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PRISUSTVO SUFIJA U HERCEGOVAČKOM SANDŽAKU U XV I XVI STOLJEĆU

Author(s): Hatidža Čar-Drnda / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

The presence of Sufis in Herzegovinian sanjak was noted almost from the very inclusion of this province into the Ottoman Empire. Some of their members went further with military units, while the others stayed and involved into activities of the city community. Some were military members of citadel garrisons, some were mosque officials, while a considerable number of Sufis was involved in business matters, thus structuring material basis for their existence and existence of their families, and wider community as well.

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Cesty bratislavských mestských funkcionárov na kráľovský dvor v 15. storočí

Author(s): Július Bartl / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Pôvodný zámer spracovať kontakty Bratislavčanov s kráľovským dvorom v priebehu celého 15. storočia sa ukazuje v súčasnosti príliš široký a časovo náročný. Predovšetkým preto, že materiálu k tejto téme je v bratislavskom mestskom archíve značné množstvo a aj keď je tento archív v súčasnej dobe neprístupný, resp. bádanie je značne sťažené, nedá sa obsiahnuť celá problematika v jednej štúdii. Reprezentanti mesta chodili na kráľovský dvor po celé 15. storočie a nepochybne aj predtým. Máme o tom ojedinelý doklad už z druhej polovice 14. storočia (spred roku 1365). Vzhľadom na známu skutočnosť, že v našich mestských archívoch rastie geometrickým radom počet písomností s pribúdajúcimi storočiami, v 14. storočí je počet takýchto údajov oveľa menší. K obvyklým typom listiny pribúdajú v 15. storočí listy – missiles rôznej proveniencie, nielen listy mestských funkcionárov. Len v indexe Inventára listín bratislavského mestského archívu, vydaného doc. Lehotskou a jej spolupracovníkmi je viac ako 80 záznamov z tohto obdobia a to podotýkam, že ich je oveľa viac, pretože pravdepodobne v dôsledku tlačovej chyby vypadli všetky regesty po roku 1471. Takisto heslo „vyslanci bratislavskí“ nezachytáva všetky dokumenty, lebo mnohé sú zaradené pod iným vodiacim heslom.

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Hospodársky vzostup Thurzovcov

Author(s): Marián Skladaný / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Pod všeobecným pomenovaním „Thurzovci“ alebo „Thurzo“ si každý predstavuje niekoho iného. Pritom tých historicky významných Thurzovcov nebolo až tak veľa, ak si uvedomíme, že v porovnaní s inými aristokratickými rodmi žili Thurzovci (aspoň historicky) relatívne krátko, len niečo cez dve storočia (1430–1636). O to viac musí vyniknúť závratnosť kariéry, ktorú za dve storočia urobili. A boli práve na vrchole svojej slávy a bohatstva, keď ich postihla nepriazeň osudu, že ich rod vymrel v mužskej línii.

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Život ženy - šl'achtičnej v U horsku na prelome 14. a 15. storocia

Author(s): Daniela Dvořáková / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Je všeobecne známe, že stredoveká spoločnosť bola silne patriarchálna a v pohľade na ženy bol stredovek naozaj „dobou temna". Osobitne to platí o Uhorsku, lebo uhorské zvykové právo bolo podľa hodnotení historikov vo vzťahu k ženám jedným z najtvrdších a naj nepriateľskej sich. Poslaním žien, najmä príslušníčok vyšších spoločenských vrstiev bolo rodiť deti a udržiavať tak kontinuitu rodu. Vymretie rodu bolo jedným z najvacsich nešťastí, aké mohli panovnícke, ale aj šľachtické rody postihnúť. Ideál predstavovala žena - matka, plodná, pokorná, poslušná a večne čakajúca na manžela, kým sa vráti z boia alebo z ciest s kráľom či svojím pánom.

