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"Itt van a` legvégső óltára Pallásnak". Az Erdélyi Kéziratkiadó Társaság és az Erdélyi Magyar Nyelvmívelő Társaság története

Author(s): Péter Dávid / Language(s): Hungarian

This work shows how the 18th century scientific societies were established in Transylvania. Furthermore, it deals with the aims, the works, the ideology and the texts written by these societies. My thesis introduces how it was possible in Transylvania to find this type of societies with the support of the then-governor of Transylvania, György Bánffy. These institutions had the chance to be self-led, which was very strange at that time, given that there weren’t any similar institutions in Hungary.The first chapter of my thesis deals with the political situation of Transylvania in the 1790s and also with the diets that gathered at that time. The reason for this is that these diets bring forward the main issues of the whole Transylvanian society providing the context for the scientific societies’ purpose. This part of the dissertation highlights some political questions which were negotiated in the diet. Later these issues gave topics to the Manuscript Publishing Society and the Language Protective Society as well. One of the crucial questions is the relations of Transylvania with Hungary and Austria. There were some opinions at the diet of 1790–91 – using the chaotic situation after the death of Joseph II – which reinterpreted the relations between Vienna and Buda, Vienna and Cluj and also Buda and Cluj. A part of the thesis aims at analysing the relationship between the three countries based on some Transylvanian leaflets.At the 1790s diets there were both innovative and conservative ideas. The conservative ideas came from the Szeklers and the Saxons who were against paying taxes and joining the military. They also wanted to have their old privileges restored.This was the period when the Romanians first appeared on the Transylvanian political stage. They handed in the Supplex Libellus Valachorum which required privileges for the Romanian nation also referring to their ancient rights. The Supplex Libellus Valachorum would have given wider political rights and religious freedom to the Romanians if it had been accepted. Unlike the Romanians, the Armenians were successful. The cities of Szamosújvár and Ebesfalva handed in a petition to the diet to give them the right of becoming free royal cities. The question of nationalities inside Transylvania was a crucial problem outside the diets as well. This work shows how the 18th century scientific societies were established in Transylvania. Furthermore, it deals with the aims, the works, the ideology and the texts written by these societies. My thesis introduces how it was possible in Transylvania to find this type of societies with the support of the then-governor of Transylvania, György Bánffy. These institutions had the chance to be self-led, which was very strange at that time, given that there weren’t any similar institutions in Hungary.The first chapter of my thesis deals with the political situation of Transylvania in the 1790s and also with the diets that gathered at that time. The reason for this is that these diets bring forward the main issues of the whole Transylvanian society providing the context for the scientific societies’ purpose. This part of the dissertation highlights some political questions which were negotiated in the diet. Later these issues gave topics to the Manuscript Publishing Society and the Language Protective Society as well. One of the crucial questions is the relations of Transylvania with Hungary and Austria. There were some opinions at the diet of 1790–91 – using the chaotic situation after the death of Joseph II – which reinterpreted the relations between Vienna and Buda, Vienna and Cluj and also Buda and Cluj. A part of the thesis aims at analysing the relationship between the three countries based on some Transylvanian leaflets. At the 1790s diets there were both innovative and conservative ideas. The conservative ideas came from the Szeklers and the Saxons who were against paying taxes and joining the military. They also wanted to have their old privileges restored.This was the period when the Romanians first appeared on the Transylvanian political stage. They handed in the Supplex Libellus Valachorum which required privileges for the Romanian nation also referring to their ancient rights. The Supplex Libellus Valachorum would have given wider political rights and religious freedom to the Romanians if it had been accepted. Unlike the Romanians, the Armenians were successful. The cities of Szamosújvár and Ebesfalva handed in a petition to the diet to give them the right of becoming free royal cities. The question of nationalities inside Transylvania was a crucial problem outside the diets