"Itt van a` legvégső óltára Pallásnak"

Az Erdélyi Kéziratkiadó Társaság és az Erdélyi Magyar Nyelvmívelő Társaság története

Author(s): Péter Dávid / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 2013

This work shows how the 18th century scientific societies were established in Transylvania. Furthermore, it deals with the aims, the works, the ideology and the texts written by these societies. My thesis introduces how it was possible in Transylvania to find this type of societies with the support of the then-governor of Transylvania, György Bánffy. These institutions had the chance to be self-led, which was very strange at that time, given that there weren’t any similar institutions in Hungary.The first chapter of my thesis deals with the political situation of Transylvania in the 1790s and also with the diets that gathered at that time. The reason for this is that these diets bring forward the main issues of the whole Transylvanian society providing the context for the scientific societies’ purpose. This part of the dissertation highlights some political questions which were negotiated in the diet. Later these issues gave topics to the Manuscript Publishing Society and the Language Protective Society as well. One of the crucial questions is the relations of Transylvania with Hungary and Austria. There were some opinions at the diet of 1790–91 – using the chaotic situation after the death of Joseph II – which reinterpreted the relations between Vienna and Buda, Vienna and Cluj and also Buda and Cluj. A part of the thesis aims at analysing the relationship between the three countries based on some Transylvanian leaflets.At the 1790s diets there were both innovative and conservative ideas. The conservative ideas came from the Szeklers and the Saxons who were against paying taxes and joining the military. They also wanted to have their old privileges restored.This was the period when the Romanians first appeared on the Transylvanian political stage. They handed in the Supplex Libellus Valachorum which required privileges for the Romanian nation also referring to their ancient rights. The Supplex Libellus Valachorum would have given wider political rights and religious freedom to the Romanians if it had been accepted. Unlike the Romanians, the Armenians were successful. The cities of Szamosújvár and Ebesfalva handed in a petition to the diet to give them the right of becoming free royal cities. The question of nationalities inside Transylvania was a crucial problem outside the diets as well. This work shows how the 18th century scientific societies were established in Transylvania. Furthermore, it deals with the aims, the works, the ideology and the texts written by these societies. My thesis introduces how it was possible in Transylvania to find this type of societies with the support of the then-governor of Transylvania, György Bánffy. These institutions had the chance to be self-led, which was very strange at that time, given that there weren’t any similar institutions in Hungary.The first chapter of my thesis deals with the political situation of Transylvania in the 1790s and also with the diets that gathered at that time. The reason for this is that these diets bring forward the main issues of the whole Transylvanian society providing the context for the scientific societies’ purpose. This part of the dissertation highlights some political questions which were negotiated in the diet. Later these issues gave topics to the Manuscript Publishing Society and the Language Protective Society as well. One of the crucial questions is the relations of Transylvania with Hungary and Austria. There were some opinions at the diet of 1790–91 – using the chaotic situation after the death of Joseph II – which reinterpreted the relations between Vienna and Buda, Vienna and Cluj and also Buda and Cluj. A part of the thesis aims at analysing the relationship between the three countries based on some Transylvanian leaflets. At the 1790s diets there were both innovative and conservative ideas. The conservative ideas came from the Szeklers and the Saxons who were against paying taxes and joining the military. They also wanted to have their old privileges restored.This was the period when the Romanians first appeared on the Transylvanian political stage. They handed in the Supplex Libellus Valachorum which required privileges for the Romanian nation also referring to their ancient rights. The Supplex Libellus Valachorum would have given wider political rights and religious freedom to the Romanians if it had been accepted. Unlike the Romanians, the Armenians were successful. The cities of Szamosújvár and Ebesfalva handed in a petition to the diet to give them the right of becoming free royal cities. The question of nationalities inside Transylvania was a crucial problem outside the diets as