Следственные дела "о суевериях" в России первой половины XVIII в. в свете проблем истории общественного сознания

Author(s): Elena Borisovna Smiljanskaja / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/1996

Магия (чародейство, волшебство, колдовство), мантика (ворожба, гадание), календарные обряды и обычаи сохраняли важное место в религиозной жизни православных подданных Российской империи XVIII в. Уходя корнями в глубокую древность, многие дохристианские верования к этому времени давно тесно переплелись с Православием и порой стали частью христианства в народном его понимании. Но в официальной идеологии значительная часть прежде всего магических верований рассматривалась как враждебные церкви "суеверия” и, декларируя в Век Просвещения борьбу с ними, и светские, и церковные власти Российского государства возбуждали в центре и на местах сотни следственных дел, тяжелыми карами утверждая чистоту Православия в его "синодальном варианте".

Новая библиография старой русской периодики

Author(s): Sokolinsky Evgeny Kirillovich / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/1996

Указатель Н. М. Лисовского "Библиография русской периодической печати, 1703-1900 гг." остается уникальным памятником отечественной науки. И все же нам мало тех сведений, которые дает старая заслуженная книга, уже не говоря о том, что она стала редкостью. Уровень современной науки предъявляет повышенные требования к информационным текстам.

Goethe und seine Zeitgenossen in Böhmen

Author(s): Uwe Hentschel / Language(s): German Issue: 01+02/2016

Es scheint, als hätte Böhmen für die deutschen Intellektuellen des 18. und beginnenden 19. Jahrhunderts nur eine geringe Bedeutung besessen. Keineswegs gehörte das Land zu den beliebten Reisezielen der gebildeten Deutschen, die bekanntlich in jener Zeit Aufenthalte in Italien, Frankreich, der Schweiz oder England bevorzugten. Und doch fuhren alljährlich in den Sommermonaten hunderte Auswärtige über die Grenze in das Land hinein. Es waren vor allem die Bäderreisenden, die Kranken, Rekonvaleszenten, Hypochonder aller Couleur sowie die repräsentationssüchtigen Standespersonen, welche Teplitz, Marien-, Karls- oder Franzensbad aufsuchten.

Svět pod napětím

Author(s): Ivo Harák / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2013

The end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century appear to have been a turning point in many ways as well as a key period for understanding the subsequent literary evolution. Areas in which tensions caused by historical processes became strongly evident were, for instance, the life styles and attitudes of the aristocracy, the intellectual atmosphere, the status of women in the society and the emergence of ego-documentary genres. With reference to the above-mentioned topics, this essay deals with two editions of ego-documentary texts written by two young noblewomen who spent their youth during the period of sentimentalism and romanticism. This essay demonstrates how strong the preserving role of states and cultural traditions was and to what extent individual – and in some passages even literary – features of the authors can be considered. (This literariness may also be caused by the fact that ego-documentaries have gradually become a valid part of literary context as well as by the fact that through ego-documentaries even traditional prose genres have been modified.)

Železnobrodská pašijová hra z hlediska žánrového charakteru a vlivu dobových poetik. „Rodokmen“ hry

Author(s): Roman Schmidt / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1-2/2010

Theatrum passionale domini nostri Iesu Christi anebo Zrdcadlo umučení Pána našeho Ježíše Krista Spasitele, shortly Passion Play of Železný Brod, is a North Bohemian passion play from the second half of the 18th century. The article focuses on the genre-specific character of the play, including contemporary designations comedy and mirror. It pays attention to the religious context of the play, to the influence of Jesuit drama and contemporary poetics (Kolčava, Balbín) and evaluates the relations between passion plays from the regions of Giant Mountains and Lužické Mountains, whose still uncertain dating greatly problematizes this research.

