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Üpris – Oma Või Laen?

Author(s): Vilja Oja / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 05/2017

The article discusses the etymology of üpris, which is a common word in standard Estonian. There are different hypotheses about its origin, but still no consensus. In the 17th-19th-century Estonian writings the word usually means either ’very’ or ’great; wonderfully’, in the 19th century also ’rather’, like today. Reports of its dialectal use are rare. Most probably we have here a loanword expressing superlatively. Phonetically and semantically, as well as according to dialect material the source word could have been ypperst (dial. also ypp(e)rster etc) ’the most wonderful; most wonderfully’ originating in Old Modern Swedish. However, the donor language can also be seen in Low German, where upperst(e) (cf. the Baltic German üpperste) means ’the most noble/important; the highest, main etc’.

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Kohanimed XVII-XIX sajandi hauatähistel

Author(s): Pille Arnek / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 05/2019

The oldest survived stone crosses commemorating Estonians date back to the late 16th century. Many of these Maltese and wheel crosses are rather rich, giving evidence of a rise of the self-awareness and social position of the wealthier Estonians. As many of the stonemasons were Estonians, too, it can be assumed that a number of the epitaphs have been engraved by a native Estonian. As survived records written by an Estonian hand are few, those old stone crosses are certainly a valuable source of written Estonian. The article analyses the place names engraved on the grave markers of deceased Estonians from the 17th–19th century. The research material consists of 48 17th-century place names, three place names from the 18th-century, which, as we know, began with the Great Northern War and the plague, and 193 place names selected from the abundant ones representing the 19th century. As far as morphology is concerned, most of the place names are in the genitive case. This is due to the pre-nominal position of place names as well as other cognomina. After all, a place name would often serve as a cognomen in oral speech. The assumption that the genitive case might be a trace of a generic term (village, farm etc) once following the place name was not confirmed for the epitaphs analysed, where the use of such generic terms was increasing rather than decreasing with time. Solid writing of the principal name and the generic term (if given) may have been either occasional or a sign of inconsistent usage typical of the development phase of any standard language. Separate writing, however, is more eloquent of a separate perception of the two components (e.g. Kodda asseme ‘place of home’). The texts engraved on grave markers provide interesting additional information on the development and use of place names, in particular on their shortening, folk etymology and bureaucratic etymology, while some variants found add new information, some help to confirm current assumptions.

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Transilvania ca societate de frontieră din perspectiva colecționarilor de carte

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Transilvania ca societate de frontieră din perspectiva colecționarilor de carte

Author(s): Andreea Mârza / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2 Supp./2022

The history of libraries from Transylvania can also be investigated from the perspective of Transylvania as a border nation. If we examine over time, Transylvania was a border nation, and this frontier attempted to meet the civilisation degree of the centre. This research tackles some book collections that entered Transylvania due to the collector activity of Transylvania’s bishop, Ignác Batthyány. It is the book collection that formed what currently is known as “library of Johannes Henckel”, “library of cardinal Christophor Migazzi”. The two collections reached the current holdings of the Batthyaneum Library in the ‘80s of the XVIIIth century. We do not know exactly how the bishop came to know about the first library, that of Johannes Henckel. The second, well known in the capital of the Empire, was bought after a series of negotiations that brought Imre Dániel, the future librarian of the Transylvanian prelate, to the fore. Both libraries hold essential holdings of works purchased for the library to be established in Alba Iulia, a small town like the region it was part of, on the outskirts of the Hapsburg Empire. We also draw attention to a possible acquisition, probably partial, of some books that belonged to the Slovak scholar Adám František Kollár. This question mark regarding Kollár's books hovers until the book holdings of the Batthyaneum Library are processed in a catalogue also containing the owners of the books.

