Amerika felfedezése és az új globális rend

Author(s): Dezső Csejtei / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2013

In this essay I try to draw some parallelisms between the 16th century, the beginning of the process of globalization, and that of the 21th century, which can be conceived as the beginning of its definitive termination. The comparison is made on the basis of a 16-century Spanish theologian, Francisco de Vitoria. My main argument is that two of his key-concepts – the ius gentium and the just war, respectively – provided a well-founded basis to treat properly the most serious conflicts in that century, whereas in our age we lack even these concepts to tackle properly the fundamental problems of our age.

Monográfia a 16. század végi Habsburg-hadseregről

Author(s): Sándor László Tóth / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2014

Bagi Zoltán Péter: A császári-királyi mezei hadsereg a tizenöt éves háborúban. Hadszervezet, érdekérvényesítés, reformkísérletek. Históriaantik, Budapest, 2011. 523 oldal

Alfonso Montecuccoli a Habsburg család szolgálatában

Author(s): Zoltán Péter Bagi / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2015

In his work on the history of the Thirty Years War (1618–1648), Peter Hamish Wilson points out that several military generals, who participated in the first phase of the biggest and most significant European armed conflict of the 17th century, had gathered their first military experiences or had established their military reputation in the Fifteen Years War (1593–1606) against the Ottoman Empire, which prepared them for commanding larger armies later. Examples include Albrecht Wenzel Eusebius Valdštein/Wallenstein, Jean T’Serclaes de Tilly or the famous-notorious commander of the Protestant Union, Peter Ernst II von Mansfeld. Raimondo Montecuccoli, who was undoubtedly one of the most famous generals of the Thirty Years War, cannot belong to this group, given that he was born in 1609. But I must note that he was not the first member of the family who decided to serve the Habsburg dynasty instead of the Modena princes. In my paper, I follow those four-decades from the life of one of the famed 17th-century general's distant relative, called Alfonso Montecuccoli, during which he was serving the Habsburg dynasty, with special emphasis on his role in the Fifteen Years War.

Tokaj és környéke 1564–1565 között, avagy elfelejtett „haditudósítók” helyszíni jelentései

Author(s): Ildikó Gausz / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2015

Végvármustra francia módra. Jacques Bongars a magyarországi császári-királyi határvédelmi rendszerről (1585)

Author(s): Ildikó Gausz / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2016

Metszéspontok – Szulejmán, az angolszász történetírás és az irracionalitás

Author(s): Péter Illik / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2016

Pál Fodor: The Unbearable Weight of Empire. The Ottomans in Central Europe – a Failed Attempt at Universal Monarchy (1390–1566). Institute of History, Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA BTK TTI), Budapest, 2015. 175 oldal

Híd Kelet és Nyugat között. A francia és a császári követségek szerepe a keleti kultúra európai megismerésében

Author(s): Dóra Kerekes / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2016

In the early modern period, the South-Eastern and Eastern part of Europe, just like the Mediterranean, was part of a contact zone linking the East with the West, Christians with Muslims. The region was cosmopolitan and multicultural where orientation was difficult in the 15th-16th centuries; there were a number of misunderstandings and problems among people. This era, however, was a cognition process as a result of which the Ottoman Empire became part of the European state system by the end of the 17th century. These areas became in-between spaces where people but even things (e.g.: books, household objects) and customs also crossed the political–religious borders. Getting to know other societies continuously gained importance, knowledge was mediated by people originating from different social layers and reached the old continent in many different forms. This paper examines the interactions between these two worlds, in particular it is describing the role of the permanent missions of European powers to Constantinople, including the French and the Habsburg embassies. The final conclusion is that interactions were manifold, in the course of which, however, the permanent embassies of the Europeans in the Ottoman capital played a significant role. They were not only political and diplomatic centres but cultural ones as well, through which Ottoman scientists could take part of the European scientific community. It can be stated that, besides the outstanding and important role of interpreters as transimperial subjects, other members of the European embassies in Constantinople–the ambassadors themselves, scientists arriving there, and also other employees such as embassy secretaries or artists sent there–all played important roles in the interactions between the two worlds. In the future, I plan to study the roles of certain groups more deeply.

Apokaliptika, reformáció, nemzeti identitás

Author(s): Zoltán Erdős / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2016

Őze Sándor: Apokaliptikus időszemlélet a korai reformáció Magyarországán, 1526–1566. Magyar Napló – Írott Szó Alapítvány, Budapest, 2016.

Znaczenie Unii Lubelskiej po 440 latach dla Europy XXI w.

