"Itt van a` legvégső óltára Pallásnak"

Az Erdélyi Kéziratkiadó Társaság és az Erdélyi Magyar Nyelvmívelő Társaság története

Author(s): Péter Dávid / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 2013

This work shows how the 18th century scientific societies were established in Transylvania. Furthermore, it deals with the aims, the works, the ideology and the texts written by these societies. My thesis introduces how it was possible in Transylvania to find this type of societies with the support of the then-governor of Transylvania, György Bánffy. These institutions had the chance to be self-led, which was very strange at that time, given that there weren’t any similar institutions in Hungary.The first chapter of my thesis deals with the political situation of Transylvania in the 1790s and also with the diets that gathered at that time. The reason for this is that these diets bring forward the main issues of the whole Transylvanian society providing the context for the scientific societies’ purpose. This part of the dissertation highlights some political questions which were negotiated in the diet. Later these issues gave topics to the Manuscript Publishing Society and the Language Protective Society as well. One of the crucial questions is the relations of Transylvania with Hungary and Austria. There were some opinions at the diet of 1790–91 – using the chaotic situation after the death of Joseph II – which reinterpreted the relations between Vienna and Buda, Vienna and Cluj and also Buda and Cluj. A part of the thesis aims at analysing the relationship between the three countries based on some Transylvanian leaflets.At the 1790s diets there were both innovative and conservative ideas. The conservative ideas came from the Szeklers and the Saxons who were against paying taxes and joining the military. They also wanted to have their old privileges restored.This was the period when the Romanians first appeared on the Transylvanian political stage. They handed in the Supplex Libellus Valachorum which required privileges for the Romanian nation also referring to their ancient rights. The Supplex Libellus Valachorum would have given wider political rights and religious freedom to the Romanians if it had been accepted. Unlike the Romanians, the Armenians were successful. The cities of Szamosújvár and Ebesfalva handed in a petition to the diet to give them the right of becoming free royal cities. The question of nationalities inside Transylvania was a crucial problem outside the diets as well. This work shows how the 18th century scientific societies were established in Transylvania. Furthermore, it deals with the aims, the works, the ideology and the texts written by these societies. My thesis introduces how it was possible in Transylvania to find this type of societies with the support of the then-governor of Transylvania, György Bánffy. These institutions had the chance to be self-led, which was very strange at that time, given that there weren’t any similar institutions in Hungary.The first chapter of my thesis deals with the political situation of Transylvania in the 1790s and also with the diets that gathered at that time. The reason for this is that these diets bring forward the main issues of the whole Transylvanian society providing the context for the scientific societies’ purpose. This part of the dissertation highlights some political questions which were negotiated in the diet. Later these issues gave topics to the Manuscript Publishing Society and the Language Protective Society as well. One of the crucial questions is the relations of Transylvania with Hungary and Austria. There were some opinions at the diet of 1790–91 – using the chaotic situation after the death of Joseph II – which reinterpreted the relations between Vienna and Buda, Vienna and Cluj and also Buda and Cluj. A part of the thesis aims at analysing the relationship between the three countries based on some Transylvanian leaflets. At the 1790s diets there were both innovative and conservative ideas. The conservative ideas came from the Szeklers and the Saxons who were against paying taxes and joining the military. They also wanted to have their old privileges restored.This was the period when the Romanians first appeared on the Transylvanian political stage. They handed in the Supplex Libellus Valachorum which required privileges for the Romanian nation also referring to their ancient rights. The Supplex Libellus Valachorum would have given wider political rights and religious freedom to the Romanians if it had been accepted. Unlike the Romanians, the Armenians were successful. The cities of Szamosújvár and Ebesfalva handed in a petition to the diet to give them the right of becoming free royal cities. The question of nationalities inside Transylvania was a crucial problem outside the diets as well. Famous Transylvanian historians and the members of the Language Protective Society will work on this topic.From the reports of the diets, leaflets, petitions and private letters emerges a very colourful Transylvania, with several religious cults, nationalities and political ideologies. Among these, Governor György Bánffy, tried to create a “unified Transylvania”. Bánffy’s idea is based on the Transylvanian traditions and laws. That is why Bánffy’s programme became Transylvania’s official ideology. The main argument for his theory is that it may have succeded in controlling the contrasts between the multiple nationalities and religions. Bánffy’s aim is to reach peace among the nationalities by trying to reach a network of compromises. The scientific institutions, which are supported by Bánffy, will use the same ideology in their texts. The second chapter of my dissertation deals with the Manuscript PublishingSociety. It follows the tradition of those treatises which have been written about this topic earlier. It centers on the description of the structure and the aims of the institution. This chapter has two significant results. On one hand, it interprets manuscripts which have never been analysed before. On the other hand, it deals with the paratexts of Schesaeus-epic, published by the society. From these texts we can extract elements of the “unified Transylvania” ideology.The third chapter is about the Transylvanian Language Protective Society. I start the description with the analysis of György Aranka’s leaflets and the problem of the Hungarian official language. Based on these leaflets we can discover the main aim of the society: to develop the Hungarian language and to make its use possible in both political and legal communication. Moreover, its objective was to spread it among the different nationalities that live in the country. The chapter also figures out why the researchers and politicians considered this theory possible. This chapter describes the structure of the society, the changes it went through and its most important members. It differentiates the institutions, firstly from a circle of friends who gathered in 1803, secondly, from a scientific society which was founded and supported by Farkas Cserey in 1806. And thirdly, it intends to separate the Language Protective Society from the group which gathered in 1818, leaded by Gábor Döbrentei. This segment studies the Aranka-correspondence as the primary source for revealing the relationship among the members of the society.In addition, it analyses the reports of the societies in order to discover the facts that caused some changes in the structure of the institution, dividing its work into six periods. This chapter also analyses the “colourful” publication of the institution called The First Work of the Hungarian Language Protective Society. The aim of this book was to show that Hungarian language is appropriate for assembling several types of writing (e.g.: review, comical poems or odes).With the help of new sources, my paper tries to explain the reasons which led to the end of the Language Protective Society’s work in 1801. The last chapter of the thesis is about two texts in which the members of the Language Protective Society were extremely interested. These texts are the following: the Szekler Chronicle of Csík and a description of Transylvania which used the Szekler Chronicle of Csík. This description was compiled as a response against August Ludwig Schlözer’s Kritische Sammlungen. From the analysis of these works it turns out that the Language Protective Society also followed the theory of the “unified Transylvania” and tried to create representative documents that show the Hungarian as an appropriate language for legal, political or scientific communication. The description of Transylvania, which was written for thise purpose, defines the situation of the Hungarian, Szeklers and Saxon nationalities on the basis of traditional historical view. Using the Szekler Chronicle of Csík it considers the Szeklers to be the aboriginals of Transylvania who even helped the Hungarians to find their new homeland in the 890s. Another innovation of this description is that it also regards the Romanian nationality as residents of Transylvania.In the last part of the third chapter readers can get acquainted with the societies which were formed later and which tried to pose as successors of the Language Protective Society. Although these societies and their texts were created on the basis of other political ideologies, they aimed to inherit the support and the collection of their predecessor. They wanted to define themselves as the pursuers of the work of the late 18th century society. However, they wanted to hide the idea of the “unified Transylvania” which was very significant in the life of the Language Protective Society.

