA UŠŠAKIJA (SALAHIJA) KAO PRIMJER PRVE REGAIBIJE U OSMANSKOJ KNJIŽEVNOSTI

Author(s): Emrah Seljaci / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 71/2022

This paper presents the work of Maṭlaʻuʼl-fecr by a famous Ottoman poet of the 18th century, Sheikh Abdullah Salahuddin Ushshaqi - Salahi. The work is of enormous importance for the entire Ottoman literature since it is the first poetic work that thematizes the conception of the Prophet of Islam. Thus, this is the first Regaʼibiyya written and composed for the purpose of performing at religious ceremonies on the occasion of Laylatur-regaib, the blessed night of the first Thursday in the month of Rajab. According to Islamic tradition, that night the Prophet’s mother Amina conceived Muhammad. Although this type of poetry is not as frequent in Ottoman literature as the Mawlid and Miʻrajiyya, its importance should not be neglected. It is particularly significant that the first Regaʼibiyya in the history of Ottoman literature was written by Salahuddin Ushshaqi, a poet of Bosnian descent. Therefore, in the continuance of the paper, general information about the author, his life and work is offered, and after the basic characteristics of Salahi’s Regaʼibiyya, an integral translation of the Mathnawi Maṭlaʻuʼl-fecr is presented. The translation itself is accompanied by additional explanations and interpretations of certain terms or verses.

SARAYBOSNA’DA İSA BEY ZAVİYESİ HAKKINDA BAZI BELGELER (I)

Author(s): Hatice Oruç / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 71/2022

The historical literature generally agrees that the zawiya built by Gazi Isa-bey in Sarajevo in 1462 on the right bank of the Miljacka river was a Mevlevi tekke from its inception. This thesis, however, cannot be supported by any clear historical evidence. According to the archives, the first documents linking Isa-bey’s zawiya to the Mevlevi tariqat date from a much later period than its founding. These documents originate from the last quarter of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century. They discuss the efforts and activities of Sheikh Osman Dede to establish a waqf for Isa Bey’s tekke in order to present it as Mevlevi. These documents contain important information regarding Isa-bey’s tekke in Sarajevo and the waqf that Osman Dede left to the zawiya, as well as the Mevlevi zawiya established by Haci Mahmud on the land of the waqf of Isa-bey and the Mevlevi order in Sarajevo.

Kogumik valgustusest, rahvavalgustusest ja valgustusajast

Author(s): Aivar Põldvee / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 07/2015

Review of: Balti kirjasõna ja kultuurielu valgustusajastu peeglis. (Eesti Ajalooarhiivi toimetised = Acta et commentationes Archivi Historici Estoniae 21 (28).) Koostanud Katre Kaju. Tartu: Eesti Ajalooarhiiv, 2014. 486 lk.

Ognjen Krešić, The Hilandar Monastery and the Eastern Balkans in the 18th Century: Cultural and Economic Ties, Belgrade: Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Institute for Balkan Studies, 2021, 251 pp.

Author(s): Dragana Lazić Stojković / Language(s): English Issue: 33/2022

OSMANLI YENİÇAĞI’NDA TOPRAĞA DAYALI ASKERÎ VE EKONOMİK YAPININ TEMSİLCİLERİ OLARAK ZÂİMLER: AMASYA ÖRNEĞİ (1700-1740)

Author(s): Zafer Karademir / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 75/2022

Ottoman historiography has a modern branch of study is growing leaps and bounds, but still has a long way to go before reaching maturity. One area it needs to focus on is the Ottoman timar system, namely the Ottoman “zeâmet, ” or "middle class,” and the who it was comprised of. The zaims were some of the most active actors in this system – which also happened to form the foundation of the Ottoman economy and military structure, and was welcomed by the viziers. Some attempted to gain financial and political influence by increasing their territorial holdings over earning and losing zeâmet. Others succeeded or failed to gain local influence. Alas, few have examined either topic in any length. This article will study of the representatives of rural and urban zaims in the Turkish province [then “sanjak”] of Amasya between and 1700 and 1740. We have looked at Tapu Tahrir, Muhimme, and Şeriyye Defters, retail documents obtained from the General Directorate of State Archives of the Republic of Turkey, and the domestic and foreign research on the subject. Eighty one (81) zeamet records reveal that a significant part of the zaims owned lands in the Amasya, and that they were state officials. What we can infer from that is that it central government used them as part of a broader "controlled growth" policy.