as well. Famous Transylvanian historians and the members of the Language Protective Society will work on this topic.From the reports of the diets, leaflets, petitions and private letters emerges a very colourful Transylvania, with several religious cults, nationalities and political ideologies. Among these, Governor György Bánffy, tried to create a “unified Transylvania”. Bánffy’s idea is based on the Transylvanian traditions and laws. That is why Bánffy’s programme became Transylvania’s official ideology. The main argument for his theory is that it may have succeded in controlling the contrasts between the multiple nationalities and religions. Bánffy’s aim is to reach peace among the nationalities by trying to reach a network of compromises. The scientific institutions, which are supported by Bánffy, will use the same ideology in their texts. The second chapter of my dissertation deals with the Manuscript PublishingSociety. It follows the tradition of those treatises which have been written about this topic earlier. It centers on the description of the structure and the aims of the institution. This chapter has two significant results. On one hand, it interprets manuscripts which have never been analysed before. On the other hand, it deals with the paratexts of Schesaeus-epic, published by the society. From these texts we can extract elements of the “unified Transylvania” ideology.The third chapter is about the Transylvanian Language Protective Society. I start the description with the analysis of György Aranka’s leaflets and the problem of the Hungarian official language. Based on these leaflets we can discover the main aim of the society: to develop the Hungarian language and to make its use possible in both political and legal communication. Moreover, its objective was to spread it among the different nationalities that live in the country. The chapter also figures out why the researchers and politicians considered this theory possible. This chapter describes the structure of the society, the changes it went through and its most important members. It differentiates the institutions, firstly from a circle of friends who gathered in 1803, secondly, from a scientific society which was founded and supported by Farkas Cserey in 1806. And thirdly, it intends to separate the Language Protective Society from the group which gathered in 1818, leaded by Gábor Döbrentei. This segment studies the Aranka-correspondence as the primary source for revealing the relationship among the members of the society.In addition, it analyses the reports of the societies in order to discover the facts that caused some changes in the structure of the institution, dividing its work into six periods. This chapter also analyses the “colourful” publication of the institution called The First Work of the Hungarian Language Protective Society. The aim of this book was to show that Hungarian language is appropriate for assembling several types of writing (e.g.: review, comical poems or odes).With the help of new sources, my paper tries to explain the reasons which led to the end of the Language Protective Society’s work in 1801. The last chapter of the thesis is about two texts in which the members of the Language Protective Society were extremely interested. These texts are the following: the Szekler Chronicle of Csík and a description of Transylvania which used the Szekler Chronicle of Csík. This description was compiled as a response against August Ludwig Schlözer’s Kritische Sammlungen. From the analysis of these works it turns out that the Language Protective Society also followed the theory of the “unified Transylvania” and tried to create representative documents that show the Hungarian as an appropriate language for legal, political or scientific communication. The description of Transylvania, which was written for thise purpose, defines the situation of the Hungarian, Szeklers and Saxon nationalities on the basis of traditional historical view. Using the Szekler Chronicle of Csík it considers the Szeklers to be the aboriginals of Transylvania who even helped the Hungarians to find their new homeland in the 890s. Another innovation of this description is that it also regards the Romanian nationality as residents of Transylvania.In the last part of the third chapter readers can get acquainted with the societies which were formed later and which tried to pose as successors of the Language Protective Society. Although these societies and their texts were created on the basis of other political ideologies, they aimed to inherit the support and the collection of their predecessor. They wanted to define themselves as the pursuers of the work of the late 18th century society. However, they wanted to hide the idea of the “unified Transylvania” which was very significant in the life of the Language Protective Society.