well. Famous Transylvanian historians and the members of the Language Protective Society will work on this topic.From the reports of the diets, leaflets, petitions and private letters emerges a very colourful Transylvania, with several religious cults, nationalities and political ideologies. Among these, Governor György Bánffy, tried to create a “unified Transylvania”. Bánffy’s idea is based on the Transylvanian traditions and laws. That is why Bánffy’s programme became Transylvania’s official ideology. The main argument for his theory is that it may have succeded in controlling the contrasts between the multiple nationalities and religions. Bánffy’s aim is to reach peace among the nationalities by trying to reach a network of compromises. The scientific institutions, which are supported by Bánffy, will use the same ideology in their texts. The second chapter of my dissertation deals with the Manuscript PublishingSociety. It follows the tradition of those treatises which have been written about this topic earlier. It centers on the description of the structure and the aims of the institution. This chapter has two significant results. On one hand, it interprets manuscripts which have never been analysed before. On the other hand, it deals with the paratexts of Schesaeus-epic, published by the society. From these texts we can extract elements of the “unified Transylvania” ideology.The third chapter is about the Transylvanian Language Protective Society. I start the description with the analysis of György Aranka’s leaflets and the problem of the Hungarian official language. Based on these leaflets we can discover the main aim of the society: to develop the Hungarian language and to make its use possible in both political and legal communication. Moreover, its objective was to spread it among the different nationalities that live in the country. The chapter also figures out why the researchers and politicians considered this theory possible. This chapter describes the structure of the society, the changes it went through and its most important members. It differentiates the institutions, firstly from a circle of friends who gathered in 1803, secondly, from a scientific society which was founded and supported by Farkas Cserey in 1806. And thirdly, it intends to separate the Language Protective Society from the group which gathered in 1818, leaded by Gábor Döbrentei. This segment studies the Aranka-correspondence as the primary source for revealing the relationship among the members of the society.In addition, it analyses the reports of the societies in order to discover the facts that caused some changes in the structure of the institution, dividing its work into six periods. This chapter also analyses the “colourful” publication of the institution called The First Work of the Hungarian Language Protective Society. The aim of this book was to show that Hungarian language is appropriate for assembling several types of writing (e.g.: review, comical poems or odes).With the help of new sources, my paper tries to explain the reasons which led to the end of the Language Protective Society’s work in 1801. The last chapter of the thesis is about two texts in which the members of the Language Protective Society were extremely interested. These texts are the following: the Szekler Chronicle of Csík and a description of Transylvania which used the Szekler Chronicle of Csík. This description was compiled as a response against August Ludwig Schlözer’s Kritische Sammlungen. From the analysis of these works it turns out that the Language Protective Society also followed the theory of the “unified Transylvania” and tried to create representative documents that show the Hungarian as an appropriate language for legal, political or scientific communication. The description of Transylvania, which was written for thise purpose, defines the situation of the Hungarian, Szeklers and Saxon nationalities on the basis of traditional historical view. Using the Szekler Chronicle of Csík it considers the Szeklers to be the aboriginals of Transylvania who even helped the Hungarians to find their new homeland in the 890s. Another innovation of this description is that it also regards the Romanian nationality as residents of Transylvania.In the last part of the third chapter readers can get acquainted with the societies which were formed later and which tried to pose as successors of the Language Protective Society. Although these societies and their texts were created on the basis of other political ideologies, they aimed to inherit the support and the collection of their predecessor. They wanted to define themselves as the pursuers of the work of the late 18th century society. However, they wanted to hide the idea of the “unified Transylvania” which was very significant in the life of the Language Protective Society.