Author(s): Alvydas Nikžentaitis / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2010

In 1569 a union between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland was proclaimed in Lublin. It lasted for 226 years and was one of the longest lasting unions between European states in the history. It generally was a good example of coexistence of two unified nations. Pope John Paul II once quoted: “From union of Lublin towards European Union”, stressing that the Lublin Union was a kind of first step towards European integration. However, historians and politicians in Lithuania were very critical about the results of Union for the Lithuanian nation. You may observe the same standpoint in Belarus and Ukraine. But now, in new political situation, the opinions about Union are changing and becoming more and more positive.

Az erdélyi kora újkori okleveles gyakorlat datálási kérdéseiről

Author(s): Tamás Fejér / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2017

On the basis of archival sources the present study investigates two main topics related to dating documents issued by the princely chancellery and by the places of authentication of Alba Iulia, Cluj-Mănăştur and Oradea in the second half of the 16th century. The first subject deals with the introduction of the Gregorian calendar in the Principality of Transylvania since 25 December 1590, after which the documents issued by the above-mentioned institutions were dated according to the new calendar. The second refers to the dating of the so-called litterae relatoriae, which were written down at the litterae statutoriae/introductoriae issued by the princely chancellery. We concluded that these reports were dated in various forms, the most common being those, which were issued on the 16th day after the execution of entering into possession. Finally, based on the examined charters we propose two ways to solve the dating problems raised by those reports, in which appears the formula decimo sexto die ultimi diei introductionis et statutionis.

Przypadki niemieckiego odkrywcy i konkwistadora Philippa von Hutten, zwanego Felipe de Utre

Author(s): Adam Elbanowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2016

Pillanatképek – magyarországi és erdélyi útirajzok a 16. század utolsó harmadából

Author(s): Teréz Oborni / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 12/2017

The German apothecary Reinhold Lubenau travelled through Hungary in 1587. He discovered the richness of Buda Castle even its abandoned state. Lubenau was especially interested in the library of Matthias Corvinus, of which he has heard also in Vienna. The Czech Baron of Mitrovice, Vaclav Vratislav visited the Kingdom of Hungary in 1591. In the description of Vratislav, the Castle of Buda has already been fortified with weapons and ramparts. He also was astonished by the Turkish baths in Buda. Pierre Lescalopier, the French nobleman has met the Transylvanian Prince István Báthory (1533-1586) in the representation of the French king in 1574. Generally, Lescalopier admired contemporary Transylvania; the capital of the Principality and the court were well-organized and attractive, and he found the court protocol remarkable, and its hospitality elegant and attending.

Sprawozdanie z konferencji „Województwo poznańskie w XVI w.” – Kościan, 1 lipca 2015 r.

Author(s): Michał Słomski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2016

Mary Stuart and the Main Figures Among the Scottish Catholics in 1561

Author(s): Mariusz Misztal / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2016

Mary Stuart’s real importance, in the eyes of Europe and, soon, in her own, lay in the fact, not so much that she was queen of Scotland, but that by the Catholics she was thought to be the legitimate heiress of England. Soon after her husband, Francis II, died Mary received the proposal of the Scottish Catholics to return to Scotland, bring it back to Catholicism and with the help of Scottish and English Catholics, and perhaps Spain and the Pope, depose Elizabeth. However, the loyalty and the strength of the Catholic nobles in Scotland were very questionable, and most of the leaders of the “Catholic interest” were characterized not by religious zeal but by a general conservatism and aristocratic lineage. Nothing better could be said about the Scottish Episcopate, as of the eleven bishops who were in office in the early 1560's only two could be regarded as conscientious papalists and not fewer than eight were considered by the Holy See unfit to receive an invitation to the council of Trent. Realising the weakness of this party, Mary decided to decline their proposal and accepted the invitation of the Scottish Protestants to return to Scotland and rule with their help.

Vár a várban

Author(s): Zsolt Baráth / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2017

Vár a várban. A várak népe és a mezei hadak a 16. század közepén. I. A várak népe. Missiles, Szeged, 2016.

In search of the tomb of Sultan Süleyman in Szigetvár

Author(s): Pál Fodor,Norbert Pap / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

The authors first review the investigations into the history of the lost mausoleum (türbe) and the surrounding complex of Sultan Süleyman who died during the siege of Szigetvár on September 7, 1566. Then they narrate the establishment in 2012 (reshaped in 2015) of a research group which, by developing a new concept and using interdisciplinary research methods (including landscape reconstruction), found the remnants (foundations) of the türbe on the top of the Turbék-Zsibót vineyard hill in autumn 2015, then, during the rounds of excavation in 2016–2017, the foundations of the adjacent mosque and dervish convent as well as the traces of a fourth building. Regarding the date of the construction of the complex, the authors are of the opinion that the main buildings must have been built around 1575. Finally, they enlarge on the reception of the findings and the potential the site offers for touristic and regional development.