"La buona figliuola" Carla Goldoniego a "Czekina albo cnotliwa panienka" Wojciecha Bogusławskiego

Author(s): Edyta Grzywaczewska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2/2015

„La buona figliuola” („The Accomplish’d Maid”) is an opera buffa in three acts by Niccolò Piccinni and Carlo Goldoni. The librettist based his text on Samuel Richardson’s novel „Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded”. It was performed for the first time at the Teatro delle Dame, Rome on 6th February 1760 with an all male cast. It was a big success and „La buona figliuola” took Europe by storm. Every European opera house had this opera in its repertoire. The performances were in: Barcelona, Prague, Vien, Dresden, London, Berlin, Mannheim and Paris. This opera was probably performed even in Beijing by Jesuits in 1778. „La buona figliuola” was so popular in Europe that Stanisław August Poniatowski, the King of Poland, wished it for his coronation ceremony. The performance took place at the National Theatre on 7th August 1765, just five years after the world premiere. This opera was also very popular in Warsaw. People loved the story of a simple and good maid Cecchina. Seventeen years later, Wojciech Bogusławski, the director of the National Theater, translated and adapted Goldoni’s opera and named it „Czekina albo cnotliwa panienka” („Czekina or a Virtuous Maid”). He performed it in 1782 with big success. First of all, the article describes the historical context of the creation of libretto – the Carlo Goldoni’s biography. Next, it presents the story of maid Cecchina and the phenomenon of the description of the Polish theories of translation from the 18th century, the Polish version of the opera – „Czekina or a Virtuous Maid”, is presented. Finally, two versions of the libretto – the Goldoni’s and the Bogusławski’s, are compared.