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Адыгская керамика из археологических памятников XIII—XV веков в фондах Государственного музея Востока

Author(s): Ludmila M. Noskova / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article discusses a small collection of ceramics of 13th—15th centuries from the excavations of the Caucasian archaeological expedition of the State Museum of Oriental Art in Adygea and on the Eastern Black sea coast of the Caucasus. Most of the pottery comes from the Shendjiy kurgan cemetery (Adygea) and Kabardinka kurgan cemetery (near Gelendzhik). Several vessels were found on the banks of the Krasnodar water reservoir, where late medieval funerary sites are situated. The material divides into two groups: one originates from the left bank of the Kuban river, and the other one from the Black Sea region. Vessels come in different forms, mostly jugs and mugs. All the vessels are made of red clay, which is typical for Adygea ceramics of the Golden Horde time made with the help of potter’s wheel of slow rotation. Most of the jars in the second group have a rim in the shape of oenochoe, with spout on the side or opposite the handle, which is a feature of vessels from the Black Sea region, never found on the left bank of the Kuban River. At the same time, jugs with tubular spout — an imitation of metal jugs — appear among the ceramic finds. In general, ceramic forms represented in the collections of the Museum of the Oriental Art complement the main types of vessels, common in the North-Western Caucasus in the 14th—15th centuries.

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Парадная керамика из раскопок Азака

Author(s): Svetlana A. Kravchenko / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The author examines the set of imported ceremonial ceramics from the digs in the Golden Horde Azak. He publishes 14th — 15th century materials from the collection of Azov Museum and recent digs and distinguishes fourteen groups of ceremonial vessels from Azak, depending on their origin and manufacturing techniques. Thus, by origin, there are Chinese, Iranian, Middle Asian, Azerbaijani, Syrian, Byzantine, Spanish and Italian vessels, as well as ceramics from the Golden Horde cities of the Lower Volga region, which produced imitations of some types of imported vessels. The materials are systematized by their technological, functional and morphological features and supplied with description of their ornamentation motifs. The author traces changes in the set of ceremonial vessels along the history of Azak.

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Глазури причерноморских средневековых посудных майолик: химический состав по данным спектрального анализа

Author(s): Vladimir Yu. Koval / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Investigatios of 52 glazes samples (40 of them are examples of Byzantine-Black Sea origin) by X-ray microprobe technique allowed to make conclusions about the difference of the Byzantine (and its successor on North Black Sea Coast and the Golden Horde traditions) composition from the West-Mediterranean (Spanish-Italian), in particular for the 15th century. One of the results of these investigations is the discovery of the downward trend rate of lead oxide in the Byzantine and Black Sea glazes during the 12th—15th centuries, refuting earlier formulated hypotheses about the growth of the share of lead materials in “Chersonesus” glaze recipe. The author also notes the lack of reliable data on glazed pottery production in medieval Cherson.

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Молдавская монета на территории средневековой Таврики (краткий обзор)

Author(s): Nikolai A. Alexeenko,Lilia V. Dergaciova / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article addresses new finds of Moldovan coins minted in the 14th —15th c., recently discovered in the suburbs of Sevastopol on the Crimean peninsula. Most notable among them is a copper coin of Alexander I, with a countermark of the Genoese Caffa.The increasing number of finds of Moldovan coins in the numismatic discoveries on the Crimean peninsula, highlights the question about contacts between the local population and that of Moldovan Principality, but also, though, perhaps, less obviously, disclose the role of the Moldovan currency in the local monetary circulation, which took place not only in the last phase of existence of Italian lands in the second and third quarter of the 15th century, until their conquest by the Ottoman Empire in 1475, but also in the earlier period, since the end of the 14th century.

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Григорий Цамблак и первое упоминание о Хаджибее

Author(s): Oleg M. Lugovyi / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The exchange of embassies before the election of Grigorij Tsanblak as Kievan Metropolitan caused the meeting of Władysław II Jagiełło and Byzantine embassy in Sniatyn in May 1415. This meeting recorded by Jan Długosz is marked by the mentioning of wheat delivery from the “royal port of Kaczubyeow”. Sniatyn negotiations are not connected with the “nuncios from Constantinople” visit to Krakow in September the same year. This nuncios must have been Theodor Chrysoberges departing to the church council in Konstanz with the proposition of union between Western and Eastern churches in the name of king Władysław. In early 1418 the same proposal was brought to Kostanz by Grigorij Tsamblak in the name of Władysław II, Vitautas, emperor Manuel II and the patriarch of Constantinople altogether.