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"La buona figliuola" Carla Goldoniego a "Czekina albo cnotliwa panienka" Wojciecha Bogusławskiego

Author(s): Edyta Grzywaczewska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 02 (25)/2015

„La buona figliuola” („The Accomplish’d Maid”) is an opera buffa in three acts by Niccolò Piccinni and Carlo Goldoni. The librettist based his text on Samuel Richardson’s novel „Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded”. It was performed for the first time at the Teatro delle Dame, Rome on 6th February 1760 with an all male cast. It was a big success and „La buona figliuola” took Europe by storm. Every European opera house had this opera in its repertoire. The performances were in: Barcelona, Prague, Vien, Dresden, London, Berlin, Mannheim and Paris. This opera was probably performed even in Beijing by Jesuits in 1778. „La buona figliuola” was so popular in Europe that Stanisław August Poniatowski, the King of Poland, wished it for his coronation ceremony. The performance took place at the National Theatre on 7th August 1765, just five years after the world premiere. This opera was also very popular in Warsaw. People loved the story of a simple and good maid Cecchina. Seventeen years later, Wojciech Bogusławski, the director of the National Theater, translated and adapted Goldoni’s opera and named it „Czekina albo cnotliwa panienka” („Czekina or a Virtuous Maid”). He performed it in 1782 with big success. First of all, the article describes the historical context of the creation of libretto – the Carlo Goldoni’s biography. Next, it presents the story of maid Cecchina and the phenomenon of the description of the Polish theories of translation from the 18th century, the Polish version of the opera – „Czekina or a Virtuous Maid”, is presented. Finally, two versions of the libretto – the Goldoni’s and the Bogusławski’s, are compared.

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"Ossiani lauludest" ja baltisakslaste ossianismist II

Author(s): Kairit Kaur / Language(s): Estonian / Issue: 11/2021

This paper takes a look at the Baltic German reception of “The Poems of Ossian”. For the Baltic Germans, it seems to have been the most important work of lyrical literature written in English. First, a short summary of Macpherson’s project, its literary innovations and reception in Europe is given, which is followed by an overview of the preserved editions in the cultural historical collections of Estonian research libraries. As Baltic Germans mostly read in German, the greatest focus lies on German editions, but also some French and Italian translations can be found. Of course, the text was read in the original language as well. The Baltic German reception seems to have begun in the 1770s and it continued until the Umsiedlung (departure of Baltic Germans from Estonia and Latvia, 1939–1941). At the beginning of the reception stood not the work of Macpherson himself, but some examples of German Barden­dichtung. Also, a few Macpherson-epigones such as Edmund von Harold were popular. Another influential person was Herder with his concept of popular song (Volks­lied), which was based on his reading of “The Poems of Ossian”. The work was read by ­lawyers, estate owners, pastors, teachers and professors, but it was also found in public and school libraries, as well as libraries of student fraternities. Part two of the article concentrates on the Ossianistic works by Baltic Germans.

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"Panslavizem, panslavizem, bi se kričalo od vseh strani!" K zgodovini slovanstva, slovenstva in nemškega strahu pred panslavizmom 1788-1861

Author(s): Marko Zajc / Language(s): Slovenian / Issue: 1/2009

The idea of Slavism is inseparably linked with the development of the Slovenian national thought. The use of wider, Slavic notion to surpass provincial and regional borders was present since the very beginning of the Slovenian nationalism which was closely connected with the neighbouring German element. Herders's views on language as the essence of the nation and his praise of Slavs play an important role. At the end of Napoleon's Wars a general fear of Russia overcame Europe. Three different aspects of attitude towards Russia existed in the German-Austrian public: Russia as a reactionary state (internal policy aspect), Russia as a Slavic force (national aspect) and Russia as an expansive force (foreign policy aspect). The Slovenian national movement also operated in this context and had to struggle against being accused of Panslavism and Pro-Russianism from the beginning of its political action.

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"Scaune" Church. An archaeological glimpse

Author(s): Andrei Măgureanu / Language(s): English / Issue: 10/2019

A limited archaeological research was occasioned by an ongoing restoration project of the “Scaune” church. For a better management of the intrusive intervention, a non-invasive investigation of the nave and the narthex was first carried out. Data resulted from the electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) was subsequently verified. The results of the archaeological research consisted in identifying three crypts and a cemetery in use before the present-day church, and in new data on the foundations of the church built in 1705.