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Етрополе – предизвикателствата пред един дербенджийски, рударски и книжовен център през XVI и XVII век (по непубликувани османски документи)

Author(s): Krasimira Mutafova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2022

Although it is a village, according to the way it is designated in the Ottoman register material from the 16th and 17th centuries as ‘qarye’, Etropole has established itself as a significant mining (madanci), craft and literary center during this period. A circumstance that undoubtly is of a particular importance and has impacted on its significance as a mining, derbentci and literary center, is its designation as a passage zone of centuries-old importance. The location and natural conditions of the region, favorable and encouraging for trade contacts and the development of a number of crafts, are also important. An opportunity to trace the development of Etropole as a Derbentci and later mining center, as well as its overall economic characteristics and socio-economic profile of its inhabitants from the second half of the 15th to the first half of the 17th century, gives the voluminous and still unpublished compact information contained in several mufassal (detailed, nominal) defters from 1516–1517, 15141–1545, 1613–1614 and 1642–1646, selected for the purposes of the study. The annotated register data reveal a rather heterogeneous socio- economic profile of the residents of Etropole. It is difficult to determine which status of the settlement – derbentci or mining (madenci) – during the Ottoman period proved to be the leading one for its economic and cultural development. But it is indisputable that the economic rise of Etropole in the 16th and 17th centuries coincided with the activation of the literary and spiritual life, attested in the available sources published by the great Bulgarian medievalist Petar Mutafchiev, as well as in a number of attributions and author's notes of writers, priests and wealthy residents of Etropole. The comparative analysis of the newly translated and summarized register data convincingly highlights the close connection between the heyday of mining, the Ottoman fiscal and legal privileges granted to the residents of Etropole and the overall literary and educational activity of the Etropole Monastery “St. Troitsa” – an important cultural and spiritual center.

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Rukopisi rječnika i leksikografska tradicija u Bosni od 16. do 19. stoljeća

Author(s): Dželila Babović / Language(s): Bosnian,English Issue: 27/2022

Dictionaries in Arabic, Turkish, Persian, and Bosnian that were created and used in Bosnia from the 16th to the 19th century are an indispensable segment of the Bosnian lexicographic tradition. Based on the researchers and analysis of the form, language, methodology, questions of authorship, and reception of the dictionaries stored in the institutional manuscript collections of Bosnia and Herzegovina, it is possible to talk about the dominant lexicographic trends and practices during the Ottoman rule in these areas and to determine the contribution of these manuscripts works and their authors to the development and continuity of the lexicographical tradition. The research base for this work was manuscript collections stored in public cultural and scientific institutions of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Gazi Husrev-bey Library, National and University Library of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosniak Institute – Adil Zulfikarpašić Foundation, Oriental Institute of the University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo Historical Archives, The Cantonal Archives Travnik, The Cantonal Archives Tuzla, The General Library of Tešanj, Herzegovina Museum Mostar and Herzegovina Archives Mostar.

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Bishops, Kings and Leviathan: Nationalism and Integralism in Light of High Church Anglican Political Thought

Author(s): Andrew J. Nolte / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

This article traces the political thought of high church Anglicans from 1580-1720. Beginning with Richard Hooker, Anglican political thought was shaped by the need to balance competing principles. For high church Anglicans, the monarchy was seen as the institution best positioned to defend this balance against what they saw as the twin threats of "Puritanism and popery." However, high churchmen also began to defend a high view of episcopacy even over against the power of the English government, introducing a tension between royal supremacy and high church Anglicanism with implications for both nationalist and integralist conceptions of the state. This culminated in the nonjurors—Anglican clergy and academics removed from their posts for refusing to swear oaths to William and Mary—defending episcopacy against both the new king and defenders of royal supremacy. The example of high church Anglicans demonstrates some perils of both nationalist and integralist approaches to politics for many religious forms of traditional conservatism.

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Fra Anđelko Barun, Franjevci među svojim pukom, Kratka povijest Bosne Srebrene

Author(s): Dražen Janko / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 21/2022

Review of: Fra Anđelko Barun, Franjevci među svojim pukom, Kratka povijest Bosne Srebrene, Sarajevo: Svjetlo riječi, 2021, 179 str.

