"Gott hat sein Evangelium auch durch die Musik gepredigt". Martin Luther, die Musik und das Kirchenlied

Author(s): Wilhelm Hüffmeier / Language(s): German / Issue: 10/2016

The article presents origins of the Evangelical church music in the XVI century. Pastor Dr Martin Luther is regarded as the father this music. The poet H. Heine described the hymn “A mighty fortress is our God” as Mar-seillaise of the Reformation. Luther was brought up in his school musical circle and recommended teaching music at schools of all levels. The Reformer, apart from prefaces to all kinds of songbooks, wrote four texts dedicated to the essence of Evangelical song where we find a thesis that music is a good deed of the God -Creator Himself what makes that music in its very nature is a good instrument to proclaim the Gospel. In one of his letters Luther wrote indeed that apart from theology music is the best art bringing consolation for the heart. His first song, Luther wrote not earlier than in 1523 in parallel to the undertaken efforts to reform Evangelical liturgy. Apart from the so-called propaganda songs of Reformation Luther’s favourite songs were paraphrases of psalms. In addition, another form of religious song created in the times of Reformation are catechism songs. The article also depicts the person of Elisabeth Cruciger, the first Reformation singer. Reformation triggered a mighty movement that intro-duced national languages to the liturgy and church services. This movement also transformed music giving it specific feature of piety emerging from the spirit of Evangelical church reformation in the XVI century.

"Maly Luter" ze Wschowy. Valerius Herberger (1562-1627) wzorem kaznodziei

Author(s): Adam Kalbarczyk / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2014

At the turn of the 17th century in the royal town of Wschowa lived and worked the famous Lutheran pastor Valerius Herberger, called "little Luther". considering his eager preaching, pastoral activity and outstanding theological works.

"Nebibliografinë" Jono Bretkûno Postilë (1591): Vlado Daumanto egzempliorius

Author(s): Ona Aleknavičienė / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 06/2004

In this article I describe the copy of Jonas Bretkûnas' Postilla (1591), which is kept in the Kaunas Art Gallery of Mykolas Žilinskas (this is a division of the National Art Museum of Mikalojus Konstantinas Èiurlionis), in the section of Archival Documents and Photographs (call number: Tkr. 148). Until 1944 the copy was kept in the private collection of Vladas Daumantas. For a certain period after World War Two it was unknown to scholars. The copy was included neither in the Lithuanian Bibliography (Lietuvos TSR bibliografija, 1969; LB I), nor in the supplement volume (Papildymai, 1990; LBP). This is the tenth copy of Bretkûnas' Postilla kept in Lithuania. Daumantas' copy is not defective, but is in good condition. There are, however, certain errors of pagination. Certain circumstances attest that this copy was the property of Vladas Daumantas: (1) an inscription in purple pencil on the title page "VDaumantas" (cf. Fig. 1); (2) an inscription "VDaumanto kolekcija" in the accession book of the Art Museum of Mikalojus Konstantinas Èiurlionis; (3) a description of the Postilla in the manuscripts by Petras Jakðtas (a contemporary of Daumantas; they both were members of the 27 Book Lovers Society).

"Theatrum Nobilitatis Hungaricae”. Genealogické výskumy Mateja Bela so zvláštnym zreteľom na rod Thurzo