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"Societatea de Comerț din Timișoara" ("Temeswarer Commercien-Societät") – un experiment eșuat al mercantilismului austriac în Banatul imperial (1723-1730)

Author(s): Costin Feneşan / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1/2020

Occupied de facto in 1716-1717 by the imperial forces, the Banat of Timișoara (Temeswar) became de iure a province of the Habsburg monachy as stipulated by the Treaty of peace at Passarowitz (July 21, 1718) concluded with the Ottoman Empire. Enjoying the status of a direct estate of the Austrian Crown and Court-Chamber, the new acquired territory proved soon to be an excellent field to test the mercantilistic precepts prevailing at the Court in Vienna. Trade was among the favorite domains for these experiences seeking not only an active export of local merchandises but also a positive balance of trade to attract cash in the country and avoid his exportation. The Treaty of commerce concluded with the Ottoman Porte at Passarowitz (July 28, 1718) offered in this view a favourable frame to the commercial relations of the Imperial Banat. In order to restrain and check the deals of the foreign Turkish merchants as well as of the local ones (Greeks/ Macedo-Romanians, Jewish and Serbs), general of cavalry (since 1723 fieldmarshal) count Claudius Florimond de Mercy, the first military and civilian governor of the Banat, a close friend and partner to Prince Eugene of Savoy, president of the Court War Council, recommended 1722 to Emperor Charles VI the establishement of a trade company at Timișoara (Temeswar), the capital-city of the new imperial province. A first temporary agreement was signed on August 23, 1723, the final one was concluded at Timișoara on November 11, 1723 (see the full text in attachment). Among the 14 shareholders (one share being 3000 florins) to the „Commercial Society at Timișoara” subscribed governor Mercy, lieutenant general (fieldmarshal-lieutenant) count Wallis, commander of the fortress of Timișoara and military counsellor to the Banatic Administration (appointed as well as managing director of the trade company), the civilian counsellors Rebentisch and Haan and even a Serbian merchant, Jovan Bibitsch (Bibić). The amount of the subscribed capital raised to 49.000 florins. As for the trade articles, wax and honey ranged on the top. As a consequence of the auspicious start, the „Commercial Society at Timișoara” got a substantial support form the Court Chamber. Therefore, on March 8, 1725, on governor Mercy’s initiative, at Vienna was signed a new company-agreement (see the full text in attachment). According to this, the subscribed capital of the 21 shareholders – among them the Imperial Office of State Revenues with three shares of 3000 florins each, and three civilian and military advisors to the Imperial Court – raised to 86.000 florins. The commercial house owed by the brothers Palm at Vienna (having subscribed for one share) was appointed to manage all trade operations of the „Commercial Society” abroad, while at Timișoara were left only the pay office and two officials to deal with the acquisition and sending of merchandises. Following governor Mercy’s insistences, the new company-agreement was stipulating the establishment of a manufacture for tweed and textile (effectively built in 1726) in order to provide the local market an to try a trade abroad. According to the company-agreement, the main merchandises to commerce were yellow and white wax, salted sturgeon and sturgeon-roe, honey and lard. A special attention was payed to the trade with copper, produced by the foundies in the Imperial Banat and put at the disposition of the „Commercial Society” by the Court Chamber through the Banatic Administration. Inspite the substantial support of the Court Chamber, the businesses of the trade company decreased constantly, especially after 1728, due to the stiff competition, to hazardous deals or to governor Mercy’s longe absence from home (the governor and fieldmarshal was killed 1734 in a battle near Parma). Deprived of any official support, this mercantilist experiment in the Imperial Banat failed after 1730. In the very large report on the Banat and its problems presented in 1734 to general count Hamilton, the new governor, no more word is lost about the „Commercial Society at Timișoara”.