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Jegyzetek a brit imperializmusról

Author(s): András Balogh / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2018

The article discusses important aspects of modern imperialism, concentrating on the British Empire from the acquisition of to the first colonies up to the period after of the second world war, which saw the end of Britain’s colonial rule. The author divides the history of the British Empire into seven periods, concentrating mainly on the long nineteenth century, during which Britain managed to control the most important and lucrative parts of world economy and trade. Paradoxically, the summit of the British Empire coincided with the apparition of the first cracks on imperialism and the publication of the first major works which condemned imperialist practices as morally and politically unacceptable. The author argues that imperialism remains a relevant problem in the third millennia as well.

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MUZICA BISERICEASCĂ ȘI DOMNIA

Author(s): Eduard Rusu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 58/2021

Although it may seem curious, religious music played an important role in defining the relationship between music and political power, primarily due to the links between the State and the Church, characteristic of Romanian medievalism. Given this framework, we aim to capture how this relationship is achieved. The princely churches concentrated around them the best psalts, and they, apart from the public divine cult, participated in various manifestations at the Court with their music, the most favorable framework being the princely festive dinners. Here they performed specific songs and polychronions, praising and glorifying the ruler, according to the Byzantine model. The church singers also enjoyed a privileged status, endowed with the aforementioned relationship, which is reflected in several official documents, a situation quite rare in the case of other musicians at the princely court. This is why we consider it necessary to take the action we are proposing, especially as a similar attempt does not exist in Romanian historiography.

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The Farm and Family of a Well-To-Do Peasant from the Province of Rumeli in the Early Seventeenth Century

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The Farm and Family of a Well-To-Do Peasant from the Province of Rumeli in the Early Seventeenth Century

Author(s): Stefka Parveva / Language(s): English Issue: 3-4/2022

The study aims to outline the main characteristics of the farm of a well-to-do peasant from the province of Rumeli in the early seventeenth century and to tell his family story. The first part of the study analyzes the inheritance inventory (tereke defter) of the properties of Tsono, son of Todor from the village of Dobroslavtsi in the kaza of Sofia, left to his heirs after his death. The microeconomics of the farm he created is reconstructed. Its potential for providing surpluses from agriculture and animal husbandry and for the formation of the property status of the family is analyzed. The second part of the study, based on information from documents (hüccets) registered in the kadı court records of Sofia from 1617, examines aspects of family history, focusing on the murder of the said peasant, organized by his wife and carried out by two of his countrymen. The criminal and spiritual aspects of the crime are analyzed, the ways and means that existed during the epoch for its avoidance are outlined.

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Mälestussammas Tartu kirjakeelele

Author(s): Külli Habicht / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 4/2020

Review of: Szilárd Tibor Tóth. Tartu kirjakeele raamid Johannes Gutslaffi grammatikast (1648) „Kodolaste raamatuni” (1913). (Tallinna Ülikooli humanitaarteaduste dissertatsioonid 52.) Tallinn: Tallinna Ülikool, 2019. 255 lk

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Kaitstud doktoritööd

Author(s): Not Specified Author / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 1-2/2020

Defended doctoral theses.

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Urban Planning and Urban Lots in Cluj during The Modern Period. A Historical-Archaeological Perspective on the Emmanuel de Martonne, Hermann Oberth and Gaál Gábor Streets

Author(s): Oana Toda,Keve László,Florin Mărginean,Zsolt Csók / Language(s): English Issue: 59/2022

