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This article places into a broader scope of the research over the image of Gdańsk and its inhabitants in chronicles that are carried out by the authoress. It deals with the analysis of the historiographical sources originating from beyond Gdańsk. The majority of chronicles’ excerpts dedicated to Gdańsk deals with its political and trade activity. The authoress is particularly interested in the criteria, put forward by the chroniclers from 15th to 16th c., which decided on Gdańsk’s urban character, or indicated its value as a city and made it worth a visit. It was a period of intense development of this centre. The purpose of the analyses is to, i.a., check whether the contemporary chroniclers observed these changes and how they evaluated them. The issue has not yet been addressed in the literature of the subject. The analyses, referring to Hans Werner-Goetz’s methodology concerning the representations in chronicles (so-called Vorstellungsgeschichte), were carried out on various chronicles, relations and records, i.a. travel records (Gilbert de Lannoy and Mikołaj Wimann), Polish chronicles (Annales by Jan Długosz, chronicles by Bernard Wapowski, Joachim Bielski, Polonia by Marcin Kromer), foreign chronicles Germania by Eneas Silvius Piccolomini, Wandalia by Albert Krantz), or universal chronicles (Cosmographia by Sebastian Münster). The analysis shows that in the first half of the 15th century the contemporaneous authors did not stand out of other towns in the region (Jan Długosz, Gilbert de Lannoy, Eneas Silvius Piccolomini). Their assessment was made while they pondered on the city’s fortifications, geographical location and building material. It was not until the Thirteen Years War (1454–1466) and subsequent expansion of the city that the chronicles of the 16th c. noticed the ongoing change (especially Albrecht Krantz and Sebastian Münster). They described the “civilizational leap” that took place in Gdańsk in short time, namely during the life of one man. In their opinion, the changes were particularly noticeable in the fast pace of replacing wooden buildings with brick ones. The image of Gdańsk in the foreign chronicles does not contain elements of the descriptions of the city characteristic of Gdańsk records, which the authoress analyzed elsewhere – there are no references to specific buildings, streets and squares, that is, the living space of the city’s inhabitants.
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The representation of Silesian cities during the late Middle Ages and early modern times combines illustrative and textual elements. Both of these elements are subject to certain rules typical of the poetics of the so-called laudation. The representation (imagery) of each of the analyzed cities (the analysis in this case concerns mainly the capital of Lower Silesia – Wrocław) has a corona muralis, along with significant dominant profiles, which are naturally the church towers and the town hall. The towers of Nysa in the image of Hartmann Schedel are associated with the idea of Flemish belfries. Since the time of Hartmann Schedel’s Chronicle of 1493 the vedutas have also been provided with a commentary, fulfilling the functions of a classical laudation that praises the city’s good natural location, the beautiful shape and power of its founder. The image and text from Hartmann Schedel’s Chronicle may be compared with the famous description of the city of Wroclaw by Barthel Stein of 1512. The least-known, if one of the oldest, image of Wroclaw is the panorama with John of Capistrano in the background of 1503; it refers to the view from Weltchronik of 1493 only to some extent, though presenting a more symbolic, sacred character. On the other hand, the picture of Wrocław made in 1537 during the trip of the Palatine Ottheinrich from Neuburg on the Danube to Cracow is more impressive, although symbolic elements also appear here. The view of the city of 1562 should be described as a picture of the ideal town, made for specific political reasons. In turn, the first measurement plan of Wroclaw by Frederick Groβ of 1579 and the view of Wroclaw from the volume of Braun and Hogenberg of 1572–1618 should be considered the typical Renaissance plan of the consciously inventory-like character. The plan of Frederick Groβ expresses the idea of the modularity of the city consisting of sacral buildings and rectangular building blocks. It can be compared with Legnica’s plans from the beginning of the 18th century. The text of Braun and Hogenberg’s volume can be regarded as an early example of comparative urban planning. The veduta of Lwówek, created in the 17th century, should be considered to be close to the medieval paintings of a perfectly protected city.
More...Między szczerą ciekawością Anglika a wczesnonowożytną teorią ekfrazy
Peter Mundy (1596 – ca. 1667), one of the most representative English travellers of his period, visited Gdańsk (Danzig) and Toruń (Thorn) in 1640 and 1642 and described these cities in his Relations. The article includes deliberations concerning Mundy’s descriptions of the two most important cities in Royal Prussia in the context of early modern theory of ekphrasis and the eulogy of the city, represented especially by manuals of preliminary exercises in rhetoric (progymnasmata) and chapters from De inventione et amplificatione oratoria by Gerard Bucoldianus included in Reinhard Lorich’s Scholia attached to his edition of Aphthonius’ Progymnasmata, one of the most popular rhetoric books in the second half of 16th and in 17th centuries. The analysis of the structure and contents of Mundy’s “relations” leads to the conclusion that the English traveller was aware of the early modern theory of description and eulogy of cities but, at the same time, his curiosity made him free to leave the theoretical rules aside and focus himself on interesting technical constructions (“The great Organs in the Pfarrekerke” in Gdańsk or the Toruń bridge) or customs of burghers (“execution of Justice” and “Recreations” in Gdańsk and “A greatt faire” in Toruń).
