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Review of: Radosław Sztyber, „Skądże to zbłaźnienie świata?” Wojciecha Dembołęckiego „Wywód jedynowłasnego państwa świata” (studium monograficzne i edycja krytyczna), Oficyna Wydawnicza Uniwersytetu Zielonogórskiego, Zielona Góra 2012, ss. 487. ISBN 978-83-7481-453-9. Review by: Piotr Świercz
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The article describes two Cyrillic Gospels from the Kórnik Library: BK 11985 and BK 896. It presents the cultural context of their creation, as well as their history, content, illuminations and a short lexical description. Both codices were the result of a cultural and spiritual revival in the Orthodox Church in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Both of them were luxury, professionally made goods; their copyists were experienced specialists. BK 896 represents a higher level of artistry. In view of their lexical characteristics, the manuscripts can be classifi ed as the third so-called Mount Athos-Tyrnovo linguistic redaction of the Gospel.
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Between about 1414 and 1592, the castle in Kórnik belonged to the Górka family – representatives of the Polish Crown’s power elite in the Early Modern era. In the third quarter of the 16th century, on the initiative of its then-owner, Count Stanisław Górka, the castle and its surroundings were modernised and extended. This article seeks to reconstruct and interpret the resulting residence complex, with particular focus on the castle, but also the private town, family church and hunting lodge. Some basic questions are asked concerning the new architectural solutions appearing at the time, the provenance of the formal-ideal models, and the author of the modernization design. In the adopted research method, assuming an interdisciplinary approach, the residence is seen as resultant of the investor’s needs and possibilities arising from his social, political and financial position.
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This article examines the trade in drugs and chemicals in early modern Transylvania through various primary sources. In the first section I discuss how the correspondence of Transylvanian envoys at the Ottoman court with the Transylvanian elites suggest that certain healing products were in high demand in Transylvania. In contrast to these purchases of medicines and drugs on command, the sixteenth–seventeenth‑century rate lists, customs tarriffs, and the customs registers of Cluj and Sibiu reveal the dynamics of the trade in chemicals and drugs from Vienna or the Ottoman Empire. In the seventeenth century, the imports of these goods became more diversified.
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As a museographer or museum curator, there is often great professional satisfaction in finding the stories behind the fascinating objects preserved in museum collections. These objects not only have remarkable aesthetic qualities but also reflect incredible life stories. This study focuses on examining a book part of the History of Pharmacy Collection in the National Museum of Transylvanian History. Apart from its age, being published in 1596, our attention was drawn to the texts inscribed on the cover and pages of the book. The repeated annotations of a man from the seventeenth century, Giovanni Battista Gussetti, declaring his ownership over this book aroused our curiosity. The article seeks to understand the book’s significance in the life of Gussetti and decipher what these inscriptions disclose about the owner and the historical context in which he lived. The research has been very rewarding, revealing a whole micro‑universe in which Gussetti, the owner, played his part. Throughout the following pages, we aim to provide a concise overview of the history of the pharmaceutical book collection and introduce the background of this particular book. We intend to explore some possibilities of identification of Giovanni Battista Gussetti, as far as our research has allowed, and the historical context of his activity to provide a broader understanding of the book’s significance.
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In 2022, the archaeologists from the National Museum of Transylvanian History conducted an excavation in a section of the cemetery surrounding the present Calvinist Church on the former Farkas utca (Platea Luporum – Lat., Ulița Lupilor – Ro., now known as Mihail Kogălniceanu Street). Within one of the graves, they uncovered a silver devotional medallion enameled on both sides, featuring the IHS monogram. Following its discovery, the medallion underwent a meticulous series of physical‑chemical examinations and an in‑depth historical analysis. These efforts aimed to unravel the medallion’s structure, functionality, and symbolic significance, particularly considering the depiction of the well‑known IHS monogram. Utilizing archaeological and anthropological data, as well as drawing parallels with formal and functional analogies from other historical contexts, the present study endeavors to elucidate the role and dating of this significant discovery.
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In the historiographic space, the Reformation refers to the movement to affirm freedom and human rights that appeared in Europe in the second decade of the 16th century and was led by the Augustinian Martin Luther (1483-1545). The ideology of the Reformation was most meaningfully reflected through the musical expression of the Protestant hymn. Over time, hymnological, liturgical, and musicological research, reflecting the influence of historicism, continued to influence church music and some other musical orientations. In the Protestant liturgy, metrical hymns are an important part of congregational worship. Protestant music has a deep functional and theological character, a history of its own, a specific writing, a particular aesthetic, being dominated by the theological ideas of the texts, and having a precise liturgical function. In the era of digitization and global crises, the huge heritage of Protestant hymnology that liturgical and musicological research has brought with it the development of new forces responsible for the currents of affirming freedom of expression in the global cultural crisis within the social, religious, political, and economic human conditions.