Over the past two decades, the accelerated development of historical urban centers in Transylvania has determined an increase in archaeological rescue interventions. The phenomenon was also documented in Cluj‑Napoca. However, the legislative framework and the attitude of local decision‑makers remain deficient in protecting and capitalizing on the built historical heritage and archaeological remains in the urban area. The lack of complex research programs focusing on Transylvanian urban environments has also enabled widespread ignorance regarding the archaeological remains of the modern period. The development of the entire field of study of urban historical archaeology has thus been inhibited. This field of archaeology provides the theoretical framework and methodological background for the research carried out in the second part of 2021 on three of the secondary streets of the historical center of Cluj: Gaál Gábor St., Hermann Oberth St. and Emmanuel de Martonne St.The contextualization of the discoveries in the three streets adjacent to the famous Platea Luporum intra muros (Farkas utca, Mihail Kogălniceanu St.) has facilitated the analysis of urban planning efforts throughout the modern age, as well as their antecedents and origins. The research has highlighted different situations for each of the streets in question, regarding their period of origin, possible mutations, and connections with the associated urban lots. Emmanuel de Martonne St. is a late modern creation, planned and executed in two stages during the second half of the nineteenth century. Unlike it, Hermann Oberth St. is considerably earlier in date, possibly medieval, with a well‑defined and documented trajectory since the seventeenth century. Furthermore, Gaál Gábor St. was originally an obscure footpath that originated in the first half of the eighteenth century. It now has a partially altered trajectory due to urban systematization works dated to the beginning of the twentieth century. Their simultaneous research has allowed us to follow a long process of reconfiguration and multiplication of the street network in this micro‑area of historical Cluj.

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Български научни изследвания (2010–2020) по въпроси, свързани с историята на Италия и на българо-италианските контакти (XIV–XVIII век)

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Български научни изследвания (2010–2020) по въпроси, свързани с историята на Италия и на българо-италианските контакти (XIV–XVIII век)

Author(s): Penka Danova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2022

This study presents an overview of the historical sources printed in Bulgaria in the years between 2010 and 2020, related to the history of the old Italian states or to the Bulgarian-Italian contacts from the late Middle Ages and the Early Modern period. Emphasis is placed on sources in Italian, therefore documents and studies on the Dubrovnik Republic are also included. Important trends in the publication of sources such as bilingual editions, translations and commentaries, as well as indexes are outlined. Among the published sources and relevant studies, those related to economic history are the most numerous, followed by travelogues, chronicles, and other narratives. The tendency of the previous decades continues, to print on average one monograph per year by a Bulgarian author, related to the issues under consideration; one collection of sources and six studies or articles. The number of dissertations for attaining a PhD degree is increasing. A list of publications and dissertations is included.

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Negustori străini stabiliți în Galați și moșiile lor de la Șendreni și Dănceni, ținutul Covurluiului: Rustea din Șarhorod. Documente

Author(s): Costin Clit / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2021

The study deals with the fate of the family of the merchant Rustea, who came to Moldova from the Podolian town of Sharhorod (modern-day Ukraine) around 1648, during the Cossack uprising. He fled the country during the reign of Gheorghe Stefan (April 1653; July 1653-March 1658), became the „friend” of Eustratie Dabija. By his generous consent, he returned to Galati, together with other merchants who have taken refuge. Rustea bought the village of Șendreni and a part of Dănceni, from Archimandrite Theona, former abbot of the Galata and Cașin monasteries. Together with the other merchants, he prepared a donation to the church in Sharhorod, without being able to materialize it. Some objects were brought and stored at the Probota monastery, then donated to the Church of the Holy Sepulcher, in Jerusalem. The merciful spirit the merchant Rustea had towards the places of worship was reflected, in 1671, by his donation to Cetățuia monastery. He donated a part of Șendreni and Dănceni, the rest being sold in 1817 to Brazi monastery by the nun Anastasia (in myrrh, Anița Rustea, Ioan's wife). The documents documents comprised in this article reveal the evolution of Șendreni village, from the 17th century to the first half of the 19th century.