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In the area from Senj to Maslenica many mediaeval sites have been documented. They are fortresses, sacral buildings and cemeteries from 5th to 16th centuries. Archaeological localities and the related finds from the areas of Senj, Sveti Juraj, Senj Starigrad, Stinica, Prizna, Jablanac,Karlobag, Starigrad-Paklenica and Rovanjska, which belong to early Christianity and the Croatian Middle Ages will be elaborated upon. The contribution is based on the results of previous archaeological research and surveys, which are already known and their own research.
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Bardziej niż duszpasterskiego III Soboru Watykańskiego potrzebujemy dziś mocnego doktrynalnego otwarcia – nowego Trydentu. Od chrześcijaństwa odchodzą na Zachodzie całe masy wiernych. „Nowy Trydent” to teologiczna i duchowa odpowiedź na współczesne lęki postwierzących.
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The period from the 16th to the early 18th century marks a new stage with new historical conditions and circumstances for the Albanians. The Albanian society had lost a significant part of the human vital forces and had been stripped to some extent by the craftsmen, traders, and cultural ones. On the other hand, the new economic and political phenomena that originated and acted after the Ottoman conquest, such as the generalization of the timar regime as units with separate natural economies, the ongoing wars and military expeditions to strengthen Ottoman power, the putting into service of the enemy and the Albanian feudal lords, the great political-administrative fragmentation, etc., became the main causes that slowed the pace of the country's economic, social and cultural development, which influenced the slowdown in the dynamics of different aspects of life. Archival research on writing this study also focuses on funds of Oriental, Cyrillic and Latin manuscripts stored in the libraries of Kosovo, Albania, Macedonia etc. The study analysis is also based on archival research of oriental funds in Pristina, Sarajevo, and Skopje. However, first-hand sources for drafting this paper remain the ones that have been researched in Turkey's archives, especially in Istanbul and Ankara. In the context of this scientific research, a special interest is also the confrontation of the historical theses of Albanian historiography with Serbian historiography. The work of this research suggests that it offers rich source material. It deals with a chronology and approach to the use of contemporary scientific-methodological techniques.
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Gregorian Kipchak society lived in today's Ukraine. In the study, the mention of tusnax in legal documents written by Gregorian Kipchaks between 1519-1699 will be discussed. In this context, Töre Bitik / law book and court proceedings will be examined. The word in question is a legal term and means pledge. The origin, meaning, historical and contemporary status of the term Tusnak will be discussed. We will follow the traces of this term used in Gregorian Turkish in historical and contemporary Turkish dialects. The reflections of Turkish legal understanding and legal language awareness will be revealed.
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Built at the end of the 13th or the beginning of the 14th century, the royal fortress/castle at Jdioara, located on the road from Caransebeş to Lugoj, was part of the defensive chain in the Banat highlands against the Turkish penetration, as well as a checkpoint on the road to Transylvania. During that time the fortress/castle at Jdioara changed several owners, from voyvods of Transylvania (John Pongrácz of Dindeleag), princes of Hungary (John Corvinus, natural son of king Mathias Corvinus) or leaders (ban) of the so-called Banat of Caransebeş and Lugoj(Steven Tompa, Paul Keresztesi) to some members of local high ranking noble families (Macskási/Măcicaş ofTincova, Fiat of Armeniş/Caransebeş, Jósika of Caransebeş/Brănişca). %e last known owner of Jdioara before the Turkish seize of the banat of Caransebeş and Lugoj in 1658 was Sigismund Jósika, son of the former Transylvanian chancellor Steven Jósika. During the war between Austria and the Ottoman Empire the former Banat, as well as the fortress/castle at Jdioara, passed in the years from 1688 to 1699, for longer or shorter periods of time, from one hand to the other. Gabriel Jósika, a descendent of Sigismund Jósika, along with many noble-fellows fleeing from Caransebeş in 1658, returned with the Austrian army, seizing the opportunity to request the restitution of the lost real estates, among them the fortress/castle of Jdioara. General Federico Veterani, the commander in chief of Transylvania, granted to Gabriel Jósika (a man having a consistent political career in the autonomous Principality of Transylvania and thereafter under Habsburg rule) the possession of Jdioara and the surrounding villages by a donation-deed from January 24th, 1693. At the suggestion of the Imperial Court-Chamber (kaiserliche Hofkammer), Emperor Leopold Ist has decided that Jósika, as well as his other fellow-nobles, is to be considered only as a user and in no case as a full owner of the acquired estates, on the principle of uti possidetis. A final decision on the real possession was postponed after the conclusion of a peace with the