"Panslavizem, panslavizem, bi se kričalo od vseh strani!" K zgodovini slovanstva, slovenstva in nemškega strahu pred panslavizmom 1788-1861

Author(s): Marko Zajc / Language(s): Slovenian / Issue: 1/2009

The idea of Slavism is inseparably linked with the development of the Slovenian national thought. The use of wider, Slavic notion to surpass provincial and regional borders was present since the very beginning of the Slovenian nationalism which was closely connected with the neighbouring German element. Herders's views on language as the essence of the nation and his praise of Slavs play an important role. At the end of Napoleon's Wars a general fear of Russia overcame Europe. Three different aspects of attitude towards Russia existed in the German-Austrian public: Russia as a reactionary state (internal policy aspect), Russia as a Slavic force (national aspect) and Russia as an expansive force (foreign policy aspect). The Slovenian national movement also operated in this context and had to struggle against being accused of Panslavism and Pro-Russianism from the beginning of its political action.

"Terzijarija". Tajna sistematskog obogaćivanja bokeljskih pomoraca

Author(s): Pavao Butorac / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 04+05/1934

Бокељски трговци држали су се, као и млетачки, начeла слободне трговине. Само што ово начела несамо да није било у сукобу са захтјевима трговачке солидарности, неrо ју је учвршћивало, будући да се ју у праксу проводило управ зато да се онемогуће насиља гусара уопће, а Турака у арбанашкоме приморју понапосе.

"Theatrum Nobilitatis Hungaricae”. Genealogické výskumy Mateja Bela so zvláštnym zreteľom na rod Thurzo

Author(s): Gergely Tóth / Language(s): Slovak / Publication Year: 0

Práce, ktoré sa venujú dejinám genealógie, sa ani len nezmieňujú o tom, že aj významný historik 18. storočia Matej Bel patril medzi genealógov, a to napriek tomu, že Bel mal od začiatku naplánované, že v Notitiách, v historicko-geografickej práci, predstavujúcej uhorské stolice, sa bude venovať aj dejinám šľachtických rodov. Tento svoj plán – aj keď medzerovito a zlomkovito – aj splnil. Výsledky jeho práce genealógovia 18. storočia akceptovali, neskôr sa však bádatelia na ne odvolávali už len zriedkavo. Zhromaždené údaje bratislavského vedca, resp. jeho rozhodné predstavy v tejto téme si bádatelia, zaoberajúci sa dejinami tohto vedného odboru v 20. storočí nevšimli, možno pre encyklopedický charakter Notícií, ktoré sú na prvý pohľad tematicky dosť neprehľadné, a tiež možno aj pre ich nedokončenosť. V tejto štúdii by sme chceli napraviť toto poľutovaniahodné zanedbanie. Najprv preskúmame, v akej forme sa chcel Bel zaoberať dejinami rodov, a aké uhorské, alebo zahraničné diela a vplyvy ho podnietili k takýmto výskumom; potom prehľadne z celých Notícií – nielen z tlačených častí, ale aj z tých, ktoré zostali v rukopise – predstavíme výsledky jeho výskumov, resp. ich ďalšie využitie a citovanie v 18. storočí. V druhej časti štúdie sa budeme venovať analýze histórie rodu Thurzo z Belovho pera – čo je v skutočnosti dielo v diele, veď v opise Oravskej stolice, kde sa nachádza, zaberá takmer polovicu textu. Zároveň budeme venovať pozornosť aj metódam práce Mateja Bela, mož- nostiam a hraniciam ním prevedeného výskumu.

"Tot norodul Bucureștilor" în luptă pentru dreptate socială și libertatea patriei (sec. al XVIII-lea)

Author(s): Panait I. Panait / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 7/1983

Starting with medieval chroniclers and documents issued in the 18th-19th centuries. The author presents significant aspects of the mass actions of the Bucharest population against the regime of the Phanariotes and foreign occupation. On the basis of the sources of the time, the participation of all the people is emphasized, the decisive role of the inhabitants of the city, craftsmen and traders, to the peasants of the surrounding villages, Progressive elements belonging to feudalism, indigenous boards disappointed by the policy promoted by the Phanariotes, ad

"Історія русів" як джерело культурологічних рецепцій 80-х років XVIII – першої половини XIX століття

Author(s): Larysa I. Gorenko / Language(s): Ukrainian / Issue: 2/2010

In this article reflection outstanding example of the political, historical-philosophy and culturality-philosophy thought into the Ukrainian on the boundary XVIII–XIX-th century "The History of Rusov", which become to the spring accordingly cultural reception's in the creative work of the outstanding public benefactor at the Ukrainian and west European cultural. Characteristic role to the Novgorod-Siverskіy intellectual society into be created this is note book and the new conception of the development Ukrainian. Underline, what author "The History of Rusov" projection at the national, state political system and cultural regenerate, where Ukrainiany and Ukrainian present as the world phenomenon. Also reflection the special role historycal and cultural legacy in to formation of the national consciousness and Ukrainian national model new "hereditary of the chielf".