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TRAGOM JEDNOG PANEGIRIKA POSVEĆENOG DEFTERDARU RUMELIJE MEHMED-EFENDIJI MOSTARCU

Author(s): Adnan Kadrić,Madžida Mašić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 20/2021

The paper presents a qasida of the poet Isami, which is found in a manuscript codex (medzhmu) from the National and University Library of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The kasida is dedicated to Defterdar Mehmed Effendi Mostar. It has 56 verses and is found in the same codex that contains the transcripts of several Mostar vaqfnams. In the qasida, you can also find some important information about Mehmed-efendi Mostar, to whom the poet Isami sang the qasida. When comparing these data with Ottoman biographical sources, we noticed a lot of similarities between the biography of Mehmedefendi and the biography of Koski Mehmed-pasha, one of the famous Mostar vakifs (legators) from the beginning of the 17th century.

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Franciscanii și cultura occidentală în vestul României. Biblioteci în mișcare

Author(s): Elena Rodica Colta / Language(s): Romanian Issue: XXVI/2021

At first, monks brought manuscripts and theological writings especially in Latin, but their interest had very quicly widened to books in the field of social sciences (history, literature) and natural sciences (mathematics, chemistry, physics). The broadening of the Franciscan’s area of study and interest in the 18th century is partially a consequence of the encyclopedism that was present in that period of time. In the Arad county there have been two large libraries: in Radna and in Arad. Because of the vow of poverty, these libraries were actually “moving”, active libraries, meaning that copies or even some of the volumes were passed on (to the convent in Deva, to the monastery of Lăzarea, etc.). However, for more than two centuries, these books had been studied here and the monks who were prepared enough passed their knowledge to the local population.At first, monks brought manuscripts and theological writings especially in Latin, but their interest had very quicly widened to books in the field of social sciences (history, literature) and natural sciences (mathematics, chemistry, physics). The broadening of the Franciscan’s area of study and interest in the 18th century is partially a consequence of the encyclopedism that was present in that period of time. In the Arad county there have been two large libraries: in Radna and in Arad. Because of the vow of poverty, these libraries were actually “moving”, active libraries, meaning that copies or even some of the volumes were passed on (to the convent in Deva, to the monastery of Lăzarea, etc.).However, for more than two centuries, these books had been studied here and the monks who were prepared enough passed their knowledge to the local population.

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A SOCIETY OF SOCIAL DIFFERENCES: ISOLATING THE RICH AND THE POOR IN THE 17th-CENTURY KINGDOM OF NAPLES DURING A PLAGUE EPIDEMIC

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A SOCIETY OF SOCIAL DIFFERENCES: ISOLATING THE RICH AND THE POOR IN THE 17th-CENTURY KINGDOM OF NAPLES DURING A PLAGUE EPIDEMIC

Author(s): Idamaria Fusco / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

In this essay I will deal with plague and preventive measures in two epidemics which broke out in the Kingdom of Naples in 1656 and in 1690. The prevention was the most effective solution against the disease, but it was not always adopted. Differences between isolating the rich and isolating the poor existed, and they contributed to the plague spreading, as it happened especially in the 1656 disease. However, by the end of the 17th century a greater awareness of the importance of prevention had been reached, as well evidenced by the experience of the better managed 1690 epidemic.

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Fires of Joy and Anticipation Wedding Firework Displays of the Central European Habsburgs in the Second Half of the 17th Century

Author(s): Milan Kindl / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

Early modern firework illuminations and displays formed part of festivities in both secular and sacred contexts from the end of the 14th century. During the 15th and 16th centuries their designers, often high-ranking artillery officers, became an increasingly important part not only of army but also of court life. The development of fireworks, and especially rockets, gave prominence to intricately conceived displays, which were gradually developed according to the changing tastes of musical theatre productions and the skills of masters of pyrotechnics. In Central Europe, several performances were staged at the Habsburg court from the middle of the 17th century onwards which were clearly among the most costly, complex and, above all, the highest-quality pyrotechnical displays of their kind in the history of human culture. They were instruments of the complex patterns of contemporary propaganda and courtly representation, and their stories reflected the reality, desires, visions and concerns of the ruling dynasty. We can deduce their forms, stories and messages from surviving synopses and printed illustrated sheets.

