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Хорошо известно, что Никола (св. Н иколай) занимает совершенно исключительное место в русском религиозном сознании. Никола, несомненно, наиболее чтимый русский святой, почитание которого приближается к почитанию Богородицы и даже самого Христа. Это особое положение Николы на Руси неоднократно отмечали иностранные путешественники, которые констатировали, что русские воздают Николе поклонение, приличествующее самому Богу. «... Russos omnes S. Nicolaum tanquam Deum adorare», - писал, например, в XVI в. Одерборн (1582, л. В2у ), и это мнение находит подтверждение в свидетельстве самих русских: так, некий инок Афанасий, сторонник еретика Феодосия Косого, заявлял в те же годы: «Николу. . . аки Бога почитают православнии» (Зиновий Отенский, 1863, с. 485).
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Dne 14. září 2021 se konalo ve vile Lanna v Praze kolokvium Do bibliotéky také jsem vzal nejedny knihy…věnované protestantské literatuře a knižní kultuře ve střední Evropě v 16. a 17. století.
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The most beautiful examples of arts such as calligraphy, illumination and miniature, which have an exceptional place in Islamic arts, can be seen in manuscripts and murakkas. The first examples of murakkas, which were previously prepared in the form of a book, appear at the end of the 15th century. Well-designed examples of these works, which developed further in the 16th century, can be found since the 18th century. Murakkas were written with the most beautiful calligraphy in every period, decorated, and preserved for many years without being worn out. Today, there are well-preserved murakkas in museums, libraries and private collections, rich in writing and ornamentation. One of the mentioned libraries is the Manisa Manuscript Library. The study deals with Murakka with Inventory Number 2815, which is preserved in the Manisa Manuscript Library. The work is "nesih müfredat meşkî", and consists of three leaves. There is no information about the history, calligrapher, bookbinder and illuminator of the work. The study aims at determining its place in the period examining it in terms of pattern, motif, colour, technique and style.
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In the Mughal Empire, Mughal ladies took an active role in the field of education. The high incomes of the Mughal ladies ensured their high level of welfare, and thus they had the opportunity to build libraries and madrasahs. The dynasty women of the Mughals, who started to rule in the Indian continent from the 16th century; they have constantly made their presence felt in the fields of art, literature, trade and economy. The aim of this study will be to explain the education and training processes of the women at the Mughal court between the periods of Babur Shah and Alemgîr Shah (Evrengzib). The madrasahs they built, the financial aid they provided to educators and students are among the subjects that will be covered in the study. This study, which is prepared to understand from the perspective of education, how women at the Mughal court, whom foreign merchants, travelers and diplomats of the period mentioned in their personal notes and could not hide their admiration from time to time, obtained this broad perspective from palace management to trade, from literature to art; It will focus on the education of Mughal palace women and their contribution to educational activities.
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The objective of this article was to present assets of Cistercians in Mogiła (village of Mogiła), in the form of four villages, which are located with in the limits Duchy of Zator, second half 13th century the first half of the 17th century. In the first part was presented and spoken all villages, which have Cistersians of the Duchy of Zator. Then the issue patronage Woźniki church in the village. Here was also raised the issue of churches located in other villages monastery in the said principality. In the last part of this article is the property of land monastery in the villages. With the help of tables has been presented the peasant population, the farm steads, live stock, as well as a list of water-mill, distilleries, breweries, inns and the joints. Amount of the population peasant, as well as the number of farm breeding, administration has helped to assess their prosperity and the development of every village, each one individually. In addition, such a way as to provide the information he can compare them. On this basis, it can be concluded, there fore, that the most profitable village in Duchy of Zator were Woźniki. Used source material allowed to display positive parties arising out of the ownership by the monks in the above the village. The stage of development farm steads in this area was closely linked to geographical conditions. It should be stressed here a significant role river Skawa, which created favourable conditions for fitting cistercians water-mills. In addition, monks diminished by development of various sectors of the economy, especially its own. This was to act in the above villages, inns, distillery, brewery or joints. Foster the development of, inter alia, orcharding, horticulture, fisheries. In addition download earliest references from every village collected rent. Villages, which monks previously acquired Duchy of Zator were an integral part of their assets by the end of first half of the seventeenth century.
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The article discusses five incunabula with medical content that are currently stored in the Library of the Major Seminary in Kielce. Treatises by the undisputed medieval authorities Michele Savonarola and Gentile da Foligno have been bound together in a single adligat. The binding and contents of the incunabula are characterised and specific sections, tips and prescriptions are cited. The medical achievements and biographies of the two authors mentioned above are discussed in brief. Unfortunately, at the present stage of research it is impossible to explain how the volume found its way to the Library of the Major Seminary in Kielce. It is only possible to ascertain its use in the 16th and 17th centuries through entries made after its renovation.
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The blessing cross of Patriarch Theophanes III of Jerusalem was one of the most hallowed relics of the Holy Theophany Monastery in Kyiv, also known as the Bratsky or Brotherhood Monastery. The Slavonic inscription engraved on the gilded sheathing of this carved wooden cross reveals that it was decorated c. 1600 by the former princess of Wallachia Neaga in memory of recently-deceased Metropolitan Theophanes. A new reading of the inscription allows us to challenge the current identification of this hierarch with the future Patriarch of Jerusalem Theophanes III in favor of Theophanes II, Metropolitan of Suceava. The discovery of an additional inscription, under the sheathing of the cross, allows us to identify the place where the cross was initially donated by the metropolitan: Râșca Monastery in Moldavia.