"Ханска Украйна - Мукатаа Томбасар" (края на XVII-XVIII век)

Author(s): Alexander Sereda / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Publication Year: 0

The aim of the paper is to explore the region of Northwest Black Sea lands in the early 17th-18th centuries, in the context of the Ottoman and Crimean administrative and territorial structure; the political preconditions for the formation of Khan Ukraine - special administrative and territorial unit with the Ukrainian-Kazakh population under Crimean governance; the organization of the economical and fiscal district "Muqataa Tombasar" in the framework of Khan Ukraine. It presents the defter (register) of the revenues and expanses in Muqataa Tombasar and localizes the settlements and their population in the Northwest Black Sea region.

(Nie)przewidziane konsekwencje? Reforma edukacji oraz reforma nauki i szkolnictwa wyższego realizowane przez rząd PiS wobec obietnicy realizacji państwa dobrobytu

Author(s): Piotr Kulas / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Th e main aim of the text is to discuss the expected consequences of the reform ofeducation and of higher education from the perspective of implementing the welfarestate. Th e welfare state is the main promise of the Law and Justice political agenda. Itsfulfi llment determines the support of the voters for this party. By analysing the possibleeff ects of each reform, the author considers whether the Law and Justice party is buildinga welfare state. He argues that, in spite of promises and the voters’ expectations,the consequences of these key public policies for the shaping of a welfare state will notbe egalitarian. Th e analysis is based on specialists’ discourse on the two reforms inreference to the idea of social equality. It is a critical study in the sociology of knowledge.

16. ve 18. Asırlarda Osmanlı Fetva Literatüründe Mudârebe Ortaklığı

Author(s): Ahmet İnanır / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 40/2020

Mudārabah is a type of partnership that was founded by putting labor on the one hand and capi-tal on the other, dating back thousands of years before Islam. In Islam, this partnership has been accepted as legitimate and used by Muslim societies. This partnership has included in the classic fiqh books as a separate section from the şarikah subjects. Mudārabah partnership continues to exist in various ways today. Participation finance which is developing day by day collects capital based on this partnership. Some researchers even recommend it as an alternative method to participation banking based on contemporary usury especially the interest finance system. For this reason, whether the partnership in question is of a nature to perform the task expected from it will only be revealed by knowing the historical experience. Furthermore, determining the change that this partnership has undergone in the historical process will help to understand its current situation and the way it will take in the future. Because, depending on the human expe-rience in the historical process, it is seen that some provisions and consequences of the partners-hip have changed. The partnership structures, which were simple in the first periods, have gained more and more technical features. For this reason, it is of great importance in terms of economic history to determine and how the Ottoman period partnerships were established in the 16. and 18. centuries, which business lines were widely used, and what legal problems and solutions were produced during this period. In this way, functional determinations can be made as to whether the contract will be able to fulfill the function expected today.This research tries to put forward the various legal problems and solutions faced by the conflict partnership based on Ottoman fatwa literature in the 16. - 18. centuries. Because the current problems encountered with the application have been the subject of fatwas as well as fiqh books. Fort this purpose, fatwa journals belonging to Ibn Kemal (d. /9401534), Ebu’s-su‘ud Efendi (Abū l-Su‘ūd) (d. 982/1574), Sun‘ullah Efendi (d. 1021/1612), Feyzullah Efendi (d. 1115/1703) and Yenişe-hirli Abdullah Efendi (d. 1156/1743), who stand out in terms of recognition and accessibility in the aforementioned centuries have been collected and fatwas that can be determined on the subject have been evaluated.In the Ottoman period fatwa literature, the contractual contract takes place in separate titles separate from the company department, as in the tradition of fiqh. It is understood that fatwas related with mudārabah mostly reflect the problems and solutions that arise during the applica-tion. When the prominent fatwa journal of the research subject are examined, it is seen that the mudārabah partnership has been widely used in Ottoman society in terms of both number and issues. Due to the fact that this partnership can be said to be one of the most useful tools for the capitalist to operate his capital and to meet the financing needs for the entrepreneur. It seems that some people especially women, who do not have the opportunity to trade, prefer this part-nership.Expressions such as “Zeyd Captain”, “Black Sea and the Mediterranean”, which are frequently mentioned in mudārabah related to fatwas are observed that a partnership has been made mainly in the Istanbul-centered, Mediterranean and Black Sea basins for the agricultural and commercial works in the Ottoman Empire in the aforementioned centuries. Thus, entrepreneurs seem to meet their short-term financing needs. It can be said that the fact that the mudārabah partner is active in the partnership and the passivity of the capital owner causes the parties to have more reflecti-ons in the fatwa than the other partnership types. Because, it is seen that if the mudārabah part-ner is not unjust due to the mudārabah partnership, he is not responsible for the loss in his capi-tal, and if the profits are due to the transactions against the immigration of the capital owner, the probability of the mudārabah partner is to take more risks. This situation causes the capital owner to try to impose various restrictions on the place, time and duration in order to protect the capital from loss, and even to go further, to put forward some conditions contrary to the spirit of the depository, as the depository is common to the loss in the capital or to be a guarantor to the capital. Nevertheless, it is understood that the deposi-tory did not comply with the relevant conditions too much and that in some cases the capital was lost, this was considered within the scope of injustice. One of the main points of disagreement between the capital owner and the mudārabah partner whether the capital is given as debt, treatment or mudarabah. Especially, in case mudārabah partnership makes a loss, it is seen that capital owner is trying to save his main capital, while the mudārabah partner is trying to avoid the obligation of compensation. Even, in some fatwas, capital may claim that while he took profit from the mudārabah partner, he made a profit in the event that the loss occurred while the nature of the capital was not on the agenda. He claims that he/she took the ruin in response to his/her claim that the capital owner lent. In fatwas, if the partners can not put forward any evidence or if both parties present the evidence, the evidence of debt is accepted, if no preference can be made a selection between the evidences, it is seen that if capital get lost, debt is preferable, if profit is obtained, the evidence of mudārabah is preferred. Because, the mudārabah partner with the permission of capital owner, admits that he/she delive-red the goods in capital owner, according to which he embraced capital. In this case, mudārabah partner may file suit a compensation case. However, if there is no evidence related capital owner lends, it is accepted that his/her oath related to mudārabah partner is a mudarabah. It is seen that the capital owner is trying to make a capital such as wheat, hemp, cloth and sheep in fatwas. However, if he gave a power of attorney and told him to use it, it is seen that the cont-ract of mudārabah could not draw up. In addition, except for the labor of the mudārabah partner, the claim that he added capital and was the permission of the capital owner etc. is accepted in some circumstances. It can be said that the issues of loss and detriment related to mudārabah are subject to more fatwa than other issues. Some of them appear to be due to negligence and male-volent attitude of the destructor, some to be due to negative market conditions, and others to physical adverse conditions such as the sinking of the ship. From these point, it is also possible to identify the areas where the damage was caused in these centuries. Among them, the sinking and side lying of the sea vehicles come to the fore. It can be said that in the centuries of research in the example of Mudarabah, there is no incompatibility between the fatwas and the tradition of fiqh, that is between theory and practice.