Author(s): Gergely Tóth / Language(s): Slovak / Publication Year: 0

Práce, ktoré sa venujú dejinám genealógie, sa ani len nezmieňujú o tom, že aj významný historik 18. storočia Matej Bel patril medzi genealógov, a to napriek tomu, že Bel mal od začiatku naplánované, že v Notitiách, v historicko-geografickej práci, predstavujúcej uhorské stolice, sa bude venovať aj dejinám šľachtických rodov. Tento svoj plán – aj keď medzerovito a zlomkovito – aj splnil. Výsledky jeho práce genealógovia 18. storočia akceptovali, neskôr sa však bádatelia na ne odvolávali už len zriedkavo. Zhromaždené údaje bratislavského vedca, resp. jeho rozhodné predstavy v tejto téme si bádatelia, zaoberajúci sa dejinami tohto vedného odboru v 20. storočí nevšimli, možno pre encyklopedický charakter Notícií, ktoré sú na prvý pohľad tematicky dosť neprehľadné, a tiež možno aj pre ich nedokončenosť. V tejto štúdii by sme chceli napraviť toto poľutovaniahodné zanedbanie. Najprv preskúmame, v akej forme sa chcel Bel zaoberať dejinami rodov, a aké uhorské, alebo zahraničné diela a vplyvy ho podnietili k takýmto výskumom; potom prehľadne z celých Notícií – nielen z tlačených častí, ale aj z tých, ktoré zostali v rukopise – predstavíme výsledky jeho výskumov, resp. ich ďalšie využitie a citovanie v 18. storočí. V druhej časti štúdie sa budeme venovať analýze histórie rodu Thurzo z Belovho pera – čo je v skutočnosti dielo v diele, veď v opise Oravskej stolice, kde sa nachádza, zaberá takmer polovicu textu. Zároveň budeme venovať pozornosť aj metódam práce Mateja Bela, mož- nostiam a hraniciam ním prevedeného výskumu.

"Ustawienie o piercach a prokuratorzech albo o rzecznikoch" : ze studiów nad staropolską terminologią prawniczą

Author(s): Aleksander Zajda / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 23/1990

Der vorliegende Aufsatz ist ein Versuch, 15 altpolnische Wörter mit der Bedeutung ‘vicarius, advocatus, patronus’ und derer Geschichte im Laufe bis 1600 im Lichte der Wortfeldtheorie darzustellen. Schon im 15. Jhd. befinden sich im Zentrum des Wortfeldes die Bezeichnungen pierca. prokurator, rzecznik - die wir im Titel (Zitat aus der in der Mitte des 15. Jhds. entstandenen Übersetzung der früheren polnischen Rechte) sehen - und zachodica. Andere 11 Bezeichnungen bilden zu dieser Zeit Peripherie des Feldes. Aber auch die Glieder des Zentrums sind differenziert - pierca ist ein masowisches Wort, prokurator - grosspolnisch; nur rzecznik und zachodica sind gesamtpolnisch. Infolge der weiteren Entwicklung befinden sich schon in der Mitte des 16. Jhds. nur prokurator und rzecznik im Zentrum; pierca und zachodica verschwinden überhaupt aus dem Wortfeld, geschweige andere Kompenenten. Ende des 16. Jhds. ist ein ausschliesslicher Glied des Zentrums prokurator - sein Sieg ist auf den damaligen Zustrom des lateinischen Wortgutes in die polnische Rechtsterminologie zurückzuführen.

(Nie)przewidziane konsekwencje? Reforma edukacji oraz reforma nauki i szkolnictwa wyższego realizowane przez rząd PiS wobec obietnicy realizacji państwa dobrobytu

Author(s): Piotr Kulas / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Th e main aim of the text is to discuss the expected consequences of the reform ofeducation and of higher education from the perspective of implementing the welfarestate. Th e welfare state is the main promise of the Law and Justice political agenda. Itsfulfi llment determines the support of the voters for this party. By analysing the possibleeff ects of each reform, the author considers whether the Law and Justice party is buildinga welfare state. He argues that, in spite of promises and the voters’ expectations,the consequences of these key public policies for the shaping of a welfare state will notbe egalitarian. Th e analysis is based on specialists’ discourse on the two reforms inreference to the idea of social equality. It is a critical study in the sociology of knowledge.

1526 Tarihli Tahrir Defterine Göre Siirt Vakiflari

Author(s): Uğur Demlikoğlu / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 12/2018

All of the social and religious establishments in the cities of Islamic geography were built by way of foundations. In Siirt, one of the important cities on the east-west road route in Southeast Anatolia, many foundation woks were built, giving service about religious and social issues. Most of these foundation works belong to the Seljuk and Ottoman periods. One of the important sources about determining the foundations in Ottoman cities is the foundations records in the land registry books. Although these records do not explain in detail the functioning of the foundation as foundation certificate-charter, they have current information, according to the year they were written, about the income and expense, employees and the basic function of the foundation. Another feature of these books is that it gives information about all the foundations in the city. In this article, the mosques, madrasahs and masjids in the city of Siirt have been identified in the light of the information in the book, registered at number 998 in the Land Registration Classification of Ottoman Archives Of The Prime Ministry These foundations also have a particular importance in terms of clarifying the political history of the city.