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"Terzijarija". Tajna sistematskog obogaćivanja bokeljskih pomoraca

Author(s): Pavao Butorac / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 04+05/1934

Бокељски трговци држали су се, као и млетачки, начeла слободне трговине. Само што ово начела несамо да није било у сукобу са захтјевима трговачке солидарности, неrо ју је учвршћивало, будући да се ју у праксу проводило управ зато да се онемогуће насиља гусара уопће, а Турака у арбанашкоме приморју понапосе.

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"Theatrum Nobilitatis Hungaricae”. Genealogické výskumy Mateja Bela so zvláštnym zreteľom na rod Thurzo

Author(s): Gergely Tóth / Language(s): Slovak / Publication Year: 0

Práce, ktoré sa venujú dejinám genealógie, sa ani len nezmieňujú o tom, že aj významný historik 18. storočia Matej Bel patril medzi genealógov, a to napriek tomu, že Bel mal od začiatku naplánované, že v Notitiách, v historicko-geografickej práci, predstavujúcej uhorské stolice, sa bude venovať aj dejinám šľachtických rodov. Tento svoj plán – aj keď medzerovito a zlomkovito – aj splnil. Výsledky jeho práce genealógovia 18. storočia akceptovali, neskôr sa však bádatelia na ne odvolávali už len zriedkavo. Zhromaždené údaje bratislavského vedca, resp. jeho rozhodné predstavy v tejto téme si bádatelia, zaoberajúci sa dejinami tohto vedného odboru v 20. storočí nevšimli, možno pre encyklopedický charakter Notícií, ktoré sú na prvý pohľad tematicky dosť neprehľadné, a tiež možno aj pre ich nedokončenosť. V tejto štúdii by sme chceli napraviť toto poľutovaniahodné zanedbanie. Najprv preskúmame, v akej forme sa chcel Bel zaoberať dejinami rodov, a aké uhorské, alebo zahraničné diela a vplyvy ho podnietili k takýmto výskumom; potom prehľadne z celých Notícií – nielen z tlačených častí, ale aj z tých, ktoré zostali v rukopise – predstavíme výsledky jeho výskumov, resp. ich ďalšie využitie a citovanie v 18. storočí. V druhej časti štúdie sa budeme venovať analýze histórie rodu Thurzo z Belovho pera – čo je v skutočnosti dielo v diele, veď v opise Oravskej stolice, kde sa nachádza, zaberá takmer polovicu textu. Zároveň budeme venovať pozornosť aj metódam práce Mateja Bela, mož- nostiam a hraniciam ním prevedeného výskumu.

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"Tot norodul Bucureștilor" în luptă pentru dreptate socială și libertatea patriei (sec. al XVIII-lea)

Author(s): Panait I. Panait / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 7/1983

Starting with medieval chroniclers and documents issued in the 18th-19th centuries. The author presents significant aspects of the mass actions of the Bucharest population against the regime of the Phanariotes and foreign occupation. On the basis of the sources of the time, the participation of all the people is emphasized, the decisive role of the inhabitants of the city, craftsmen and traders, to the peasants of the surrounding villages, Progressive elements belonging to feudalism, indigenous boards disappointed by the policy promoted by the Phanariotes, ad

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"TURCI" U SATIRU MATIJE ANTUNA RELKOVIĆA (1732-1798)

Author(s): Ekrem Čaušević / Language(s): Bosnian / Issue: 47-48/1999

Der kroatische Schriftsteller M. A. Relković wurde in Davor (Slawonien) geboren. Als Sechzehnjahriger trat er in den Militardienst in einem am Fluss Sava stationierten Grenzregiment ein. Da er sich durch Tapferkeit besonders hervorgetan hat, wurde er im Jahre 1778 zum Kapitân befördert. Als Offizier nahm er am Osterreichisch-Preussischen Krieg (1756-1773) teil, in dem er mehrmals verwundet wurde. Mit 54 Jahren tritt er in den Ruhestand und zieht nach Vinkovci, wo er stirbt und beerdigt wird.