Gyulafehérvár és a körülötte fekvő mezővárosok kapcsolata a 16. század második felében

Author(s): Emőke Gálfi / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2018

Gyulafehérvár and the small market-towns situated in the vicinity of the Princely Residence such as Sárd, Igen and Krakkó were closely connected in the second half of 16-th century. Before the secularization (1556) the landlord of these market-towns and of Gyulafehérvár as well has been the Bishop of Transylvania. After 1556 all these urban centres were owned by the treasury of the elected king and later of the princes. The various donations of the princes in favour of the court nobility have created the strongest connection between the Princely Residence and the market-towns situated in its vicinity. This habit has increased the number of the noblemen in the market-towns and as a result the number of the conflicts that took place between the noblemen and the citizens has been also increasing. The study focuses on the changes which took place in the life of the market-towns after the secularization of the ecclesiastical properties, and after the establishment of the princely court in Gyulafehérvár.

A mohácsi csata (1526)

Author(s): Lajos Négyesi / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 03/2019

On 29 August 1526, in the battle that took place south from Mohács, Suleiman I triumphed over the armies of the Hungarian Kingdom, which also lost its king, as Louis II drowned in the flooded Csele stream while trying to escape. Posterity associates the loss of the Hungarian kingdom with this tragic event, although it would probably still have taken place due to the political processes. Nevertheless, many historians regard this battle as a fateful clash that the Hungarian army had no chance of winning due to their lack of expertise and preparation. The careful analysis of the contemporary sources reveals that the fight was not already lost from the beginning, but due to the lack of military preparedness.

Despre Mineiul cu însemnarea despre incendiul din 1536 de la Mănăstirea Putna

Author(s): Alexandru Pascal / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2018

The present study analyzes the No. 337 November-December Menaion from the collection of the former Russian Imperial Society of History and Antiquities, preserved in the Manuscript Section of the Russian State Library and celebrated for the note on folio 187 about the 1536 fire from Putna Monastery. This note made most of the researches date the manuscript to the 15th century, during the reign of Stephen the Great. Through an analysis of its watermarks, the author was able to date the manuscript to the last decade of the 14th century.

Un portret neașteptat în biserica Mănăstirii Coșula

Author(s): Maria Magdalena Székely / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2018

L’église du monastère de Coșula a été édifiée en 1535 par le grand logothète de Moldavie, Mateiaș. Elle a été entièrement peinte à l’intérieur et au moins sur le mur ouest, à l’extérieur. Les chercheurs intéressés par ce sujet ont daté la fresque entre 1536 et 1538. Au XIXe siècle, la fresque fut recouverte d’une peinture à l’huile, semblable à celle de l’église Saint-Élie d’Iaroslavl. Au cours du même siècle, le mur de séparation entre le narthex et la nef fut démoli, ce qui entraîna la destruction du tableau votif. Heureusement, cette composition a été copiée sur un support en bois, de taille moyenne; considérée longtemps perdue, la copie fut retrouvée quelques années auparavant et remise dans le circuit scientifique. L’enlèvement relativement récent de la nouvelle couche de peinture et la restauration des fresques d’origine ont révélé une image totalement inattendue. À droite de la porte d’entrée, sur le mur sud, dans la salle qui était à l’origine le narthex de l’église, on distingue le portrait d’un homme portant de petites moustaches et une barbe de style Renaissance. L’analyse du costume de ce personnage et les analogies avec les portraits votifs des églises de Baia et de Probota déterminent l’auteur à dater le portrait au XVIe siècle. En apparence, cependant, il a été repeint après le milieu du XVIIe siècle. Un graphite en langue slave, qui vient sans doute remplacer une inscription peinte endommagée, indique la qualité de l’homme du portrait: il était le frère du logothète Mateiaș, Iurie – un personnage dont l’existence n’est pas attestée dans les sources du temps. Les caractéristiques du portrait (la disposition de l’image dans l’ensemble de l’église, son caractère individuel, la représentation frontale, l’absence du modèle de l’église dans la main du personnage, etc.) permettent à l’auteur de supposer qu’il s’agisse d’un portrait funéraire, ce qui explique l’absence d’Iurie du tableau votif. Et, en effet, dans le coin sud-ouest du narthex, c’est-à-dire, juste à côté du portrait, l’existence d’une tombe (dépourvue de dalle funéraire) fut révélée au cours des fouilles archéologiques entreprises à Coșula en 1976. De cette tombe, on a récupéré un fragment de vêtement de boyard avec des boutons en métal, probablement en argent.