16. ve 18. Yüzyıllarda Osmanlı Yönetiminde Nahçıvan Sancağı

Author(s): Sadık Müfit Bilge / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 0/2017

Nahcivan, a border region that witnessed bloody battles during the centuries of the Ottoman-Safavid rivalry, became a part of the Ottoman administrative structure twice in the period covered 1588-1603 and 1724- 1735. In the Ottoman provincial administration, it was a sanjak (district) of the Revan eyalet (province). After the annexation of Nahcivan to the Ottoman realm, the province was called the “Revan and Nahcivan province” between 1588 and 1603. The sanjak of Nahcivan consisted of seven subdistricts (nahiye) and the city of Nahcivan that had twelve quarters (mahalle). The subdistricts were Gökçe, Mevâzi-i Hatun, Dereşahbûz, Arslanlu, Karabağ, Dereçam, and Bazarçayı. The economic life in the Nahcivan sanjak was based on agriculture and animal husbandry. The revenues from the sanjak – direct incomes of some of the villages and the salt mines and the taxes that were collected from council tax (ihtisab), dyeing place (boyahâne), candle mill (şemhâne), market dues (bâc-ı bazar), custom dues (tamgâ-i siyah), and poll-tax (cizye) - were all transferred to the imperial treasury as the revenues (hass) of the sultan. Besides, some of the villages were granted to the janissaries that were stationed in the garrisons of the Revan and Nahcivan fortresses in the form of timar and zeamet in an exchange of their regular salaries (ulufe).

17.Yüzyil Halk Şairi Karacaoğlan’in Bir Şiiri İle 18.Yüzyil Divan Şairi Nedim’in Bir Gazeline Göster Gebilimsel Açidan Karşilaştirmali Bir Yaklaşim

Author(s): Medine Sivri,Berkant Örkün / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 71/2012

Poem is the most layered among all other literary genre and is a closed intact with deep language patterns. In opposition to the linearity of prose unique structure of poetry enables a creative reading. In this study a poem of folk poet Karacaoglan and a gazel (ode) of Divan poet Nedim is compared thorough poetry analyzing means of semiotics. These poems brings the two poets lived in different centuries and were in different literary traditions together. Their poetry is based on love which is the main source of nutrition for mankind throughout the journey of life. As all genres of literature - poetry, novel, story or theater plays- represent a multilayered system, semiological approach enables the researchers to comprehend and evaluate the works more clearly.