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"Історія русів" як джерело культурологічних рецепцій 80-х років XVIII – першої половини XIX століття

Author(s): Larysa I. Gorenko / Language(s): Ukrainian / Issue: 2/2010

In this article reflection outstanding example of the political, historical-philosophy and culturality-philosophy thought into the Ukrainian on the boundary XVIII–XIX-th century "The History of Rusov", which become to the spring accordingly cultural reception's in the creative work of the outstanding public benefactor at the Ukrainian and west European cultural. Characteristic role to the Novgorod-Siverskіy intellectual society into be created this is note book and the new conception of the development Ukrainian. Underline, what author "The History of Rusov" projection at the national, state political system and cultural regenerate, where Ukrainiany and Ukrainian present as the world phenomenon. Also reflection the special role historycal and cultural legacy in to formation of the national consciousness and Ukrainian national model new "hereditary of the chielf".

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"Ханска Украйна - Мукатаа Томбасар" (края на XVII-XVIII век)

Author(s): Alexander Sereda / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Publication Year: 0

The aim of the paper is to explore the region of Northwest Black Sea lands in the early 17th-18th centuries, in the context of the Ottoman and Crimean administrative and territorial structure; the political preconditions for the formation of Khan Ukraine - special administrative and territorial unit with the Ukrainian-Kazakh population under Crimean governance; the organization of the economical and fiscal district "Muqataa Tombasar" in the framework of Khan Ukraine. It presents the defter (register) of the revenues and expanses in Muqataa Tombasar and localizes the settlements and their population in the Northwest Black Sea region.

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(Nie)doskona ła równowaga? Problem y relacji między unią, stanami a ludem w amerykańskiej debacie politycznej w latach 1798-1861

(Nie)doskona ła równowaga? Problem y relacji między unią, stanami a ludem w amerykańskiej debacie politycznej w latach 1798-1861

Author(s): Rafał Lis / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 67/2020

The aim of the article is to present the controversy related to maintaining the ideal of balance between the two levels of power in the American political system (Union and state), indicated by James Madison in his essay. This balance was strongly justified by the reference to the principle of people’s sovereignty, which was to be threatened by both centrifugal and separatist, as well as centralist and unification tendencies. The review of positions from the years 1798–1861 presented in the article allows us to state that the controversy resulted from Madison’s failure to precisely define the people – especially where exactly they should be placed in the conflict between the two jurisdictions

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(Nie)przewidziane konsekwencje? Reforma edukacji oraz reforma nauki i szkolnictwa wyższego realizowane
przez rząd PiS wobec obietnicy realizacji państwa dobrobytu

(Nie)przewidziane konsekwencje? Reforma edukacji oraz reforma nauki i szkolnictwa wyższego realizowane przez rząd PiS wobec obietnicy realizacji państwa dobrobytu

Author(s): Piotr Kulas / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Th e main aim of the text is to discuss the expected consequences of the reform ofeducation and of higher education from the perspective of implementing the welfarestate. Th e welfare state is the main promise of the Law and Justice political agenda. Itsfulfi llment determines the support of the voters for this party. By analysing the possibleeff ects of each reform, the author considers whether the Law and Justice party is buildinga welfare state. He argues that, in spite of promises and the voters’ expectations,the consequences of these key public policies for the shaping of a welfare state will notbe egalitarian. Th e analysis is based on specialists’ discourse on the two reforms inreference to the idea of social equality. It is a critical study in the sociology of knowledge.