Působení Františka Xavera Jiříka na německém divadle v Budíně a v Pešti v letech 1789–1813

Author(s): Richard Pražák / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1-2/2009

František Xaver Jiřík ist in der tschechischen literaturwissenschaftlichen und theatrologischen Literatur eine fast unbekannte Persönlichkeit. Seine Wirkung auf den deutschen Bühnen in Ofen und Pest registrierte mit einigen Bemerkungen nur die ungarische und deutsche wissenschaftliche Literatur. Der Autor bezieht sich auf seine langjährige Forschung in den ungarischen Bibliotheken und Archiven. F. X. Jiřík war ein Mitglied des Opern- und Schauspielenensembles bei den deutschen Theatern in Ofen und Pest in den Jahren 1789–1813. Neben den Hauptrollen in den Harlekiniaden und Kasperliaden des älteren Typus brillierte er vor allem in den komischen Rollen in romantisch-komischen Märchen- und Volksopern von Vincenc Ferrerius Tuček und Wenzel Müller (man könnte seine Titelrolle in der komischen Oper von Tuček Hans Klachel im Jahre 1802 besonders hervorheben). Oft trat er auch in den Opern Mozarts auf (er war z.B. ein langjähriger Papageno in der Zauberflöte). Er war aber auch in kleineren Rollen in den Schauspielen von Shakespeare und Schiller zu sehen. Ein wichtiger Teil des Lebenswerkes Jiříks waren die Übersetzungen der italienischen Opernlibretti ins deutsche. Jiřík übersetzte Libretti zu den Opern Haydns (Armida, Ritter, Roland der Stärke), Mozarts (Don Juan und Die Großmut des Titus), Salieris (Axur, König von Ormus), Guglielmis (Die adelige Schäferin), Paisiellos (Die Müllerin) u. a. Er schrieb auch zwei originelle Libretti zum Singspiel von Johann Panneck Die christliche Judenbraut (1789) und zu der biblischen Oper von Vincenc Ferrerius Tuček Israels Wanderung durch die Wüste (1810). Er unternahm auch Versuche um eigenes dramatisches Schaffen. Neben der Tragödfie Achilles und Polyxena (1808) dem „historisch-militaristischern“ Schauspiels Die Einführung des Prinz-Eugenius-Thores oder Temeswars Befreyung (1813) schrieb er vor allem das Schauspiel Stephan, der erste König der Hungarn (1792), und das als Vorlage für das gleichnamige Stück des bedeutenden ungarischen Dramatikers József Katona diente. Die ungarischen Zuschauer wollte Jiřík auch mit der komischen Oper mit Ballet Hungarns Gastfreiheit (1802), wo er der Autor des Textes und vielleicht auch der Musik war, gewinnen. Das Autorenwerk Jiříks zeichnet sich abgesehen von den dramaturgischen Mängeln (schleppende Handlung, langwierige und nicht funktionelle Dialoge u.a.) durch aufklärerischen Widerwillen gegen die Stände- und Rassen Vorurteile und demokratisches Empfinden aus. František Xaver Jiřík vereinte in sich das österreichisches Bewußtsein und den europäischen Ausblick mit Aufklärungseinsichten. Dem Verlust der tschechischen Identität setzte er seinen Beitrag zu der deutschen und ungarischen Kultur in Ungarn entgegen.

Dzieje opiniowania sądowo-lekarskiego w Królestwie Prus w XVIII stuleciu

Author(s): Malwina Dębicka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1-2/2021

W artykule przedstawiono historię i przebieg opiniowania sądowo-lekarskiego w Królestwie Prus w XVIII wieku. Opisano działalność pierwszych instytucji zajmujących się sprawami z zakresu medycyny publicznej w kraju, w tym medyczno-sądowymi. W artykule przedstawiono działalność uczelni i wydziałów medycznych, pionierskie badania wybitnych profesorów medycyny, a także najważniejsze regulacje prawne dotyczące orzecznictwa sądowo-lekarskiego. Omówiono problematykę udziału biegłych lekarzy w postępowaniu sądowym w celu rozstrzygnięcia kwestii związanych z oceną stanu zdrowia i życia. Opiniowanie sądowo-lekarskie w Prusach rozwijało się niezwykle prężnie w XVIII stuleciu (szczególnie na tle innych krajów europejskich), zaś swoją tradycją sięga czasów Lex Caroliny z 1532 roku oraz Lex Bambergiany z 1508 roku. [The article presents the history and the course of medicolegal opinions in the Kingdom of Prussia in the 18th century. The activities of the first institutions dealing with matters in the field of public medicine in the country, including medico-forensics, are described. The article presents the activities of universities and medical faculties, pioneering research by eminent professors of medicine, as well as the most important legal regulations concerning medicolegal judgments. The issue of the participation of expert doctors in court proceedings in order to resolve issues related to the assessment of health and life was discussed. Medicolegal opinions in Prussia developed very dynamically in the 18th century (especially compared to other European countries), and its tradition dates back to the times of Lex Carolina from 1532 and Lex Bambergiana from 1508.]