"La buona figliuola" Carla Goldoniego a "Czekina albo cnotliwa panienka" Wojciecha Bogusławskiego

Author(s): Edyta Grzywaczewska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2/2015

„La buona figliuola” („The Accomplish’d Maid”) is an opera buffa in three acts by Niccolò Piccinni and Carlo Goldoni. The librettist based his text on Samuel Richardson’s novel „Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded”. It was performed for the first time at the Teatro delle Dame, Rome on 6th February 1760 with an all male cast. It was a big success and „La buona figliuola” took Europe by storm. Every European opera house had this opera in its repertoire. The performances were in: Barcelona, Prague, Vien, Dresden, London, Berlin, Mannheim and Paris. This opera was probably performed even in Beijing by Jesuits in 1778. „La buona figliuola” was so popular in Europe that Stanisław August Poniatowski, the King of Poland, wished it for his coronation ceremony. The performance took place at the National Theatre on 7th August 1765, just five years after the world premiere. This opera was also very popular in Warsaw. People loved the story of a simple and good maid Cecchina. Seventeen years later, Wojciech Bogusławski, the director of the National Theater, translated and adapted Goldoni’s opera and named it „Czekina albo cnotliwa panienka” („Czekina or a Virtuous Maid”). He performed it in 1782 with big success. First of all, the article describes the historical context of the creation of libretto – the Carlo Goldoni’s biography. Next, it presents the story of maid Cecchina and the phenomenon of the description of the Polish theories of translation from the 18th century, the Polish version of the opera – „Czekina or a Virtuous Maid”, is presented. Finally, two versions of the libretto – the Goldoni’s and the Bogusławski’s, are compared.

"Ханска Украйна - Мукатаа Томбасар" (края на XVII-XVIII век)

Author(s): Alexandar Sereda / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Publication Year: 0

The aim of the paper is to explore the region of Northwest Black Sea lands in the early 17th-18th centuries, in the context of the Ottoman and Crimean administrative and territorial structure; the political preconditions for the formation of Khan Ukraine - special administrative and territorial unit with the Ukrainian-Kazakh population under Crimean governance; the organization of the economical and fiscal district "Muqataa Tombasar" in the framework of Khan Ukraine. It presents the defter (register) of the revenues and expanses in Muqataa Tombasar and localizes the settlements and their population in the Northwest Black Sea region.

17.Yüzyil Halk Şairi Karacaoğlan’in Bir Şiiri İle 18.Yüzyil Divan Şairi Nedim’in Bir Gazeline Göster Gebilimsel Açidan Karşilaştirmali Bir Yaklaşim

Author(s): Medine Sivri,Berkant Örkün / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 71/2012

Poem is the most layered among all other literary genre and is a closed intact with deep language patterns. In opposition to the linearity of prose unique structure of poetry enables a creative reading. In this study a poem of folk poet Karacaoglan and a gazel (ode) of Divan poet Nedim is compared thorough poetry analyzing means of semiotics. These poems brings the two poets lived in different centuries and were in different literary traditions together. Their poetry is based on love which is the main source of nutrition for mankind throughout the journey of life. As all genres of literature - poetry, novel, story or theater plays- represent a multilayered system, semiological approach enables the researchers to comprehend and evaluate the works more clearly.

1789-1917, Rückfahrkarte

Author(s): / Language(s): German / Issue: 01/1990

Das Interessanteste an der Zweihundertjahrfeier der Französischen Revolution hat am wenigsten Beachtung gefunden, nämlich die Begleitumstände dieses fast aufdringlich gefeierten Spektakels. Damit meine ich nicht seine Inszenierung, sondern gerade das, was mit ihm nichts zu tun hatte: die politische Situation in Frankreich und in der Welt. In Frankreich hält sich die Linke nur deshalb so dauerhaft an der Macht, weil sie sich von der Idee des revolutionären Umsturzes verabschiedet hat. Es ist gar nicht nötig, bei dieser Tatsache des längeren zu verweilen, es sei denn, um zu unterstreichen, daß sie untrennbar mit einer anderen, tiefergehenden Entwicklung zusammenhängt, die Frans:ois Mitterrand geschickt zu handhaben verstand und deren beiden auffälligsten Merkmale die Einbindung der Katholiken und der Kommunisten in die demokratische Politik waren. Die Integration der Katholiken geht auf die Vorkriegszeit zurück, und ihr Symbol ist die Beilegung des Schulstreits in der IV. und V. Republik: eine Regelung, welche die Sozialisten nach ihrem Wahlsieg 1981 rückgängig zu machen suchten, mit der sie sich aber wohlweislich 1984 abfanden, als sie erkannten, auf welche Widerstände sie mit ihrer Initiative stießen. Darüberhinaus geben die französischen Katholiken ihre Stimmen von Mal zu Mal weniger den Rechten, wie das für lange Zeit der Fall war. Damit war der tiefste Konflikt, den die Revolution in der öffentlichen Meinung der Nation aufgerissen hatte, beigelegt, was zugleich eine der Voraussetzungen für die demokratische Wachablösung in Frankreich ist.