Porte. During a journey to Vienna in the spring of 1697, Gabriel Jósika tried to obtain, by means of a petition filed to the Emperor, the acknowledgment of his full possession on Jdioara, but with no chance to succeed. Meanwhile, the treaty of peace concluded at Karlowitz (January 26th, 1699) granted the whole province of Banat to the Ottoman Empire, compelling Austria to demolish all occupied fortresses/castles, including Jdioara, before leaving the territory. The final Austro-Turkish convention from December 2nd, 1700 on the border-delimitation had put an end to all hopes of Gabriel Jósika. On January 19th, 1701, from his camp on the river Bistra, major general count Luigi Ferdinando Marsili, imperial commissioner in the region, ordered major Leopold Friedrich Ungar de Merana, commander in Caransebeş and of the military border in the Banatic highlands, to proceed without any delay to the demolition of the fortress/castle at Jdioara. The demolition works were entrusted to lieutenant-colonel Giovanni Morando Visconti, an imperial military engineer. On March 17th, 1701 he wrote to general Marsili, that on the previous day, at 16:00 hours, the fortress/castle at Jdioara was completely destroyed by successive gunpowder explosions.
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Dance pieces emerged as one of the three main instrumental genres of the 16th century. It is perhaps no coincidence that both instrumental music and choreography simultaneously gained and developed their status as independent arts on the basis of their own authoritative figures, theoretical grounds and codes. Dance music consists of that part of the repertory which is in closest relation to its primary function, namely providing dancers with rhythmical, melodic and general structural framework. The same framework, on the other hand, gave instrumentalists good opportunities to explore and experiment with their compositional, improvisational and technical skills and limits. In the 16th century certain sets of instrumental pieces based on dance forms appeared. They played a crucial role in the development of the repertory over the following 17th and 18th centuries. Did these forms still keep their initial relation to dancing or did they rather change into stylized pieces with completely different functions? The present survey aims to shed light on the problems of when and how dance music became “purely” instrumental and separated from its initial role, and the extent to which dance and music kept their close interaction in the 16th century. In the search for answers the paper attempts to contextualize the two processes and practices by means of delineating their social functions and roles in the period and by relying on the testimonies of leading authorities on dance art during that time.
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Review of: Marta Jurković - Robert Kurelić, Daily Life on the Istrian Frontier. Living on a Borderland in the Sixteenth Century. Studies in the History of Daily Life (800-1600) 7. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2019; VIII+232 pp., 6 b/w ill., 2 b/w tables; hb 75EUR; ISBN: 9782503551869.
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The county of Poljice was included into the Otoman State 1540 and remined under its supreme soveregnity until the treaty of Karlovac in 1699. It had the status of the sultans Has property and during the entire time of the Otoman rule enjoyed internal government. Inhabitants of Poljice belonged to the category of vlahs filurđijas. That is why they were not burdened by any special feudal taxes, but they had only one (filurija), which included all other taxation. A number of the inhabitants of Poljice worked permanently in salt mines and the others only time to time. They burdened the population with different taxes and duties against which the inhabitants of Poljice kept complaining the central and local Turkish government often issued their orders (Ferman, Buyruldu) to stop with misdeeds.
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The author analyzed excerpts from the chronicles, travelogues and reports mentioning bura and its effects. This wind became ill reputed primarily because of its ferocity and the cold it carries with it, but on the other hand it purified the air and brought clear weather. According to descriptive sources, bura has a negative impact on a range of human activities: movement and farming, warfare (land and maritime), transport, and construction as well. In a number of cases, this wind aided the defenders by dispersing enemy naval forces. Due to geographical location, surroundings of Senj, Pag, Klis, Makarska, and Kvarner Bay, also the Velebit and Brač channels, as well the Field of Sinj in the interior are particularly exposed to the stormy blowing of bura.
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Review of: Michaela Žáčková Rossi: The Musicians at the Court of Rudolf II. The Musical Entourage of Rudolf II (1576 – 1612). Reconstructed from the Imperial Accounting Ledgers, Praha : Koniasch Latin Press, 2017, 209 s. ISBN 978-80-87773-03-1.
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Review of: Dalia Jakulyte - Birutė Kabašinskaitė, XVI–XVIII amžiaus lietuviškų kalvinistų giesmynų kalba: redagavimo istorija, Vilnius: Vilniaus universiteto leidykla, 2019, 240 p. ISBN 978-609-07-0357-1
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