1595 Tarihli Defter-i Mufassal-ı Livâ-i Ahısha’da Geçen Türkçe Kökenli Kişi Adları Üzerine

Author(s): Sinan Uyğur / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 0/2017

One copy of this book that was made about in 1595 is in the General Directorate of Land Registry and Cadastre in Ankara and another one is in Sakartvelos Sahelmtzebi Muzeumi in Tbilisi just after following the conquest of Ahiska whose Muslim people were exiled in 1944 and it was conquered by Ottomans in 1578 and occupied by Russians in 1828. The book both has an important place in historical researches in the way of showing that the economic and civilian administration structuring of the region and inclusion of the names of the taxpayers makes it valuable from the point of Turkish language and culture. However, the names of rich person in the book have been evaluated superficially by those who have not been experts before, and have been made inferences about the ethnic structure of the region based on these names in the book. We will examine these previous studies about the book and discuss the names of the Turkish people recorded in the book from the point of phonetics of the historical Turkish dialects, morphology and vocabulary, and will be emphasized on these names that bear trace which of Turkish dialects.

16. SZÁZADI KÁLYHACSEMPÉK AZ ÓNODI VÁR ÁSATÁSAIBÓL

Author(s): Gábor Tomka / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 1/2007

In der Burg von Ónod (Nordostungarn, südlich von Miskolc) wurden 1985–1991 mehr als 4000 St. Ofenkachelfragmente gefunden. Zwei Ofenkachelgruppen von diesem Fundort werden hier beschrieben. Das Material der Kacheln der ersten Gruppe ist rot, auf ihrer Rückseite sind Textilabdrücke zu erkennen. Die Kacheln wurden über weißer Engobe mit gelber, brauner, grüner und farbloser Bleiglasur überzogen. Üblicherweise verwendete man auf einer Kachel mehrere Glasurfarben, die beim Brennen häufig ineinander flossen. Der Musterschatz der Kacheln ist heterogen, neben einigen gotischen Motiven dominiert der Renaissance-Stil. Einige Typen wurden nachweislich kopiert. 26 Typen konnten unterschieden werden – wahrscheinlich stammen sie von mehreren Öfen.

16. SZÁZADI, KÉSŐ RENESZÁNSZ ÖLTÖZETŰ LEÁNYKA SÍRJA BOLDVÁN

Author(s): Ilona Valter / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 1/2012

The actually standing Calvinist church of Boldva is of a royal founding. The building functioned as a Benedictine abbey around 1175–1180. The archaeological excavations conducted between 1976 and 1982 uncovered 68 graves within the church. A 14–16 years old girl lay in grave no. 21 in perfectly preserved renaissance clothes. She probably died in 1567 or 1568 and she was a member of the Putnoky family of the Rátót clan. This family owned Boldva until 1570, and then the Basó family owned it for about 160 years. The girl’s uncle Mihály Basó lay in grave no. 14 and her mother Klára Basó in grave no. 17.

16. ve 18. Asırlarda Osmanlı Fetva Literatüründe Mudârebe Ortaklığı

Author(s): Ahmet İnanır / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 40/2020