18. gadsimta rīdzinieku modes tērpi Johana Kristofa Broces zīmējumos

Author(s): Edite Parute / Language(s): Latvian / Issue: 19/2016

The legacy of the student of Baltic local history Johann Christoph Brotze (1742–1823) has always attracted researchers of 18th century Latvia’s culture and art. His collection in ten volumes, Sammlung verschiedener Liefländischer Monumente, Prospecte, Wapen, etc. (below Monumente) in the Academic Library of the University of Latvia contains visual documentation and descriptions of townspeople’s everyday life, customs, entertainment and social transformations. While examining the visual specificities of clothes worn in late 18th century Riga, the author of this article discovered many locally peculiar and interesting evidence of city dwellers’ wish to follow the latest fashions of the time. The first volume (Riga Views, People and Buildings, 1992) of the academic publication of Brotze’s legacy Zīmējumi un apraksti (Drawings and Descriptions), with materials from the 3rd volume of Monumente, gave a deeper insight into the clothing habits in Riga, revealing the meaning of the visual message of attire in the cultural-historical scene created by late 18th century Rigans and city visitors. The transition from Rococo to Classicism became the leading factor in the fashion trends of Vidzeme at the time, bringing corresponding motifs to art and fashion. The ethnic and social composition of the population in the second half of the 18th century significantly influenced Riga’s visual image – as seen from Brotze’s drawings, a rather motley and peculiar scene emerged here, manifesting both topical European phenomena and a mix between various ethnic elements and the fashion of the day. Drawings of city dwellers’ clothing in Brotze’s collection testify to the diversity of Riga in the 1770s–1790s. This scene displays the originality of townspeople’s clothes, testifying to uneven changes in the fashion field. In some cases there are just some modern details but other Brotze’s drawings show a Rigan whose costume represents the current fashion tendencies in Western Europe. Brotze saw the Latvian servant girl in a national costume skirt as well as German chambermaids in starched bonnets and richly decorated shawls, middle-class women in fashionable English-style street costumes and Riga’s German children whose clothes manifest the then current European trends. Page 56 of the 3rd volume shows a German middle-class girl. Her light summer dress, possibly of cotton or fine muslin, is adorned with contrasting silk ribbons. Silk ribbon around her neck also complies with the robe à l’anglaise of the 1780s. With the emphasis on the angular cut of the neckline we sense a synthesis of the fashion elements of Rococo and Classicism. The girl’s attire is complemented by an apron that became fashionable in the late 18th century and is not always related to the image of a servant. At that time the city’s middle-class women also wore aprons increasingly more often. German merchants were active in Riga and their clothes demonstrate features typical of business attire of the time with references to the strict lines of Classicist fashion. The topicality of this trend in Rigans’ clothes also shows in the apparel of servants, officials, accountants and valets who strived to be closer to European fashion. In their clothes, Riga’s craftsmen, their apprentices and journeymen demonstrated both specific characteristics of their craft and modern accents. Merchants, craftsmen’s and servants’ clothes retained references to their ethnic origins. At the same time, the wish to identify with the international character of Western fashion could be stronger than local and ethnic traditions. This largely applied to Riga’s Germans whose attire demonstrates the French and / or English style of the time. Brotze also met Latvian peasants, small traders and street vendors, capturing certain references to topical nuances of the time. Riga’s Latvians, despite luxury regulations that still in the late 18th century prohibited them wearing clothes as modern as those of the Germans, attempted to wear at least something in line with contemporary fashion. One of Brotze’s drawings on page 57 in the 3rd volume shows a Latvian salmon vendor wearing a spotted salmon-coloured jacket corresponding to his occupation, short grey breeches, hazy blue stockings and black shoes with buckles. He wore a black hat that is considered traditional headwear of Latvian men in Riga and its surroundings. Among the visitors to Riga, Brotze’s drawings show Dutch seamen, a Lithuanian nobleman from Brest in the attire of his native region, Polish Jews who worked in the city as middlemen and factors as well as Russian merchants and Polish noblemen. Brotze also saw the splendid costumes of upper-class women whose appearance reflected current tendencies in French fashion on the streets of Riga. A wealthy lady in urban street costume is depicted on page 63 in the 3rd volume. Her coral-pink polonaise with decorative looped-up overskirts and light hem with a horizontal ribbon band represents typical Classicist-period fashion appropriated from the European courts of the 1770s–1780s. The brightest colours in Brotze’s drawings, however, are seen in soldiers’ attire; their uniforms and their parts – tricornes, cavalry boots and powdered wigs – reveal in a concentrated way the wider presence of European fashion tendencies in Riga. To this day Johann Christoph Brotze’s observational drawings of the streets of Riga provide an idea of the diverse fashion scene fully representing the synthesis of Classicist and Rococo fashion in the late 18th century. This was a period when both international and nationally specific elements of costume were introduced in Rigans’ clothing, thus demonstrating the readiness of various social strata to accept the latest fashion tendencies and replace the old habits of dressing. Fashion more or less embraced all layers of society, strengthening its influence and gaining increasingly more dynamic development in Riga too.