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Дж. Каталано из Солдайи первой четверти XV века: эпиграфический экзерсис

Author(s): Alexander G. Emanov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article studies a Genoese inscription from Soldaia, written in Latin and dated by 1423. In 19th—20th centuries, different scientists, like G. Oderico, P. Keppen, V. Yurgevich, C. Desimoni, E. Skrzinskaya and others have proposed different readings of the inscription. However, an important semantic part of the inscription remained unexplained. One of the factors which made it difficult to decode the inscription was its hardly accessible location.The use of digital photography permitted the author to obtain a qualitative image and to entirely reconstruct the inscription. Basing on its content, the author assumes that G. Catalano, mentioned in the inscription, was not the Genoa’s consul in Soldaia, as thought earlier, but a catholic bishop of the town, who initiated construction of the cathedral. Below the inscription, there are two coats of arms belonging to the Genovese families who provided financial support to the construction. One of these coats of arms was identified as representing the Goano family.

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Пифосы из археологических комплексов Таврики XIV—XV вв.

Author(s): Iryna B. Teslenko / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Studies of 14th — 15th cc. complexes on medieval sites in the Crimea (in its southern part mainly) documented presence of three groups of pithoi dated by different periods. The earliest of them were vessels of group I — locally produced thick red clay barrels. By the 15th c. they could have been in use for 500—600 years. One should not exclude possible early medieval traditions of manufacturing such vessels conserved in some regions of Taurica. Imported pithoi of group II became predominant later. They were produced and used for not more than 250—300 years. Further studies must be carried out to identify the region where vessels with such morphological characteristics originated from. The latest to appear were the so called wine jars of group III. They existed for not more than 150—180 years. Their detailed chronology and origin of forms require further investigation.It should be mentioned that the Greek-Byzantine traditional manufacturing and use of pithoi were common in the Crimea in 14th — 15th cc., and most of them seemed to have been used predominantly in wine-making. Relics of these traditions can be still marked in ethnography of peoples living in wine-making regions — Caucasus, Balkans, Pyrenees, etc. However, the Crimea lost these traditions after the Ottoman conquest.

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Поливная керамика Сарайчика

Author(s): Olga V. Kuznetsova / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The author introduces glazed pottery found at Saraichik (a Golden Horde Hillfort) and classifies it according to a typology proposed by N. M. Bulatov and G. A. Fedorov-Davydov. Thus, the glazed pottery found at Saraichik is divided into redware and Kashan types.The redware ceramics is further distinguished by the color of glazing: there are vessels with transparent glazing of green, yellow and brown colors, as well as with colorless glazing, and is represented by bowls, plates, jugs, albarello and tubeks. By type of ornament, there are vessels with glazed-over engravings, glazed-over paintings, or a combination of both, as well as pottery with glazed-over stamped ornament on sgraffito.The Kashan ceramics of Saraichik is divided into two groups: with transparent and non-transparent glazing, further divided into subgroups by the color of glazing and method of ornamentation. The Kashan ceramics with colorless glazing and transparent turquoise or ultra-marine glazing was ornamented by glazed-over polychromic painting with glazed-over relief, or painting without relief, while stamped ornament under turquoise glazing is not very common. There are finds of so called ‘Timurid’ ceramics with a specific complex ornament. Besides, there is also ceramics with polychromic painting over ultra-marine glaze (Lajvardina) and ceramics with enamels over white opaque glazing (Minai).Ongoing field research at Saraichik keeps yielding new ceramic artefacts, which demand further detailed and careful studies.

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Усадьбы золотоордынского Болгара к юго-западу от Соборной мечети

Author(s): Denis Yu. Badeev,Renat R. Valiev / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

A study of aboveground and dugout structures in the excavations territory (100-160 meters to the south-west of the Cathedral Mosque) enabled an attempt to single out urban homestead plots dating to the first half of the 14th century. A complex study of a large area (1912 sq. м), distinction of additional construction horizons within the clearly dated stratigraphic scale of the Bolgar hillfort, identification of the main street, as well as the location of certain dugout structures (cellars) and the study of their content made it possible to produce a spatial organization picture of Bolgar homesteads in the area and to determine the dimensions and space of at least one homestead plot.

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Cтратификация игроков политической сцены Дешт-и Кипчака в начале XV века: случай приезда сыновей Тохтамыша в «земли Руси»

Author(s): Bulat Raimovich Rakhimzyanov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

This abstract analyses mutual political status of the Golden Horde and Muscovite Grand Principality in the beginning of the fifteenth century. The main goal of abstract is to delineate the real role of Muscovite principality in political history of Central Eurasia in the beginning of the fifteenth century. The author examines the arrival of Tokhtamysh khan’s sons, namely Jelal ad-Din and Kerim-Berdi, to Muscovite principality. Among states that were members of the Golden Horde polity we find so called “Russian ulus” — an alliance of principalities of Northeast Russia, which were conquered by Batu khan. The Moscow Grand Principality became the strongest one among other Russian principalities. It took the leading position in contacts with Tatars. Nevertheless, how influential was the Moscow Grand Principality among other actors in political life of the Desht-i-Qipchaq in the beginning of the fifteenth century? The author concludes that the influence of Moscow was minimal and only began to be seen.