Mudārabah is a type of partnership that was founded by putting labor on the one hand and capi-tal on the other, dating back thousands of years before Islam. In Islam, this partnership has been accepted as legitimate and used by Muslim societies. This partnership has included in the classic fiqh books as a separate section from the şarikah subjects. Mudārabah partnership continues to exist in various ways today. Participation finance which is developing day by day collects capital based on this partnership. Some researchers even recommend it as an alternative method to participation banking based on contemporary usury especially the interest finance system. For this reason, whether the partnership in question is of a nature to perform the task expected from it will only be revealed by knowing the historical experience. Furthermore, determining the change that this partnership has undergone in the historical process will help to understand its current situation and the way it will take in the future. Because, depending on the human expe-rience in the historical process, it is seen that some provisions and consequences of the partners-hip have changed. The partnership structures, which were simple in the first periods, have gained more and more technical features. For this reason, it is of great importance in terms of economic history to determine and how the Ottoman period partnerships were established in the 16. and 18. centuries, which business lines were widely used, and what legal problems and solutions were produced during this period. In this way, functional determinations can be made as to whether the contract will be able to fulfill the function expected today.This research tries to put forward the various legal problems and solutions faced by the conflict partnership based on Ottoman fatwa literature in the 16. - 18. centuries. Because the current problems encountered with the application have been the subject of fatwas as well as fiqh books. Fort this purpose, fatwa journals belonging to Ibn Kemal (d. /9401534), Ebu’s-su‘ud Efendi (Abū l-Su‘ūd) (d. 982/1574), Sun‘ullah Efendi (d. 1021/1612), Feyzullah Efendi (d. 1115/1703) and Yenişe-hirli Abdullah Efendi (d. 1156/1743), who stand out in terms of recognition and accessibility in the aforementioned centuries have been collected and fatwas that can be determined on the subject have been evaluated.In the Ottoman period fatwa literature, the contractual contract takes place in separate titles separate from the company department, as in the tradition of fiqh. It is understood that fatwas related with mudārabah mostly reflect the problems and solutions that arise during the applica-tion. When the prominent fatwa journal of the research subject are examined, it is seen that the mudārabah partnership has been widely used in Ottoman society in terms of both number and issues. Due to the fact that this partnership can be said to be one of the most useful tools for the capitalist to operate his capital and to meet the financing needs for the entrepreneur. It seems that some people especially women, who do not have the opportunity to trade, prefer this part-nership.Expressions such as “Zeyd Captain”, “Black Sea and the Mediterranean”, which are frequently mentioned in mudārabah related to fatwas are observed that a partnership has been made mainly in the Istanbul-centered, Mediterranean and Black Sea basins for the agricultural and commercial works in the Ottoman Empire in the aforementioned centuries. Thus, entrepreneurs seem to meet their short-term financing needs. It can be said that the fact that the mudārabah partner is active in the partnership and the passivity of the capital owner causes the parties to have more reflecti-ons in the fatwa than the other partnership types. Because, it is seen that if the mudārabah part-ner is not unjust due to the mudārabah partnership, he is not responsible for the loss in his capi-tal, and if the profits are due to the transactions against the immigration of the capital owner, the probability of the mudārabah partner is to take more risks. This situation causes the capital owner to try to impose various restrictions on the place, time and duration in order to protect the capital from loss, and even to go further, to put forward some conditions contrary to the spirit of the depository, as the depository is common to the loss in the capital or to be a guarantor to the capital. Nevertheless, it is understood that the deposi-tory did not comply with the relevant conditions too much and that in some cases the capital was lost, this was considered within the scope of injustice. One of the main points of disagreement between the capital owner and the mudārabah partner whether the capital is given as debt, treatment or mudarabah. Especially, in case mudārabah partnership makes a loss, it is seen that capital owner is trying to save his main capital, while the mudārabah partner is trying to avoid the obligation of compensation. Even, in some fatwas, capital may claim that while he took profit from the mudārabah partner, he made a profit in the event that the loss occurred while the nature of the capital was not on the agenda. He claims that he/she took the ruin in response to his/her claim that the capital owner lent. In fatwas, if the partners can not put forward any evidence or if both parties present the evidence, the evidence of debt is accepted, if no preference can be made a selection between the evidences, it is seen that if capital get lost, debt is preferable, if profit is obtained, the evidence of mudārabah is preferred. Because, the mudārabah partner with the permission of capital owner, admits that he/she delive-red the goods in capital owner, according to which he embraced capital. In this case, mudārabah partner may file suit a compensation case. However, if there is no evidence related capital owner lends, it is accepted that his/her oath related to mudārabah partner is a mudarabah. It is seen that the capital owner is trying to make a capital such as wheat, hemp, cloth and sheep in fatwas. However, if he gave a power of attorney and told him to use it, it is seen that the cont-ract of mudārabah could not draw up. In addition, except for the labor of the mudārabah partner, the claim that he added capital and was the permission of the capital owner etc. is accepted in some circumstances. It can be said that the issues of loss and detriment related to mudārabah are subject to more fatwa than other issues. Some of them appear to be due to negligence and male-volent attitude of the destructor, some to be due to negative market conditions, and others to physical adverse conditions such as the sinking of the ship. From these point, it is also possible to identify the areas where the damage was caused in these centuries. Among them, the sinking and side lying of the sea vehicles come to the fore. It can be said that in the centuries of research in the example of Mudarabah, there is no incompatibility between the fatwas and the tradition of fiqh, that is between theory and practice.