90 години от рождението на доцент доктор Стоян Иванов Маслев

Author(s): Annie Dancheva-Vasileva / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1-2/2013

Anniversary Information

A Cantacusine foundation between the act of secularization and contemporary restoration – The Doamnei Church in Bucharest

Author(s): Dan Mohanu / Language(s): English / Issue: 8/2017

Neglected through the 18th-19th centuries by the priors of the Cotroceni Monastery, dispossessed of its riches and income, the Doamnei Church slowly entered a downward spiral of degradation and devastating events. In 1868, in an era when the Church suffered the effects of secularization and Occidental renewal, the foundation of Lady Mary suffered radical reparation. The essential gesture that produced the change and the damaging simplification of the iconographical discourse was the partial hammering of the 17th century painting, and its covering with a new layer of painting, after the taste and mentality that has defined the second half of the 19th century. The information acquired from the analysis of archive photographies, corroborated with in situ observations, allowed for the reconstruction of the dramatic journey that the old painting of the Doamnei Church was to suffer, from the destructive act of hiding it under a new pictorial decor to the moment of its rediscovery and bringing to light. The recent reconstitution, of an archaeological type, of the iconographical ensemble from 1683 lead to a new lecture of the manner in which the works of painters Constantinos and John developed. The interruption of the iconographical programme of the Doamnei Church and their leaving the site generates questions and hypotheses regarding the evolution of the reign of Șerban Cantacuzino.

A darlaci középkori falképek vizsgálata

Author(s): Erika N. Feketics / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: VIII/2013

Die mittelalterliche, heute evangelisch-lutherische Kirche in Durles (Dârlos/Darlac, RO) befindet sich im Norden des Landkreises Hermannstadt (Sibiu/Szeben, RO). Durles liegt 10 Kilometer westlich von Elisabethstadt (Dumbrăveni/Erzsébetváros, RO) und 6 Kilometer östlich von Mediasch (Media􀜈/Medgyes, RO). In einer Urkunde der päpstlichen Kurie aus dem Jahr 1332 erscheint der Ort unter dem Namen Dorlako. Die ältesten Dokumente, die Bezug auf die Wandgemälde der Kirche nehmen, verdanken sich dem französischen Schriftsteller Auguste De Gérando und stammen aus dem Jahr 1845. Die detaillierte Beschreibung umfasst Informationen über die Wandgemälde im Langhaus, im Chorraum und auf den Außenseiten des Kirchenbaus. Auf der Laibung trägt der Triumphbogen eine Aufschrift, die das Datum 1701 und den Vermerk enthält, dass im Jahr 1845 umfangreiche Renovierungsarbeiten am Kirchenbau vorgenommen worden sind. Während dieser Renovierungsarbeiten wurden die Wandgemälde in Chor und Langhaus mit Kalkfarbe überdeckt. Die Aufschrift gehört der ersten Kalkschicht an, die den Triumphbogen und die Wandgemälde der Chorwände bedeckt. Die letzten größeren Renovierungsarbeiten wurden im Jahr 1972 durchgeführt. Vermutlich sind mit dieser Gelegenheit auch die Wandgemälde auf den Wänden des Langhauses entfernt worden. Heute ist es nicht mehr möglich, Reste dieser Wandbemalung zu finden. Im Jahr 1975 wurden zufällig wenige Fragmente der Wandgemälde des Chorraums entdeckt. In den Jahren 2009–2011 führte der Restaurierungsfachbetrieb Imago Picta GmbH Rechercheund Konservierungsarbeiten in mehreren Etappen durch. Dabei trat auf der Nordwand des Chorraums eine Darstellung des Jüngsten Gerichts zutage; auf der gegenüberliegenden Südwand wurden Szenen aus dem Leben der Heiligen Katharina von Alexandrien und solche, auf denen Helena und Konstantin zu sehen sind, entdeckt. Die Fachliteratur hält keinen Aufschluss über den Fertigungsprozess von Wandgemälden in den mittelalterlichen Kirchen Siebenbürgens bereit. Der Großteil der verfügbaren Beschreibungen bezieht sich lediglich auf Maltechniken und Stilfragen. Die von mir durchgeführten Untersuchungen bieten neue Erkenntnisse über den aktuellen Zustand der Wandbilder, die Fertigungstechniken und die Abfolge der Malschichten, die verwendeten Materialien und Werkzeuge.