171 NUMARALI MANİSA ŞER’İYE SİCİLİNDEKİ TEREKE KAYITLARINA GÖRE MANİSA’DA TAŞINMAZ MALLAR

Author(s): Gülser OĞUZ / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 11/2018

Tereke records are the sources that contain the properties that they leave behind after the death of people. Terrestrial records kept by Kassam are kept on certain conditions. Therefore, although they reflect the general public, they contain important data. In this way, it is of great importance for the socioeconomic history researchers. This data about the Ottoman society, which is handled from many directions, gives valuable ideas to the issues such as the culture elements of the society, life styles and livelihoods. It is also possible to make inquiries at this point by moving from a single focal point based on the terrestrial records. For example, immovable properties in a city, their qualities, values, types; like who owns what immovables. In this study, Manisa Şer'iye Register Book no. 171 will be used. The notebook is 286 pages. It is determined that the book covers between the years 1113-1118 (1701-1707). 110 bookkeeping records were found in the notebook. All of the terrestrial records that are scattered within this book will be scanned with the focus on the immovable properties of the persons. Those who do not have immovable property will be excluded form the study. As a result of this survey, you will have an idea about the values and types of the immovable properties of the Manisaites in the early 18th century.

1759 metų Ziwato moteriškojo linksniavimo daiktavardžiai ir jų raida

Author(s): Sonata Vaičiakauskienė / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 68/2013

The present article is devoted to the analysis of the development of the feminine-type declension nouns as represented by the 18th century best record of the Northern Zemaiciai (Samogitians) of Kretinga Dialect – the Ziwato, published in 1759. The feminine-type declension comprises three kinds of stem: ā and ā, and also ē stems. The data of the Ziwato Dialect were compared with the data of the present-day form use in the Northern Zemaiciai of Kretinga Dialect. The comparative study of the noun stem paradigms revealed certain characteristic features and tendencies in the morphological development of proper names in the Northern Zemaiciai of Kretinga Dialect. The comparative analysis proved that changes in the noun forms of the feminine-type declension and the abundance of homonymous forms had been preconditioned by the phonetic developments in the Dialect as well as by the patterns of stressing. Thus the morphological development of the dialect depends both on morphological and phonological phenomena.