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Book reviews

Author(s): Václav Bůžek,Kateřina Pražáková,Ivo Cerman,František Koreš,Josef Hrdlička,Ondřej Lee Stolička,Petr Zemek,Kateřina Horníčková / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2022

This paper contains followinga book reviews: 1. Dana Dvořáčková-Malá, Dvůr jako téma. Výzkum panovnické společnosti v českém středověku – historiografie, koncepty, úvahy, Praha, Historický ústav 2020, 358 s., ISBN 978–80–7286–342–6. 2. Mark Hengerer – Nadir Weber (edd.), Animals and Courts. Europe, c. 1200– 1800, Berlin – Boston, De Gruyter – Oldenbourg 2020, 434 s., ISBN 978–3- 11–054256–1. 3. Monique Chatenet – Murielle Gaude- Ferragu – Gérard Sabatier (edd.), Princely Funerals in Europe 1400–1700. Commemoration, Diplomacy and Political Propaganda, Turnhout, Brepols, 2021, 365 s., ISBN 978–2-503–58743–1. 4. Lenka Pořízková – Jiřina Smejkalová (eds.), Co jsou dějiny knihy? Antologie textů k dějinám a teorii knižní kultury, Academia, Praha 2021, 253 s., ISBN 978–80–200–3222–5. 5. Gisela Drossbach – Mark Hengerer (Hg.), Adel im östlichen Europa. Zwischen lokaler Identität, Region und europäischer Integration, Berlin, Frank & Timme 2021 (= DigiOst 10), 291 s., ISBN 978–3-7329–0663–5. 6. Mlada Holá – Martin Holý a kol., Profesoři pražské utrakvistické univerzity v pozdním středověku a raném novověku (1457/1458–1622), Praha, Academia – Historický ústav 2022, 650 s., ISBN 978–80–200–3328–4 (Academia), 978–80–7286–375–4 (Historický ústav). 7. Katrin Keller, Die Kaiserin. Reich, Ritual und Dynastie, Wien – Köln – Weimar, Böhlau Verlag 2021, 429 s., ISBN 978–3-205–21337–6. 8. Jiří Just – Markéta Růčková (edd.), Bratrská šlechta v Čechách a na Moravě a formování konfesní identity v raném novověku (Archiv Matouše Konečného III), Praha, Scriptorium 2020, 416 s., ISBN 978–80–7649–016–1 (Scriptorium), 978–80–7286–367–9 (Historický ústav AV ČR). 9. Pavla Státníková – Olga Fejtová a kolektiv, Praha 1580–1680. Místo konfesijních střetů, Praha, Muzeum hlavního města Prahy 2021, 458 s., ISBN 978–80–97828–60–1. 10. Tomáš Malý – Pavel Suchánek, Images of Purgatory, Studies in religious Imagination and Innovation (The Czech Lands 1600–1800), Viella, Roma 2021, 260 s., ISBN 978–88–3313–742–1. 11. Jan Kilián, Povstalci a odsouzenci. Osudy 27 obětí staroměstské exekuce, Praha, Nakladatelství Lidové noviny 2021, 464 s., ISBN 978–80–7422–813–1. 1ě. José Miguel López García, La esclavitud a finales del antiguo régimen. Madrid, 1701–1837 De moros de presa a negros de nación, Madrid, Alianza editorial 2020, s. 216, ISBN 978–84–9181–858–8. 13. Marie Ryantová (ed.), Korespondence Josefa Kalouska s českými historiky I-II, Praha, Nakladatelství Lidové noviny 2019–2021, 427 a 702 s., ISBN 978–80– 7422–677–9 a 978–80–7422–792–9.

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