SIGILII ALE SATULUI BUDINȚ, COMITATUL TIMIȘ (SECOLELE XVIII-XX)

Author(s): Augustin Mureșan,Maria Alexandra Pantea / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 4/2022

In this article, five seals of the village of Budinț (today Ictar-Budinț), Timiș county (18th-20th centuries) are described. The first seal presented is of heraldic type, with symbols related to grain culture (wheat sheaf) and various agricultural tools in the shield. The second seal has the same symbol (the sheaf of wheat) in its emblem, but flanked by symbols representing tools: the rake, the sickle, the scythe, the coulter and the ploughshare. The images in the emblem of the first two seals speak plastically about the tilling of the earth (with the coulter and the ploughshare), the cultivation of cereals (the sheaf of wheat), the work tools (the scythe, the sickle, the rake, etc.), a fact that includes them in the category of local historical testimonies valuable. The next three described seals are without emblem, their seal field being replaced by the text of the legend that refers to the name of the town and the county of Timiș.

Crtice iz prošlosti trgovačke kuće Despić s posebnim osvrtom na privatne troškove 1870–1882. godine

Author(s): Hana Younis / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 21/2022

The paper provides insight into the history of the Despić family from the middle of the 18th century until the end of the 19th century. This is the period in which the family gradually became rich through trade and reached its peak in financial and social position. The paper lists the basic trade routes they used and the companies they most often did business with. Based on the sources, the author also analyzes the surname Despić, by which the family was recognizable, and provides information on when its members began to sign themselves that way. Special attention in the text is given to the analysis of the defter of household expenses that was kept by Aleksa during the Ottoman administration, and by his son Jeftan after the Austro-Hungarian occupation. On the basis of these data, the life of the family, their mutual relationship, but also the social and status changes of a respectable Sarajevo family is depicted.

Ареалы распространения некоторых типов нательных крестов XVII—XIX веков по данным из Государственного каталога музейного фонда Российской Федерации

Author(s): Sergej V. Gorokhov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 6/2022

This article is the first nation-wide attempt to study an issue of localization of certain types of body crosses in the Russian archaeology. The source base of the study is represented by 5,465 body crosses originating from 78 regions of the Russian Federation. The localization of 20 different types of body crosses is reviewed. It was determined that 16 of them have a dense geographical localization. The results obtained allow concluding that the data from the State Catalogue of the Museum Fund of the Russian Federation, as a whole, correctly reflects the cultural and historical phenomena of the past. The manufacturing centers for most types of crosses were established. The migration directions of groups of people with certain types of crosses were revealed. It is proposed to identify crosses with such morphological and/or iconographic features, which have limited geographical localization, as typological units, as this allows moving from a formal record-oriented classification to an informative one, that is, one that reflects the cultural and historical phenomena of the past.

Сибирские обычаи и обряды в археологии: «Мышка, забери мой зуб молочный, дай мне новый — прочный»

Author(s): Sergey F. Tataurov,Larisa V. Tataurova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 6/2022

Despite the orthodox faith the Russian population of Siberia preserved and actively used pre-Christian customs and beliefs brought from Rus’ in the traditional household ritual culture. Archaeological observations allow us to show attitudinal plots of spiritual culture that are not related to Christian practices.For the first time, the authors offer for the scientific discussion archaeological evidence of syncretism of the national worldview in a broad context, based on the study of urban and rural culture of the 17th—18th centuries. They examine images-amulets on women’s and men’s rings, symbols-amulets on objects, in dwellings, ceremonial dishes, the funerary rite of children, the belief in the replacement of baby teeth, customs in relation to domestic guardian spirits – domovoy and bannik. This complements and enhances the existing ethnographic knowledge.

A spanyol posztkoloniális külpolitika az 1898-as „katasztrófától” a francóista Hispanidad születéséig

Author(s): Réka Kontra / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2018

The lost cause of last Spanish colonies like Cuba, took a catastrophic effect on Spain in 1898. Both foreign policy and internal affairs changed, the postcolonial relations became the focus point of the mother country. After this disaster hispanismo and later Hispanidad were born which dominated the Spanish intellectual life. The primary aim was to get these lost lands back, but in another way, without conquest. These movements created new relations with Latin-America at the spiritual horizon to unify the inhabitants of Spain and Spanish descendants in America. Synchronization of economy and foreign policy like primary aims, gave a chance to re-establish Spain’s international loss of prestige and to hold up the expansion of the USA. Hispanismo was a theoretic phenomenon with conservative characteristics such as racial segregation which was eliminat-ed by Hispanidad. The latter was a political instrument that during Fran-quismo pushed into Latin-American policy.