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(P)oszukiwanie tożsamości: cztery studia o angielskim Oświeceniu
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(P)oszukiwanie tożsamości: cztery studia o angielskim Oświeceniu

Author(s): Paweł T. Dobrowolski / Language(s): Polish

The book consists of introduction and four chapters, each being an independent albeit interconnected study related to the issues of emerging English/British modern identity. Conclusion and full bibliography follow. The common motives of each study revolve around the practices of constructing modern cultural and social identity, by means of affirmation or impersonation. The first three chapters deal with the shifting British cultural patterns – the meaning of masquerades and gender-related issues - often viewed against contemporary Europen context. In the last essay, which is embedded in current historiography on penal deportation the statistically presented data and conclusions belong also to the domain of economic history.The choice of literature is comprehensive. The rich and perceptive choice of illustrations, which visualise the text allow the reader to imagine many of the dramatis personae.

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1716 karácsonya Bethlenszentmiklóson: a Bethlentextológia kezdete? Hermányi Dienes József mint szemtanú és textológus (előtanulmány)

1716 karácsonya Bethlenszentmiklóson: a Bethlentextológia kezdete? Hermányi Dienes József mint szemtanú és textológus (előtanulmány)

Author(s): Zsombor Tóth / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 08/2021

Despite an outstanding political carrier, Count Miklós Bethlen (1642–17116) concluded his life in prison in Vienna, and he never returned to Transylvania. During this unwanted stay from 1708 to 1716, he produced a consistent corpus of manuscripts containing his memoirs, prayers, and several pieces of his impressive correspondence. After the Count’s death on October 27, 1716, all his manuscripts had been first sequestrated by the imperial administration, and then they were only partially given back to his son and heir, József Bethlen. This paper proposes a case study reconstructing a key moment in December 1716, when some of the original manuscripts had been released and delivered to József Bethlen. With a focus on József Dienes Hermányi (1699-1763), and his eyewitness account, this case study considers a possible scenario for the destiny of the manuscripts that came into the possession of the heir. The Christmas of 1716 appears to have been a crucial moment as it coincided, most probably, with the first editing of Miklós Bethlen’s manuscripts. As the young Dienes Hermányi was seeking the favours of his patrons, the members of the Bethlen family, he would have been the ideal candidate for transcribing and copying the original manuscripts of Miklós Bethlen under the supervision of János Lukács Borosnyai (1694-1760), the tutor of Miklós’s grandson, István Bethlen. It is safe to say that the Christmas of 1716 marked the entrance of the Bethlen manuscripts into the scribal culture and publicity of 18th-century Transylvania.

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1768-1774 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı Ortasında Kırım Pazarlığı: Fokşan Barış Müzakereleri

1768-1774 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı Ortasında Kırım Pazarlığı: Fokşan Barış Müzakereleri

Author(s): Hakan Yıldız / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 3/2022

The first of the two attempts to ensure peace during the six-year-long war (1768-74) between the Ottoman Empire and Russia was the negotiations held near the town of Focsani on the border of Wallachia and Moldavia. The importance of the Focsani Negotiation is that the independence of Crimea, which was an Ottoman Muslim territory, came to the fore in an interstate negotiation with the Ottoman caliphate. Therefore, these are interesting diplomatic processes in which a political issue was in question with its divine qualities. Since the Russian representatives recognized Crimea’s independence as the precondition, and the Ottomans disagreed, claiming it against the religion of Islam and the Caliphate, the meeting ended with disagreement without negotiating on subsequent articles despite long discussions. This article analyses the Focsani Peace Negotiations briefly mentioned in the literature of eighteenth century Ottoman-Russian relations first time separately with the personal and political performances of Ottoman and Russian negotiators. Thus, it predicts the effect of diplomatic initiatives on the war process and how the losses and gains of each side shaped their political future. The study benefits from chronicles written by eyewitnesses, secondary sources, and official documents related to the subject.