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This study examines the significance of the dining table as a space for gaining various kinds of experience in the journey of the royal nephew Andrzej Batory to Rome. At the courts of esteemed dignitaries, Batory assimilated Renaissance Italian dining etiquette and customs, subsequently es-tablishing his own court, based on analogous models. The table served as a platform for diplomatic discourse, enabling the young Batory to fulfil his diplomatic obligations. Engaging in intellectual debates with prominent humanists, notably Marc-Antoine Muret, at the dinner table fostered his intellectual faculties. Moreover, the integration of music and visual arts during the sumptuous banquets attended by Italian cardinals and princes enriched Batory’s artistic sensibilities, while the introduction of novel culinary creations refined his gastronomic taste. Encounters with esteemed religious figures, including Carlo Borromeo, Claudio Acquaviva, and the Oratorian circle, coupled with such devout practices as fasting and almsgiving, as well as studying religious texts at the table, ultimately served to fortify the young Batory’s Catholic faith.
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During the 16th and 17th centuries, European universities emerged as alluring educational insti-tutions for students, thanks to their outstanding professors and progressive pedagogical approach-es. Notably, Italian universities offered not only attractive academic programs but also a plethora of scholarships and waivers, thereby further enhancing their appeal. The continuously expanding University of Padua was particularly attractive for aspiring students from Silesia, who predomi-nantly enrolled in the German Artistic or Juristic faculties. The matriculation records of these aca-demic divisions feature a number of prominent names, such as Angelus Silesius, Laurentius Scholz, and Joachim Cureus, whose careers, as evidenced by their biographies, were greatly influenced by their participation in the transformative Grand Tour.
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Among the educational destinations chosen by the citizens of the Polish-Lithuanian Common-wealth, Padua occupied a prominent position. This was primarily due to the city’s esteemed uni-versity, situated along the Bacchiglione canal. Serving as the principal intellectual hub of the Vene-tian Republic, the university had attracted distinguished scholars for centuries. In the 16th and 17th centuries, it was especially the university’s medical studies that became popular among those seeking to boast a comprehensive education, acquired under the tutelage of Europe’s finest minds. Aspiring medical practitioners and members of noble families alike flocked to the City of Antenor, as Padua was called, in pursuit of erudition and cosmopolitan refinement. This article aims to elucidate the multifaceted dimensions of these sojourns in Padua, which exerted direct or indirect influences on the transformations in the broadly understood health culture of the Polish-Lithua-nian territories.
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The article discusses the topic of pacification sejms in the context of their impact on the systemic transformations of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the systemic practice. The author presents what the pacification sejm was, what role it played as a mechanism in the state system and presents the most common goals of constantly calling the parliament with such specific characteristics. Then, in chronological order, the four parliaments from 1589, 1673, 1699 and 1736 are discussed, because only their debates have been completed. The context of the internal situation at the time of calling the pacification is referred to, and then a description of the achievements of the Sejm in the aspect of interest to the author of influencing the shape of the system and provisions deviating from the current custom. In the summary, the author concludes that the pacification parliaments, despite its original character aimed at calming public moods and restoring peace in the country, often became a tool for carrying out certain systemic improvements. So, it is, consequently, a dualism both in purposes and effects. Therefore, these parliaments benefited the Commonwealth as a stabilization instrument and left their certain positive mark on the state system. Beside the Henryk Olszewski brief description of pacificatory sejms and the four monography of successful sejms it is hard to find a synthesis for that specific issue. This is why the author tries to make one universal characteristic of the pacification phenomenon, based on the current state of knowledge and his own conclusions about these specific sejms. Such a trial seems to be necessary when there is currently no holistic definition.
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Review of: Dějiny města Plzně 1. Do roku 1788, vedoucí autorského kolektivu Marie Malivánková-Wasková a Jaroslav Douša, Statutární město Plzeň. Plzeň 2014, 884 s.