Ajutoarele româneşti în favoarea aşezămintelor athonite Karacalu şi Marea Lavră. Noi mărturii documentare (sec. al XVIII-lea)

Author(s): Gheorghe Lazăr / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 68/2022

Les recherches des dernières décennies ont mis en évidence encore une fois le rôle que l’aide accordé par les princes des pays roumains a joué dans la survivance au fil de temps des établissements religieuses trouvés dans l’espèce de l’Orthodoxie, tout en contribuant à une meilleure compréhension du phénomène de la transmission de l’héritage byzantin après la disparition de l’Empire, au milieu du XVe siècle, sous les coups d’armé ottoman. Dans cette perspective, la présente étude offre des nouvelles informations sur les contacts des principautés roumaines, au XVIIIe siècle, avec deux établissements du Mont Athos: les monastères Karakalu et Lavra (Saint Athanase). Pas moins de sept nouvelles chartes princières identifiées par l’auteur dans les fonds d’archives roumains, sont en mesure de souligner une fois de plus l’intensité de ces liens au XVIIIe siècle, une période qui n’est pas encore suffisamment étudiée. Dans l’annexe de l’étude, l’auteur publie le contenu intégral de ces documents, dont trois se réfèrent au monastère de Karacalu (11 mai 1765; 26 septembre 1776; 1782) et les quatre autres (ou cinq!) au monastère Lavra (1 octobre 1781; 16 janvier 1784; 30 novembre 1792; 13 septembre 1793, reconfirmé en 19 septembre 1799).

Planul satului Lăzăreni (Iaşi) şi surprizele sale: reşedinţa contelui Rumeanţev şi schitul de la Stânca Jijiei

Author(s): Laurențiu Rădvan,Mihail Anatolii Ciobanu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 68/2022

In the Military-Historical Archive from Moscow (RGVIA) there are numerous plans of regions from Romanian area, fortresses, cities, military routes, points of interest for the Russian army and administration interested in expanding their control or influence in South-Eastern Europe. Among the maps, there are also some of villages, most of them erected for reasons similar to those mentioned above. However, one plan caught our attention because it doesn't seem to have any military significance. It is the plan of the village of Lăzăreni and the surrounding region, drawn in 1791 by surveyors led by second major I. Kupcinov. The central point of interest of the plan is the residence of the great boyar Vasile Ruset (Rosetti), with the nearby church, garden, stables, mills, vineyards. Above the mansion was the village of Lăzăreni, and further north, in the forest, there is a hermitage, which we identified it as the mysterious Stânca hermitage on Jijia. The plan captures very well the topography and hydrography of the area, which have changed very little until today. The analysis of the written sources revealed the reasons for the making of this plan. At the Ruset boyar’s mansion, was present for more than two years marshal Petr Alexandrovich Rumyantsev (Zadunaischi), who had already distinguished himself through a long military career, started with the war with Sweden in 1741-1743, continued in the Seven Years’ War and culminated in the war Russian-Turkish from 1768-1774. He was sent to Moldavia in 1788, but age and illness, along with disagreements with Potemkin, led him to retire in the spring-summer of 1789 to the mansion of Lăzăreni, where he stayed until after the signing of the peace of Iasi (Jassy), from January 1792. Several letters sent from Lăzăreni by count Rumyantsev to Catherine II have been preserved. The residence here was visited and described in 1794 by Johann Christian von Struve and Heinrich von Reimers. The Lăzăreni estate and the mansion remained in the possession of the Ruset family, later passing to the Sturza family. It was destroyed in World War II, with only a few cellars, the church and a ruined vault nearby surviving.

Ţinutul Romanului în cadrul organizării administrative a Moldovei în secolul XVIII – prima jumătate a secolului XIX

Author(s): Georgiana Mădălina Mihai / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 68/2022

The dependence of the economy, administration and politics in the mid-18th century on the agrarian profile of Romanian society made it necessary to introduce new forms and structures, close to the modern ones, characteristic of Europe of the time. The reforms initiated by Constantin Mavrocordat, started with the promulgation of the Great Hrisov of 7 February 1741 – the basis of the Organic Regulation adopted in both Principalities between 1831 and 1832 –, were social, administrative, judicial and fiscal. Their purpose was on different levels, aiming to stop abuses, eliminate the accumulation of powers, establish the functioning of the judiciary system, standardize fiscal obligations towards the state and extend the category of taxpayers. From an administrative point of view, the number of counties of Moldavia varied according to the reign and historical circumstances, in the period between the 18th century and the first half of the 19th century. Roman County appeared constantly in the lists identified in various documents, from the “Aşezământul” from 1741 to the “Condica liuzilor” from 1803 and the cartographies made in the first half of the 19th century. The division of Roman County into three subdivisions, the Upper, Lower and Middle districts, made in 1741, was to be maintained until the new administrative-territorial organization from 1835, which began with the process of the enlargement of the counties, stipulated in Article 139 of the Organic Regulation. In the “Table of the village community”, which came into force only with the ruler’s approval in 1835, among the 13 counties of Moldavia, the Roman county was divided into four districts: Moldova, Siretul de Sus, Siretul de Jos and Fundul. Although applied under provisional conditions, the “Table of the village community” represented the model of the administrative-territorial organization of Moldavia, until 1864.