A Desaix jelenség

Author(s): Zsolt Forgó / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

A dravida nyelvek genetikai rokonsága más nyelvcsaládokkal

Author(s): István Major / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

A kézdivásárhelyi oktatási intézmények rövid története a 17. századtól a 20. század első feléig

Author(s): Attila Dimény / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 01/2017

One of the fundamental pillars of the guild system formed in Kézdivásárhely from the 16th century was the wide spread of literacy. Later this process was significantly helped by the development and institutionalization of the educational life. The educational system in Kézdivásárhely developed due the start of confessional education. The Protestant particula and the Roman Catholic school from Kanta established in the 17th century initially had an important role in the acquisition of basic literacy, but later they contributed to the creation of schools that provided professional training and a higher level of theoretical knowledge. The educational institutions created by the Szekler Border Guard Regiment also had a positive effect on the intellectual growth of the city and the surrounding villages, even if for a short time. As a result of the civil transformations in the second half of the 19th century, the urban middle class demand created the civil boys and girls schools, where students received theoretical knowledge and practical training, in order to be able to stand in their place in life without a higher education qualification. Some talented students of the city’s educational institutions continued their studies in various upper secondary schools, which facilitated the awareness and dissemination of bourgeois ideas and cultural patterns of the new era.

A kolozsmonostori konvent a fejedelemség korában

Author(s): Zsolt Bogdándi / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 2012