Beschäftigungen mit der siebenbürgischen Kirchenmusik zwischen dem XVI–XVIII. Jahrhundert. Chronologie

Author(s): Mihai Brie / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2020

In the context of the musicology research of the centuries before the Christian reform (1814), the current scientific research brings to the fore the donors who have dedicated themselves to the media-Byzantine musical art in the cultural, ethnic, religious, musicological context, striving through their primary research to contribute after being able to the area of the researches in the Carpathian-Danubian-Pontic area thus completing the obol of their potential in the perspective of the great event from the beginning of the 19th century.

Монетите в търговията между Виена и Константинопол през XVIII век

Author(s): Snezhka Panova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 10/1991

The problem which is an object of the present article is not studied in our and foreign historiography. It is developed on the basis of some unpublished and published sources, but they are not used in this aspect till now. The monetary trade between Austria and the Ottoman Empire is a part of the more common problem of the trade relations between the two countries. The framing of these relations is a basic part of the policy of Austria during the whole 18 century because they are a chief factor for its international politic and economic development. This policy, however, meets the rivalry and the resistance of the Western Great powers – France, England and the Netherlands – which take their place in the trade of the Levant a century before Austria. As a result of this in the opinion of the Austrian government till the end of the century the country maintains passive balance of trade in this commerce. However this conclusion is imaginary, because Austria controls its balance of trade namely through the monetary trade. The information from the sources shows that in the center of this commerce between Vienna and Constantinople stay the countries from South-Eastern Europe, respectively the Bulgarian lands: with their merchants, trade roads, centers and markets. Organized in trade associations and mastered in the juncture of the money-change deals, they are the main factor and motor of the import – export monetary trade. The importance of the monetary trade for the Ottoman Empire – the Bulgarian lands – is a two-way process: it influences positively the formation of the commercial bourgeoisie, activates the markets and their incorporating to the European commerce; and from the other side the levelling of the balance of trade through the monetary trade puts in dependence the economic development of the Ottoman empire as a whole, and in a more concrete way – the countries from the South-Eastern Europe.

Български преселвания в Южна Русия през 50-те години на XVIII век

Author(s): Stefan Doynov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 11/1991

The first more definite data about the movement of Bulgarians in Russia dates from the beginning of the 18th century, when Peter I summons in the Russian army several war detachments of South Slav volunteers. For systematic and purposeful settlement of Bulgarian fugitives, however, can be talked hardly from the autumn of 1751. Then under the leadership of Colonel Ivan Horvat in the south of the country pass several dozens of Bulgarian volunteers from the Austrian hussar detachments. Together with the already arrived from the Ottoman Empire compatriots, they form two volunteer regiments in the Azov region. The emigrant movements acquire new power in the time of the two wars of Katherine and in the time of the so-called turmoil in Kurdzhali. Differently from the first decades of the century, now the bigger part of the fugitives acquire different peaceful professions – agriculture, stock-breeding and crafts. The lack of different kinds of statistical data does not give possibility to point out the exact number of the assimilated among the foreign ethnic groups Bulgarians, and we can definitely say, that to the next Russian-Turkish war (1806–1812) at least 17–18 thousand Bulgarians settle in the so-called Novorosiisk region.

В. П. Грачев. Балканские владения Османской империи на рубеже XVIII–XIX вв. (Внутреннее положение, предпосылки национально-освободительных движений). М., Наука, 1990. 197 с.