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Navzdory skutečnosti, že moldavské a valašské kláštery měly značný územní rozsah a hluboce ovlivnily sociální, ekonomický, politický a kulturní život v pravoslavné Levantě, vědecký zájmem historiků se tomuto tématu zatím vyhnul. Příčiny této situace jsou pravděpodobně především metodologické: obrovské množství dokumentů, psaných v různých jazycích a různých paleografických kulturách (slovanské, rumunské, řecké, latinské a německé), které jsou většinou nepublikované. V období od 15. století do poloviny 18. století provedla knížata a vysocí dvorští hodnostáři rozsáhlé donace centrálních panství ve prospěch obou moldavských pravoslavných církví a klášterů ve zbytku Osmanské říše. Nejdůležitějšími dary byly celé obce nebo jejich části, vinice, mlýny i finanční dary, k nim je možné připočíst ještě další dary celé pravoslavné Levanty. Pravoslavná církev v Moldávii tak upevnila své majetkové posatvení získáním vesnic od jejich právoplatných vlastníků. Zdroje příjmů moldavských klášterů se velmi lišily: zemědělství, vybírání poplatků a pokut, osvobození od daní a někdy i peněžní dary. Výše příjmů se lišila od jednoho kláštera k druhému, od jedné vesnice do druhé a od jednoho roku do dalšího. Výše těchto příjmů je známá pouze u příjmů plynoucích ze správy klášterních nemovitostí, což představuje asi jednu desetinu celkového příjmu klášterní domény, i když velmi významnou, zejména ve srovnání k příjmům ostatních obyvatel knížectví. I tak byly ovšem příjmy moldavských klášterů mnohem menší než u klášterů v katolickém světě. I presto podporovaly moldavské kláštery pravoslaví v Transylvánii, Polsku a Osmanské říši. Tento významný rozpor vzhledem ke katolické Evropě byl primárně určen menším vlivem a bohatstvím Moldávie ve srovnání s katolickými státy Evropy. Dále, hospodářský rozvoj tohoto rumunského knížectví značně utrpěl v důsledku vzniku a rozvoji osmanského práva, po dobytí Konstantinopole (1453), krymského chanátu (1575) a Uher (1526), takže knížectví bylo nuceno přijmout osmanskou nadvládu a zaplatit poplatek, jehož hodnota se neustále zvyšovala. Navíc se situace v Moldávii stala velmi obtížnou z důvodu obecného oslabení stříbra v celé Evropě a nedobré ekonomické situace v celé Osmanské říši. K těmto příčinám mohou být dale připočteny přírodní katastrofy (sucho, sarančata, hladomor, epidemie, atd. velmi běžné v oblasti Dunaje). Kromě toho, chudoba klášterů byla také zapříčiněna sporadickými vojenskými konfrontacemi mezi Moldávií a Uherskem, Polskem a později Osmanskou říší, po kterých následovaly války sousedních zemí na jejich vlastním území: Polsko, Rakousko, Rusko a Osmanská říše. Obraz pak doplňují četné drancovací nájezdy a výpravy za otroky, k posledním dochází v roce 1758. Všechny tyto války obecně ovlivňují ekonomickou situaci knížectví mezi Dněstrem a Karpaty a zejména z moldavských klášterů činí oblíbený cíl pro lup vojáků. K ožebračení mnoha klášterů konečně vede snaha některých knížat sanovat své dluhy z klášerního majetku a výnosů.
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Author discribes from the heraldic view the manuscript stored in National Archives containing the names and blazons of Provincial Court officials in Bohemia.
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Review of: Woitschová, Klára: „… což slušného a spravedlivého jest fedrovati…“. Personální obsazení pražského apelačního soudu v letech 1548–1783. Nová tiskárna Pelhřimov, spol. s r. o., Pelhřimov 2010, 197 s.
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Reviews of: 1. Balcárek, Pavel: Kardinál František Ditrichštejn 1570–1636. Gubernátor Moravy. Bohumír Němec – Veduta, České Budějovice 2007, 255 s. 2. Balcárek, Pavel: Kardinál František Ditrichštejn 1570–1636. Gubernátor Moravy. Bohumír Němec – Veduta, České Budějovice 2007, 255 s.
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The article concerns the history of Jews in the town of Tachov (West Bohemia). It mentions existing historical sources and covers the period from the 15th to 18th centuries.
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This article describes the archaeological discovery and restoration of a ritual bath (mikveh) near the Pinkas Synagogue in Prague, dating back to the early 16th century. The mikveh was built in a medieval house that was adapted for this purpose, and was connected to a complex of rooms and vaults under the synagogue. The article provides details on the construction, layout, and function of the mikveh, as well as the historical and cultural context of the Jewish community in Prague. The article also discusses the challenges and significance of preserving this unique monument of Jewish heritage.
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Review of: Beyond Devotion. Religious and Literary Communities in the 16th and 17th Century Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Hrsg. von Łukasz Cybulski und Kristina Rutkovska . (Refo500 Academic Studies (R5AS), Bd. 91.) Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. Göttingen 2022. 300 S. ISBN 978-3-525-55295-7.
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The article discusses three Hebrew prints of Gersonide origin found in a collection of Venetian prints from the 16th and 17th centuries, which were not included in a previously published catalog. These prints are characterized by their ethical and apologetic nature, with one being the first Hebrew edition of the ethical work "Sefer ha-middot" by an unknown author, another being a defense of Judaism by Moshe ben Nahman, and the third containing sermons on morality by Jona Gerondi. The prints showcase the typographical and decorative styles of the Gerson printing family, particularly the work of Mordechai Zemah and his descendants, reflecting the evolution of book design and ornamentation during that period.
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