18. gadsimta rīdzinieku modes tērpi Johana Kristofa Broces zīmējumos

Author(s): Edīte Parute / Language(s): Latvian / Issue: 19/2016

The legacy of the student of Baltic local history Johann Christoph Brotze (1742–1823) has always attracted researchers of 18th century Latvia’s culture and art. His collection in ten volumes, Sammlung verschiedener Liefländischer Monumente, Prospecte, Wapen, etc. (below Monumente) in the Academic Library of the University of Latvia contains visual documentation and descriptions of townspeople’s everyday life, customs, entertainment and social transformations. While examining the visual specificities of clothes worn in late 18th century Riga, the author of this article discovered many locally peculiar and interesting evidence of city dwellers’ wish to follow the latest fashions of the time. The first volume (Riga Views, People and Buildings, 1992) of the academic publication of Brotze’s legacy Zīmējumi un apraksti (Drawings and Descriptions), with materials from the 3rd volume of Monumente, gave a deeper insight into the clothing habits in Riga, revealing the meaning of the visual message of attire in the cultural-historical scene created by late 18th century Rigans and city visitors. The transition from Rococo to Classicism became the leading factor in the fashion trends of Vidzeme at the time, bringing corresponding motifs to art and fashion. The ethnic and social composition of the population in the second half of the 18th century significantly influenced Riga’s visual image – as seen from Brotze’s drawings, a rather motley and peculiar scene emerged here, manifesting both topical European phenomena and a mix between various ethnic elements and the fashion of the day. Drawings of city dwellers’ clothing in Brotze’s collection testify to the diversity of Riga in the 1770s–1790s. This scene displays the originality of townspeople’s clothes, testifying to uneven changes in the fashion field. In some cases there are just some modern details but other Brotze’s drawings show a Rigan whose costume represents the current fashion tendencies in Western Europe. Brotze saw the Latvian servant girl in a national costume skirt as well as German chambermaids in starched bonnets and richly decorated shawls, middle-class women in fashionable English-style street costumes and Riga’s German children whose clothes manifest the then current European trends. Page 56 of the 3rd volume shows a German middle-class girl. Her light summer dress, possibly of cotton or fine muslin, is adorned with contrasting silk ribbons. Silk ribbon around her neck also complies with the robe à l’anglaise of the 1780s. With the emphasis on the angular cut of the neckline we sense a synthesis of the fashion elements of Rococo and Classicism. The girl’s attire is complemented by an apron that became fashionable in the late 18th century and is not always related to the image of a servant. At that time the city’s middle-class women also wore aprons increasingly more often. German merchants were active in Riga and their clothes demonstrate features typical of business attire of the time with references to the strict lines of Classicist fashion. The topicality of this trend in Rigans’ clothes also shows in the apparel of servants, officials, accountants and valets who strived to be closer to European fashion. In their clothes, Riga’s craftsmen, their apprentices and journeymen demonstrated both specific characteristics of their craft and modern accents. Merchants, craftsmen’s and servants’ clothes retained references to their ethnic origins. At the same time, the wish to identify with the international character of Western fashion could be stronger than local and ethnic traditions. This largely applied to Riga’s Germans whose attire demonstrates the French and / or English style of the time. Brotze also met Latvian peasants, small traders and street vendors, capturing certain references to topical nuances of the time. Riga’s Latvians, despite luxury regulations that still in the late 18th century prohibited them wearing clothes as modern as those of the Germans, attempted to wear at least something in line with contemporary fashion. One of Brotze’s drawings on page 57 in the 3rd volume shows a Latvian salmon vendor wearing a spotted salmon-coloured jacket corresponding to his occupation, short grey breeches, hazy blue stockings and black shoes with buckles. He wore a black hat that is considered traditional headwear of Latvian men in Riga and its surroundings. Among the visitors to Riga, Brotze’s drawings show Dutch seamen, a Lithuanian nobleman from Brest in the attire of his native region, Polish Jews who worked in the city as middlemen and factors as well as Russian merchants and Polish noblemen. Brotze also saw the splendid costumes of upper-class women whose appearance reflected current tendencies in French fashion on the streets of Riga. A wealthy lady in urban street costume is depicted on page 63 in the 3rd volume. Her coral-pink polonaise with decorative looped-up overskirts and light hem with a horizontal ribbon band represents typical Classicist-period fashion appropriated from the European courts of the 1770s–1780s. The brightest colours in Brotze’s drawings, however, are seen in soldiers’ attire; their uniforms and their parts – tricornes, cavalry boots and powdered wigs – reveal in a concentrated way the wider presence of European fashion tendencies in Riga. To this day Johann Christoph Brotze’s observational drawings of the streets of Riga provide an idea of the diverse fashion scene fully representing the synthesis of Classicist and Rococo fashion in the late 18th century. This was a period when both international and nationally specific elements of costume were introduced in Rigans’ clothing, thus demonstrating the readiness of various social strata to accept the latest fashion tendencies and replace the old habits of dressing. Fashion more or less embraced all layers of society, strengthening its influence and gaining increasingly more dynamic development in Riga too.

18. századi erdélyi magyar és román értelmiségiek kapcsolatáról

A budai Egyetemi Nyomda kiadványainak szerepe a románok identitásának erősödésében

Author(s): Adél Csata / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: V/2018

The first part of the study presents the indirect relations of Gh. Șincai, member of the Transylvanian School with the Society for the cultivation of the Hungarian language in Transylvania and with Aranka György. Through the presentation of relations, we have tried to outline how the Transylvanian Hungarian intellectuals could help the work of the Romanian scientist and how contributed to his nomination of reviser and censor of the University Press of Buda in the first place. The second part of this academic paper deals with the Romanians four languages Lexicon, paying attention especially to the strengthening of the Romanian identity.

18. Yüzyıl Başlarında Rusya’nın Kafkasya Siyaseti: I. Petro’nun İran Seferi

Author(s): Serdar Oğuzhan Çaycıoğlu / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 0/2017

Russia followed the policy of landing on the Black Sea in the time of Peter the Great. However, Russia was defeated by the Ottoman Empire in Prut. Afterwards Russia turned to the direction of the Caspian Sea. At the beginning of the 18th century Russia started Iranian expedition in order to control the Caucasus and to the western coasts of the Caspian Sea. However, Russia encountered with the intervention of the Ottoman Empire. This article focus on Russian-Ottoman strugle in the Caucasus and Russia’s Iranian expedition of. In addition, the political and military actions of the Ottoman Empire against Russia’s Iranian expeditions were evaluated. Another issue that is emphasized is the role of the Lezgi issue in the Ottoman-Russian struggle in the Caucasus. On the other hand, the Istanbul Treaty which was signed at the end of the struggle and its results were evaluated.