Author(s): Ognyana Mazhdrakova-Chavdarova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 12/1991

Preocupări de muzicologie bisericească transilvăneană între sec. XVI–XVIII. Cronologie

Author(s): Mihai Brie / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2020

In the context of the musicology research of the centuries before the Christian reform (1814), the current scientific research brings to the fore the donors who have dedicated themselves to the media-Byzantine musical art in the cultural, ethnic, religious, musicological context, striving through their primary research to contribute after being able to the area of the researches in the Carpathian-Danubian-Pontic area thus completing the obol of their potential in the perspective of the great event from the beginning of the 19th century.

Struktury kościelne zachodniej Korony po pierwszym rozbiorze w świetle Szkiców Karola Perthéesa

Author(s): Arkadiusz Borek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2022

The Sketches of Charles Perthées were for him the basis for the preparation of the maps of the western Crown after the First Partition of Poland at the end of the 18th century. The information in Sketches came from parish questionnaires prepared by parsons. The Sketches include information about the territorial structures of the Catholic Church. Due to their indirect church provenience, we can assume that they can be used to study the territorial structures of the Church. Evaluation of the information from the Sketches, however, shows that the source is unequal in this matter. Only information about parishes and their affiliation to deaneries always come from Perthées, and information about higher administrative units often from the person who developed Sketches after Perthées’ death, however, this person lacked competence. Information about more than 2050 parishes can be considered credible, and those about higher units should be confronted with other sources.

Elisabeth – Anna Sidonia – Elisabeth Lukrezia von Teschen. Herzoginnen in unruhigen Zeiten

Author(s): Almut Bues / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2022

The princesses were shaped by their dynasty of origin. Their role in the court they married into could be expressed in different ways depending on the time and the political, social and religious context: they could act as an active agent of cultural influence, of changes or conflicts, they could be used as an instrument by others, such as their court of origin, or they could act as a catalyst by their presence alone. This will be illustrated by the example of the last Piasts in Cieszyn at the end of the 16th and in the first half of the 17th century.

Malarski i rysunkowy wystrój ksiąg Metryki Koronnej ze zbiorów Archiwum Głównego Akt Dawnych

Author(s): Maciej Wieczorek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2022

Decorated books belonging to the set of Metrica Regni Poloniae in the collection of the Central Archives of Historical Records in Warsaw are discussed. Decoration has been identified on pages of 31 volumes dating from the 17th and 18th centuries. Analysis of the collected material has demonstrated some affinity of the decorated books of the registrum to the illumination of documents issued by Polish monarchs. Apart from the compositional analogies, also the participation of the same artists can be confirmed. The contribution of artists described in earlier literature has been demonstrated (Ludwik Dagobert, Wojciech Domański), but also decorators previously unrecorded (Jan Rawecki, Jakub Czechowicz) have been identified. Furthermore, it has been observed that the majority of decoration authors came from among the staff of the royal Chancellery. The decoration of the books of the Metrica Regni Poloniae can thus provide precious information for the research into staffing of the state's central offices.

Od Hamburga do Strasburga. Uwagi o miejskich rozwiązaniach w zakresie pomocy społecznej od końca XVIII do początku XX wieku

Author(s): Borys Cymbrowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2021

The article is a short essay in social work history, strongly inspired by the two-volume book Geschichte der sozialen Arbeit (History of Social Work) by Wolf-Rainer Wendt (2017a, 2017b). From the many themes the German historian of social work discusses in this book I chose one which I consider particularly important. It is a path of institutional development in German urban policies leading from the assumptions of the Enlightenment humanism to modern welfare solutions. From the late 18th to the early 20th century particular poor relief policies were invented and implemented by authorities of fast developing cities in order to prevent the negative effects of mass poverty that accompanied large-scale industrialization. Subsequently, some of those inventions became part of the national legal system. The selection of the discussed problems however subjective is motivated by the hope to throw some light on the sources of contemporary welfare solutions in Central Europe and in Poland.

Tradycje polskiego medioznawstwa

Author(s): Tomasz Mielczarek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 12/2022

The author concluded that Polish media studies had its symbolic beginning in the last years of the 18th century. In the next century, the media were the subject of numerous studies conducted by representatives of the older disciplines of the humanities and social sciences. Polish media studies, going through a descriptive and cumulative period, developed its first paradigm in the 1960s. In the next decade, this paradigm began to apply not only to the media, but also to social communication. A characteristic feature of Polish research on social communication and media is their interdisciplinarity and reference to other specific disciplines, both in the field of social sciences and the humanities. The rapid development of contemporary media also causes media scholars to expand their technical competences. The multiplication of theoretical approaches forces media scholars to be interdisciplinary, and at the same time makes their research very paradigmatically diverse.