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1772–1813. ON EARLY SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITY OF THE ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATORY AT UNIVERSITY OF COIMBRA

1772–1813. ON EARLY SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITY OF THE ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATORY AT UNIVERSITY OF COIMBRA

Author(s): Fernando Bandeira Figueiredo / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

The establishment of scientific education at the University of Coimbra was one of the most important accomplishments of the Reform of the University in 1772. One of the best examples is the creation of the Faculty Mathematics and of the Astronomical Observatory (OAUC). The foundation of the OAUC – thefirst Portuguese university–based astronomical observatory, although with attributes typical of a national observatory – was fundamental in the institutionalization of astronomical science in Portugal. José Monteiro da Rocha (1734–1819) was the central personality beyond the conception, planning and construction of OAUC, as well as in its instrument’s provision. He was also behind the applied mathematical and astronomical methods that allowed the OAUC to establish and publish its most important and significant scientific production: the Astronomical Ephemeris (1803). In this paper, we will review Monteiro da Rocha’s contributions for the foundation of the OAUC and its scientific astronomical activity.

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18. Yüzyıl Avrupa Porselenlerinde Osmanlı Figürleri

18. Yüzyıl Avrupa Porselenlerinde Osmanlı Figürleri

Author(s): Memduha Candan Güngör / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 69/2020

The Ottoman Empire's domination in Europe brings along a great appreciation, admiration and respect to the Empire, together with the fear of the Turks. In the 18th century, travelers and traders from Eastern culture acquainted with Turkey and when they came back, the travel books they told about the ethnographic richness and traditions of the east caused a trend called Turquerie to emerge in a short time. With the first production of porcelain in Europe, the artists who discovered the characteristics of the porcelain, made elegant Turkish figures with fine workmanship, under the influence of the Turquerie movement. These figures, which started to be studied in Meissen (the first porcelain factory in Europe), have been inspired by the modelers of other established factories over time. These works, which generally deal with figures about Ottoman sultans, female sultans, and palace life that are examples of culture from past to present are exhibited in private collections, museums and auctions. In this article, after mentioning briefly the Turquerie movement, which is one of the reasons for the emergence of the figures, the porcelain factory, Meissen, where figures are produced most intensely and flawlessly in Europe and its modelers will be mentioned, and examples of Turkish figure production at porcelain factories that are rapidly spreading in Europe will be given. This study aims to underline how the art of ceramics was influenced by the judgements, way of thinking and aesthetics of the society in the context of its relationship with the collective subconscious, through exemplary works. The Turquerie movement, which emerged at the point where the East and the West touch one another, and the porcelain figurines, which are the reflection of Ottoman figures, are the inevitable results of this effect and interest.

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18. YÜZYIL KÜTAHYA ÇİNİLERİNDE KULLANILAN DAMGALARIN GÖRSEL VE SEMBOLİK AÇIDAN İNCELENMESİ

18. YÜZYIL KÜTAHYA ÇİNİLERİNDE KULLANILAN DAMGALARIN GÖRSEL VE SEMBOLİK AÇIDAN İNCELENMESİ

Author(s): Eren Evin Kiliçkaya,Oya Aşan Yüksel / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 17/2020

Kütahya has been successfully carrying on the quality of being an important ceramic center with its traditional tile production, unique shape and variety of patterns since the 14th century. Kütahya has continued the production of traditional tile from the past to the present day, and in the 17th and 18th centuries it has given the most original and mature examples. It has been observed that, 18th century tiles have an important source in terms of archiving and examining these unique works in the hand-painted stamps on the tiles, in addition to the unique pattern and variety of shapes. Stamps used in Kütahya tiles respond to important technical and sociological information, such as when, by whom, and where the tile was made. For this reason, the marks on the 18th century Kütahya Tiles are thought to be an important symbol in terms of understanding the roots of our culture. When Kütahya Tiles, one of the most important symbols of local culture, are associated with the symbolic marks they possess, it is thought that this tradition, which has survived to the present day, has formed an important source in the study of social infrastructure. In this study, 18th century stamps containing shape, symbols, inscriptions and monograms in Kütahya Tiles were examined. These stamps are examined visually and symbolically and divided into four chapters; written in Ottoman, written in Armenian, monogrammed or signed, containing various shapes and symbols, and both written in Ottoman and contain symbolic shapes.

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