18. Yüzyıl ve Sonrası Osmanlı Eğitim Kurumları

Author(s): Osman Taştekin / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 3/2019

The main purpose of this study is to become acquainted with the educational institutions in Ottoman Empire during and after the 18th century. In this respect, special attention is given to which initiatives were taken in terms of education and which educational institutions were established during the aforementioned period. The need to comply with the West in terms of science, culture, reasoning, and technological advancements has led to the questioning of the current madrasah system. Upon revising the educational system of the madrasah, which had difficulties in being productive and attaining to the necessities of the time, there have been initiatives primarily to establish and structure military schools. These attempts to reform education was intensively seen as from the early 18th century. The abovementioned changes and progress have gained momentum with the Tanzimat era. It was observed that during this period, many schools were established beyond military; education levels were clarified and; females were given right to study. Similar to Tanzimat era during the first Constitutional Monarchy and Autocracy eras, positive contributions toward educational reforms were made. However, beginning from the middle of the second Constitutional Monarchy era, the economic and social complications that the state was going through had a negative impact on the educational system and the practicality of the educational institutions.

18. Yüzyılın Ortalarında Erzurum’da Güvenlik Meselesi (H. 1155-1162/M. 1742-1749 Tarihli 1 Numaralı Erzurum Ahkâm Defteri’ne Göre)

Author(s): Yılmaz Karadeniz,Feyzanur SUSAM / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 2/2019

In the years when the Ottoman Empire left behind the rise and followed the developments around it, it is not very bright and the problems are increasing. As in every society, the turmoil caused an increase in the rate of crime in the Ottoman society, and many of the problems encountered in daily life were related to security weaknesses. The bandit publicly started to usurp the money and valuables of the people living in the countryside, and unjustified intervention on the trowel and land had increased. The cases of theft increased in the same way, depending on the conditions of the people began to be indispensable or arbitrary robberies. Even if the stolen state and the animals stolen from valuable goods and goods threatened them with deterrent penalties, the crime rate did not decrease significantly, but the books of grievances were getting worse every day. Criminals, rowing, exile and fine was not enough to intimidate. Nevertheless, the state has always maintained its justice system and has not tolerated the injustice that has tried to implement it in every field. He has always attached great importance to being with the right and compensating the loss of the people who have been wronged. Decisions to repay the stolen goods, to pay the diet in case of any murder, to prevent the intervention in the land and property are proof of this.

1807, UN AN ȘI TREI PLANURI PENTRU IAȘI: AL ORAȘULUI, AL CURȚII ȘI PALATULUI DOMNESC

Author(s): Laurenţiu Rădvan,Mihai Anatolii Ciobanu / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 56/2019

The series of discoveries in the Russian archive, started by us three years ago, continues with three plans from the Moscow Military-Historical Archive. The three were executed in the same year, 1807, by Russian surveyors who aimed to make a plan for three major objectives in Iași, the capital of Moldavia: the city and its surroundings, the princely residence, the palace. The city plan includes some interesting elements: the Metropolitan complex, which had meanwhile been extended between main street (Ulița Mare) and Ulița Ciubotărească; the first represen-tations on the map of the Post office in Copou and the first windmill in the city; clarifying the moment of the arrangement of Podul Verde in Copou; the wells fed from the water network; the situation of the buildings from the monasteries in the surroundings of the city. At the residence we can see the changes started by Prince Alexandru Moruzi, who took the initiative of its reconstruc-tion and the erection of a new palace. The residence burned down in a great fire in 1784 and had been abandoned for almost two decades. Moruzi decided to rebuild it and reorganize it, the construction of the palace being entrusted to an architect from the west, Johan Freiwald. Born in Prostějov, in Moravia, Freiwald was noted not only for the building of this palace, but also for the construction of other palaces of the great boyars, churches, obelisks, pavements of streets, etc. For the palace, the prince preferred an architectural style more and more liked by the elite, neoclassical, the new construction being erected between 1803 and 1806 following the general mobilization of the country, at a cost of over one million lei. Moruzi did not get to use the palace, losing the throne three days before the official inauguration. From December 1806, Moldavia was occupied by Russians troops, in a new war with the Turks, which lasted until 1812. During this time, the palace was furnished with new furniture, being used as the headquarters for Russian generals; in the last years of the war, a military hospital was set up here. From 1813 prince Scarlat Calimah stayed here, from 1819 prince Mihail Suțu, and from 1822 prince Ioniță Sandu Sturza. The palace burned again in 1827, remaining in ruins until 1841−1843, when it was restored by prince Michael Sturza. It caught fire again in 1880, was rebuilt again, but in 1906, the authorities decided that it was time to make room for a more majestic building, in tune with the new more grandiose buildings erected in Iasi in the last decades of the 19th century. Until 1925 the present palace was built, used today for cultural purposes. Our research, together with the recent archeological ones, showed that segments of the foundations and walls of the palace from 1806 were integrated into the palace today, just as the old plan influenced the new one. Moreover, Berindei, the architect of the new palace, although he broke with the previous architectural style, preferring a neogothic variant, kept important elements from the symmetry of the old building. The three plans allow a better understanding of the city’s history and its important monuments.