16. ve 18. Yüzyıllarda Osmanlı Yönetiminde Nahçıvan Sancağı

Author(s): Sadık Müfit Bilge / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 0/2017

Nahcivan, a border region that witnessed bloody battles during the centuries of the Ottoman-Safavid rivalry, became a part of the Ottoman administrative structure twice in the period covered 1588-1603 and 1724- 1735. In the Ottoman provincial administration, it was a sanjak (district) of the Revan eyalet (province). After the annexation of Nahcivan to the Ottoman realm, the province was called the “Revan and Nahcivan province” between 1588 and 1603. The sanjak of Nahcivan consisted of seven subdistricts (nahiye) and the city of Nahcivan that had twelve quarters (mahalle). The subdistricts were Gökçe, Mevâzi-i Hatun, Dereşahbûz, Arslanlu, Karabağ, Dereçam, and Bazarçayı. The economic life in the Nahcivan sanjak was based on agriculture and animal husbandry. The revenues from the sanjak – direct incomes of some of the villages and the salt mines and the taxes that were collected from council tax (ihtisab), dyeing place (boyahâne), candle mill (şemhâne), market dues (bâc-ı bazar), custom dues (tamgâ-i siyah), and poll-tax (cizye) - were all transferred to the imperial treasury as the revenues (hass) of the sultan. Besides, some of the villages were granted to the janissaries that were stationed in the garrisons of the Revan and Nahcivan fortresses in the form of timar and zeamet in an exchange of their regular salaries (ulufe).

16. Yüzyıl Çorum Nahiyesi’nde Nüfus ve Yerleşim Özellikleri

Author(s): Hakan Yazar / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 2/2016

In the Ottoman classical age, timar system played an important part in the center of economic life especially in the rural areas. The Ottomans, made a kind of population census and land surveys called tahrir, at certain intervals to compute and register estimated tax revenues. Based on tahrir registers, population of the district center and its countryside besides of the district’s geographical and juridical area are inferenced. Similarly, changes in agricultural potential of the rural area and its affects on inhabitants are discussed thorougly. The data acquired from the tahrir registers are compared to the other sanjaks of the Rum Province and revealed the economic and demographic changes of Çorum during the 16th century.

16. YÜZYIL SAFEVİ ŞİRAZ MUSHAFLARINA BİR ÖRNEK (TSMK. EH.48)

Author(s): Rıdvan Ak / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 12/2018

The art was improved by people’s ideas. In the past, state executives who contributed the tezyini arts had an important role. The result of the support to the artists, the tezyini arts had been developed and diversified. Their productions have increased. It is proof that the importance of calligraphy writings, especially the Koran, was the most precious gift among the states at the time. The contribution of different regions added as well as Turkish civilizations contributed. Safavid Empire was the most contributing state to the art except the Turks. The value that the Shahs give to the arts and artists at the time is the most important part of the development. The art of illumination, which is included in the ornatent arts, has progressed, thinned and diversified with these developments. I choose as my studying of the number of 48 the Koran in Topkapı Palace Museum Library the Treasure entrusted. The Koran is the most important example of the Safavid Shahs contribution of illuminated manuscript. This work is dated 980-95 (1572 M.-86) and 49.5 – 31-3 sizes. Şirazlı Abdulkadir elHuseyni was the calligraphist and he was the most famous calligraphist of the period. Muhammed bin Taceddin Haydar was the illuminator. Each page of the work is a complete full page ornament. The Koran ornament is an example that has not been seen until now.In this work, as much as it is never mentioned, has been given to the design fiction and infinity understanding that are never seen in the Koran’s ornament. In particular, Falname, which is very rare in Ottoman writings, has found as much as 12 pages in this work. This feature even shows how rare the work is. The design of the Koran was evaluated and examined by eight different groups. In addition to this, motif richness and techniques are explained and a general presentation of the work was made.