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The present research investigates the territorial limits of the forest reserve with which Holy Prince Stephen the Great endowed Putna Monastery through his initial deed dated March 15, 1490 and reinforced on November 17, 1502. The paper describes the evolution of this forest reserve area from Prince Vasile Lupu’s deed, dated April 15, 1647, to the final area inscribed on the Austrian map entitled Topografische Bukowiner Kreis-Karte (1790). The goal is to determine the evolution of the real estate of Putna Monastery, one of the most important land owners in northern Moldavia: according to Karl A. Romstorfer, in 1783, most of the newly-established Religion Fund was made of Putna’s lands. It was also significant that, before incorporation, the Duchy of Bukovina was called Territorium Putni, which indicated both the economic and institutional status of Putna Monastery in the local people’s perception.
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In the present study we investigate the political practice of forced monastic tonsure of some royal family members of Moldavia and Wallachia in the 16th–17th centuries, a Byzantine-inherited custom by which political challengers were permanently removed from the circle of power and, through a symbolic mutilation of the nose and ears, were stigmatized visually and socially. We focus on the case of Elena Rareș, Petru Rareș’s wife, who antagonized Alexandru Lăpușneanu (1552–1561), seeking to impose her sons on the throne, which led to her forced monastic tonsure and seclusion in a monastery in the fall of 1552. She was executed by Lăpușneanu in 1553. Our research also reveals certain mentalities of the Moldavian society: the practice of forced monastic tonsure, although canonically questionable by the standards of the 21st century, was assumed at that time by clergy, bishops, boyars and the people as a legitimate way for the disgraced pretenders to atone for their political mistakes and to redeem their soul before God through monastic penance. It was widely regarded as a more humane and spiritual punishment than the death penalty, the decision being left to the clemency of the monarch, who ultimately had the right of life and death over his subjects.
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In our study, we wrote about some Romanian embroideries that are kept today in Russian museums. Our contribution is tributary to the study of a remarkable Russian specialist, N. A. Maiasova, written in 1995, but unknown in Romania.
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Cel mai mare poet al Poloniei până la Adam Mickiewicz, Jan Kochanowski, a trăit şi a scris între anii 1530-1584. Zestrea literară, bogată şi variată, a introdus literatura polonă în circuitul marilor literaturi ale lumii.
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The problem of the migration of man-power was present also in earlier times, when the factor of human work was by far more amphasized than it is today, in the century of automatized machines. In the case of Dubrovnik and its Herzegovinian hinterland there was а genuine coincidence of complementary conditions for the employment of foreign labour: demographically active Herzegovins, but rugged and poor, could easily and without any prejudice to its own economy get rid of the surplus of working hands, whereas the town of St Blasius, situated in the neighbourhood and economically very active, was always in need not only of specialists from Italian towns, but also of manual labour on which was founded, to а great extent, the rapidly increased volume of reproduction and trade since the introduction of manufacturing method of work (in the twenties of the XV century).
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Metalle und Lösungen aus dem serbischen und bosnischen Staat wurden im Laufe des reifen Mittelalters nach Dubrovnik, und von dort nach Venedig und anderwärts nach Italien und die Levante (Alexandrien und Syrien), ausnahmsweise auch nach Maghreb ausgeführt. Der Metallexport in die an erzarmen arabischen Länder geschah zwar zu einer Spätzeit, war aber vom historischen Standpunkt aus gesehen, besonders wichtig ist. Metalle und Lösungen waren besonders verlockend für arabische und jüdische Handelsleute, die sonst als grösste Gewürzhändler aus dem Orient galten. Die Anwesenheit der Ragusaner in Alexandrien wurde im ersten Viertel des XIII Jahrh., und in Syrien seit dem Jahr 1332., festgestellt. Die Ragusaner haben ihre Beziehungen mit Aegypten 1358 erneuert, und die päpstliche Genehmigung für den Handel mit den »ugläubingen« Ländern 1373 erworben.
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This article is the first of a two-part review of ten lands of the Duchy of Mazovia and the counties that constituted them on the eve of their incorporation into the Kingdom of Poland in September 1526. It presents four southern lands: of Czersk, Warsaw, Liw, and Nur. The first two made the political core of the last Piasts’ rule, while the latter two were separated from those two in the fifteenth century. In total, this area encompassed ten counties. All the lands of the Duchy of Mazovia are characterised according to a uniform scheme, in the then binding seniority system. Particular lands were presented in terms of administrative divisions (state and Church ones), settlement processes, and the state of the urban network, the types and distribution of land ownership, and the position of a given land in the political structures of the duchy, expressed among other things by the functioning of a complete or incomplete hierarchy of offices, and the participation of the nobility of a given land in the exercise of power. Attempts have been made to show the diversity in the degree of development of Mazovian lands and to indicate its genesis.
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Review of: Tapio Salminen - Bart Holtermann: The Fish Lands. German trade with Iceland, Shetland and the Faroe Islands in the late 15th and 16th Century, De Gruyter, Oldenburg 2020, 512 pp.
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The first permanent settlement in Bosnia and Herzegovina after its fall to the Osmanlis’s rule the citizens of Dubrovnik had in Sarajevo. Until about 1520 they were present in some number in the old Bosnian mines of the Eastern Bosnia, while in the mining places of the Central Bosnia after 1463 they were to be found only individually. The similar thing applies to some other places (Mostar, Konjic, Gabela, Sase, Zvornik, Tuzla etc). During the Hungarian rule at Jajce (1464-1527) there were at least several citizens of Dubrovnik there who maintained commercial links with that exposed bastion of the Christians in their struggle against the Turks.
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