Prosvjetni život u Sarajevu Osmanskog doba: Dobrotvorno djelovanje građana u 18. i 19. stoljeću u korist mekteba

Author(s): Kerima Filan / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 7/2022

This paper explores how citizens took part in educational opportunities in the Ottoman Empire with their endowments (waqfs). The focus is on the charity work for the benefit of maktabs in the City of Sarajevo in the Ottoman Era. The paper expounds on the contribution the citizens made to maktabs - the institutions which provided elementary education for the children and youth. The time period the paper examines is 18th and 19th centuries, and the occasion is the event that took place in 1697, when Sarajevo was devastated under the attack of the Austrian Army. The research is based on waqfs dating back to those centuries, the records oj which, predominantly in the form of transcripts, may be found in the Archives oj the Gazi Husrev-Bay's Library in Sarajevo. It is indicated that over the period of several decades of the recovery of Sarajevo from the sufferings of 1697, maktabs were rebuilt and supported for the greater part from endowments made by the citizens of Sarajevo, who donated their own property. In addition to rebuilding those maktabs which had been built next to mosques in the previous centuries, the citizens oj Sarajevo also set up independent maktabs, away from the complex of a mosque. The endowments reveal that a rather widespread form of educational support provided by the citizens benefactors, both men and women, was to allocate the income from an endowment for the teacher salaries. In that way, income for teachers was supplied in situations when the fundamental waqfj rom which a maktab was supported had been depleted. Examples show that benefactors assigned appropriate duties to the teaching staff in their waqf, which secured them (muallims) additional income. Support to educational opportunities was also reflected in giving gifts to students. Some benefactors specified that a portion of the income from an endowment was to be used to buy clothes for underprivileged students. Most often, students of a maktab, as well as other poorer inhabitants of a street block (mahalla) received from a waqf free bread, particularly in the holy days. The paper reveals that some citizens of Sarajevo allocated in their last will a one-off aid to maktabs from their inheritance. It a/so presents examples of private maktabs which were set up by wealthy, learned citizens to educate young people. Charity in general, particularly the one which was donated through the institute of waqfs, represented an important aspect of the activities of citizens in the Ottoman period. With those actions for the benefit of maktabs they supported educational opportunities in their own social communities. It was that very form of charity work that the citizens of Sarajevo maintained in the decades that followed after the end of the Ottoman rule.

Europinių edukacinių kelionių tradicijos XVI–XVIII a.: Pacų pavyzdys

Author(s): Alina Kaltachenka / Language(s): English Issue: 20/2022

The Early Modern period was the heyday of educational travel among the magnates of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The knowledge that young people received in the best universities in Europe was highly valued, played a certain role in their future career, and favorably distinguished the young man among others who had not visited foreign European countries. The Pac family, as one of the most famous and richest in the Grand Duchy, also partook in this tradition. Representatives of the family studied at universities in Italy, Germany, the Netherlands, France and other countries renowned for their intellectual and didactic culture. The article describes various educational strategies of the Pac family, including geographical features of their members’ educational travels and examples of the foreign education of representatives of the Pac family. One such example is Stefan Pac (1587–1640), who not only studied at Italian universities in his youth, but also accompanied Prince Władysław Waza on a journey through Western Europe.

W poszukiwaniu postaci ( w XIX-wiecznych teoriach opery i prozie artystycznej )

Author(s): Elżbieta Nowicka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 42/2022

The article analyses texts regarding the opera character, or indirectly linked to it, by a number of authors from the late eighteenth century to the last decades of the nineteenth century: Sulzer, Rousseau, Hoffmann, Stendhal, Baudelaire, Wagner. The author focuses on their theoretical texts and artistic prose. The analysis indicates a strong multilateral involvement of the reflection on the topic of character in contemporary aesthetic views and anthropological concepts.