On the territory of the developing Transylvanian principality there were three ecclesiastical institutions which took part in the issuance of authentic charters: the Chapter of Transylvania residing in Gyulafehérvár, the Convent of Kolozsmonostor and the Chapter of Várad. Their medieval history has been already partially studied, but in neither of these cases the research did not cover their activity during the Transylvanian principality. Only in the case of Várad we could refer to the lack of sources because, after the capture of the fortress, the Chapter’s archives perished, but even so someone could attempt, on the basis of the issued charters to reconstruct its activity (we already have such an example for the Convent of Szekszárd). Although truncated, the archives of the other two loca credibilia are reserved in the collections of the National Archives of Hungary, so any other scientific investigations are possible. The research of their early modern activity and the publication of a major part of the protocols remains an urgent and possible task of the historians. The publication of these sources would largely extend our knowledge of Transylvanian law and history of institutions, and they would generate a basic collection of sources for further research.The main aim of this book is to present the characteristics of the charter-issuing activity accomplished by the early-modern Transylvanian loca credibilia by examining the case of the authentication place of the Convent of Kolozsmonostor, where the majority of the protocols have been preserved. We attempt to answer the following questions: whether the reorganized and secularized Convent, which has preserved its designation and has been moved together with the archives to Kolozsvár, has met the expectations of the society in terms of preservation of the documents and issuing of charters? How did it work and what was its role in the Transylvanian society?After the establishment of the Transylvanian state, the loca credibilia that entered under its jurisdiction, underwent a peculiar transformation. On the same grounds as similar institutions from Hungary, a specific Transylvanian institution, the office of the requisitors came to life to satisfy the needs of the society for authentic charters and to ensure the conservation of the archives. After twenty years of uncertainty, during which the secularized institution issued copies from the Convent’s archives under the seal of the city, the time for reorganization has arrived. The appointed requisitors had the right to complete all the activities made earlier by the places of authentication, but because there number was small, other institutions (envoys of the voivodes, counties) have gradually taken their place in the external authentication activity. In this process, the articles of Approbatae presumably constituted a turning point. From the second half of the 1650s, the external authentication activity (inspection of boundaries, seisin of estates to new owners, inquiry, etc.) was likely to disappear.At the same time, the disasters that occurred in 1658, and the subsequent long term instability, caused such a break in the activity of the Convent that we could consider it as the end of the institution’s early-modern history. Thereafter the charter-issuing activity was more and more casual, the place of authentication became mere depository of charters and produced copies of the documents in his custody.One could say that it was the moment which marked the end of the institution’s history of and the beginning of the archive’s history. In the age of principality the archives of the Convent together with the sacristia of the Chapter from Gyulafehérvár and probable Várad as a result of the measures taken by the princes and the Orders have played the role of the state’s “National Archives”. Finally, in order to reflect on the activity of the Convent from Kolozsmonostor during the age of principality, we should compare László Papp’s point of view, based on the previous literature and law-articles, and the impedimentums listed in 1655 by one of the requisitors, István Pálfi with the “products” of the Convent’s activity: the registers (protocolla) and the charters. Both the quantity and the quality of the preserved archive materials prove that the reorganized Convent remained for a long time one of the major charter-issuing institutions of Transylvania.

A kolozsvári Unitárius Kollégium matriculái a Magyar Unitárius Egyház Kolozsvári Gyűjtőlevéltárában

Author(s): Lehel Molnár B. / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 4/2016

A közlekedés története Magyarországon (1700-2000)

Author(s): Richárd Bércesi / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 1/2017

Majdán­ János:­ A közlekedés­ története­ Ma­gyarországon­ (1700–2000).­ Pécs,­ Pro­ Pan­nonia­ Kiadói­ Alapítvány,­ Pannónia­ Könyvek, 2014,­ 244­ p.

A levélküldés nehézségei a lengyel örökösödési háború dél-itáliai frontján

Author(s): Tamás Szemethy / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 63/2016

The War of Succession which broke out after the death of Polish king, Augustus II, in 1733 is mentioned in Hungarian scholarship mostly on account of the treaty that ended the conflict: Francis of Lorraine, Maria Theresa’s husband, renounced his claims to Lorraine as his inheritance which in turn entitled him to appropriate Tuscany after the death of the last Medici. The present study, however, focuses on a different aspect of the war and its progress. Szemethy examines the Csáky correspondence held at the National Archives of Austria to reconstruct the available means of communication connecting officers of the Csáky Regiment in the remote and hard-to-access southern Italian areas and their general, György Csáky residing in Sopron and Vienna. The corpus, especially the letters smuggled across the frontline after the defeat at Bitonto on 25 May, 1734, reveals substantial changes in the mode and content of the hussars’ communication with their regiment owner.

A magyarországi zsidóság áttérési gyakorlata Buda, Óbuda, Pest településeken és Bécsben 1746 és 1850 között

Author(s): Erzsébet Mislovics / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 1/2015

The study focuses on the conversion of Jews in Buda, Óbuda, Pest and Vienna between 1746 and 1850. The converts belong to two main groups: those converting in Hungary and those who converted in Vienna, but were residents of Hungary. Although the number of converts was not really significant, the fact and the phenomenon of conversion raise several demographic, economic and social issues and had an influence on both the Jewish and the Christian society. On the basis of the converts' background we can observe two societies: a traditional society and a transitional society, in which the framework of the traditional society lives on, but the beginnings of a new, modern society are also visible. In the traditional society, conversion was the choice of underprivileged people, whereas in the transitional one was also chosen by those who were hoping to economically and socially benefit from it. Many Jews chose to convert to Christianity in order to climb the social ladder. In Buda, Óbuda, Pest, the conversion could be interpreted as an expression of Hungarian nationalism