16. Yüzyılda Kırım'da Köle Ticareti

Author(s): Zübeyde Günes Yağcı / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 8/2006

The Ottomans completely controlled the Black Sea trade including slave trade after the conquest of Constantinople. Up to the 16th century, the Ottoman Empire met its slave needs from the war captives and from frontier raids in the Balkans. However, the increasing military resistance in Europe against the Ottomans forced them to find out other ways to meet the demand for slave. Therefore, the Crimean Khanate took over this opportunity and began to export slaves to the Ottoman Empire. It was after this that the Crimean Tatars began to organise raids into Russia, Poland and Caucasus for slaves, and they filled the Ottoman and Egyptian slave markets.

16. YÜZYILDA KORKUNÇ İVAN’IN RUS TARİHİNDEKİ ROLÜ ÜZERİNE

Author(s): Muhammed Taşkesenligil / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 36/2017

Russian Tsczar IV. Ivan, came to throne when he was sixteen years old and was the first to use the Tsczar title. He is known in history as the founder of the Russian Empire. He did not care about the safety of people's life or property during his reign and was very cruel, so he was called " Ivan the Terrible ". Ivan, who had a striking, impressive and brutal portrait, was a Russian leader with great ambitions and a sense of revenge. Having a formidable personality among his enemies, IV. Ivan, killed his son in 1582 on the grounds that he had betrayed himself. Ivan had a brutal and paranoid character, but he was a successful statesman. He carried out an active domestic and foreign policy and strengthened the centralized state structure. He founded an army union called ''Streletskiye Voiska'', attaching great importance to the problems of church and religion. During the reign of Ivan, the territory of Kazan and Astrakhan were invaded and the territory of Western Siberia was expanded.

1652-53 Tarihli Şer’iye Sicili'ne Göre Temeşvar

Author(s): Ömer Biyik / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 45/2015

Becoming a province of Ottoman in 1552, Temeshwar was under ruled of Ottoman Empire for 166 years. In the present study, Court Registers of Temeshwar dated 1652-53 were reviewed. Original of this register was kept at Historical Archive of Sarajevo in Bosnia-Herzegovina. One copy of it is at Kadı Registers Catalogue of Turkish Religious Foundation Center for Islamic Studies (ISAM). The register mentioned is the unique Kadı register in Temeshwar located on modern Romania. The article presents overall administrative status of the province and gives new information on social and cultural life of Temeshwar in the 17.Century.

438 NO`LU MUHÂSEBE- VLÂYET- ANADOLU DEFTERNE GÖRE XVI. YÜZYILIN LK ÇEYREGNDE HONAZ KAZÂSI

Author(s): Bilal Yildiz / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 21/2014

In this study, socio-economic aspects of Honaz Township in the first quarter of XVIth century, which was an important township of Kutahya City which was a state of Ottoman Empire in its golden age, will be examined in the framework of Anatolian Accounting Register which dates from 1530 and numbered 438. The register mentioned above has all necessary sources such as wealth sources, population movements, ethnic structure, foundations, administrative and military structure, system of the state. The main aim of this work is to eliminate the deficiencies by evaluating all data in the register written in Suleyman The Magnificent’s time and works about Honaz and its income sources, settlement, population, foundations, socio-cultural structure of that period and also provide materials which can be used safely and easily by the historians who search this topic.

80 години Исторически музей – Самоков

Author(s): Albena Simova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 4/2016

90 години от рождението на доцент доктор Стоян Иванов Маслев

Author(s): Annie Dancheva-Vasileva / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1-2/2013

Anniversary Information