A marosvásárhelyi barokk mesterkör kutatásának újabb eredményei

Author(s): János Orbán / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: III-V/2010

Our study analyses the 18th century Marosvásárhely (Târgu-Mures) craftsman society through an approach from the perspective of architectural history based on archival sources, and with special emphasis on the development of the status of masons, not ignoring however the situation of carpenters, joiners, locksmiths and potters, who were in close relation with the construction industry. The results of the study unequivocally state that from the mid 18th century onwards there is a definite headcount increase within the construction industry and pertaining to this, within masonry as well. A key role in this process is held by the mostly German craftsmen migrating to the city. Their linguistic and religious separation makes them clearly distinguishable within the society of the city in this period, bringing thus validation and also a special connotation to the concept of “Craftsman Circle”. Hence, the linguistically isolated, mostly Catholic immigrants (especially in the first decades) have necessarily formed a sort of separated community in the predominantly Hungarian and typically reformat society of the city. We must emphasize that the immigration processes in Marosvásárhely are in line with the contemporary phenomena specified by Margit B. Nagy in other Transylvanian cities such as Kolozsvár (Cluj-Napoca) or Szamosújvár (Gherla). In comparison with Kolozsvár discrepancy can be determined only in the intensity of immigration (number of the immigrants) or in the temporal distribution of the process. The Baroque patterns have permanently spread in Marosvásárhely as a result of the activity of these craftsmen. Arriving from Austria, Bavaria, Silesia, Hungary and from various regions of the German linguistic areas, these craftsmen had already been familiar with the forms and technical solutions of the Baroque, and this knowledge was continuously refreshed and enriched by other influences (even if springing from similar artistic roots) of the various craftsman centers of Transylvania, here it is enough if we mention Anton Schuchbauer working at the Toldalagi-palace, or Romanus Lehr the stucco-modeler from Szamosújvár, or the inevitable import of the products delivered by the stone-cutter workshops from Kolozsvár. Being aware of the rather obsolete architectural circumstances previously prevailing in Marosvásárhely, these immigrants, bearers of a new kind of architectural knowledge, must unquestionably be considered factors of modernization. This basically Late Baroque architectural tradition established due to the 18th century craftsmen was afterwards successfully conserved and prevailed firmly in the city even in the first decades of the 19th century.

A Monarchia: örökség és emlékezet

Author(s): András Gero / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

A nagyváradi római katolikus püspökök 18. századi régi rezidenciája

Author(s): Mónika Kémenes / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: VIII/2013

One of the significant moments of the 18th century reorganising of the Roman Catholic diocese of Nagyvárad (Oradea, RO) was the building of the first bishop’s residence. Bishop Miklós Csáky (1737–1747), differently from his predecessor’s only partly or not at all achieved ideas, built his palace in the New City (“Újváros”), pertaining to the chapter. The one-storey building built with two inner courtyards through the uniting of several houses and plots was created presumably based on chamber architect Fortunato de Prati’s plans or suggestions, between 1737 and 1744, in several phases. Its major expansions took place during Bishop Adam Patachich’s first years, when in the second courtyard, a second floor was built for the Consilium Basilitarum of the Greek Catholic clergy. The activity of the local and foreign craftsmen, who took place in its building and the creating of its interiors can be clearly followed from the available resources. Thus besides the names of stonemasons who arrived under bishop Csáky and those of the Italian stonemasons and German carpenters from Budapest, who were invited under Forgách and Patachich, the names of local craftsmen, who took part in the leading of neighbourhoods also emerge. After the completion of the new baroque bishop’s palace designed by Franz Anton Hillebrandt, the old building gave place to different educational institutions, then workshops. Its demolition took place in 1901, yielding space for the new City Hall. Its appearance and layout can be reconstructed in detail, based on the 18th century drawings of the group of buildings.