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Адыгская керамика золотоордынского времени в фондах Государственного музея Востока

Author(s): Ludmila M. Noskova / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The paper discusses a small collection of 14th—15th-century ceramics from the excavations by the Caucasian archaeological expedition of the State Museum of Oriental Art in Adygeya and the Eastern Black Sea coast of the Caucasus is discussed. Most of the pottery comes from the Shendjiy kurgan cemetery (Adygea) and late medieval burial ground in the village of Kabardinka (near Gelendzhik). Several of the vessels were found on the banks of the Krasnodar Reservoir, where the late medieval funerary sites are situated. The material is divided into two groups: those from the left bank of the Kuban River and from the Black Sea region. The vessels are represented in different forms of jugs and mugs predominantly. All the vessels are made of red clay, which is typical for the Adygeyan ceramics of the Golden Horde period, and are produced on slow rotation potter’s wheel. Most of the jars of the second group have a side drain — a rim in the shape of oenochoe (“towards yourself”), which is a typical feature of the vessels from the Black Sea region. These forms of vessels disappear in the left-bank Kuban region. At the same time, the jugs with tubular drain appear in the ceramic complexes as metal jugs imitations. In general, the ceramic forms represented in the collections of the Museum of the Oriental Art complement the main types of kitchenware, common in the North-Western Caucasus in the 14th—15th centuries.

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«Новые» объекты на топографической карте генуэзской крепости Чембало XIV—XV вв. (по материалам раскопок 1999—2013 гг.)

Author(s): Serhiy V. Dyachkov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The 1999—2013 excavations allowed revealing the functional purpose of the well-known fortifications of Cembalo and marking a few new objects on the map.The church in the territory of the Consular Castle used to serve as a burial-vault of its inhabitants. Tower No. 8 protected the entrance to the territory of the castle. On a special ground next to Tower No. 8, there was a big missile machine of Trebuchet type designed to fight enemy ships. Tower No. 6 was located in the port area of the town. A huge cistern for keeping more than 550 cub. m of water was placed on the lower tier of the tower. The upper tier was used as a battle ground for mounting missile machines.In the 14th century, Tower No. 5 was part of the town fortification system. In the 15th century, Tower No. 5 was equipped with a cistern, and a weapon and armor depot was also placed there.

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Юродство как феномен средневекового города: юродство в свете исихазма

Author(s): Stanislav Oplatek / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Stanislav Oplatek’s contribution covers the phenomenon of yurodstvo and its relationship to the ascetic practice of hesychasm. There are proofs of the Rus people’s familiarity with hesychasm starting from the 14th century, under Metropolitan Theognostus. One of the important common traits among the yurods (“fools for Christ”) and among hesychasts in Rus are their mutual connections with the monastic environment (to name one example: the link between Kirill of White Lake and Sergius of Radonezh, i.e. a link between student and spiritual teacher). Besides these facts, one can also see evidence of knowledge of hesychastic practices in the hagiographies of holy yurods, which frequently describe physical and mental states corresponding to the states achieved through hesychastic practice (feeling heat, seeing lights, spiritual bliss tied to resignation from the world, and tears), as well as the so-called “Jesus Prayer.”

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Znaczenie kultu św. Piotra Apostoła w myśli misyjnej i działalności Brunona z Kwerfurtu

Author(s): Maksymilian Sas / Language(s): French,Polish,German,Italian Publication Year: 0

An anniversary publication for the renowned medieval historian Professor Roman Michałowski. The articles collected in the volume address the widely understood issues of medieval political and religious culture as well as the history of the Church in that period. Their authors, experts on the Middle Ages, come from Poland and from abroad and are not only historians but also archaeologists.

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Earrings Decorated with Hemstitched Spherical Pendants Found on the Territory of Romania, Moldavia and the Serbian Banat

Author(s): Silviu Oţa / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The article discusses the structure of the earrings with hemstitched spherical pendants, decorated in the granulation and filigree technique, found on the territory of Romania, Moldavia and the Serbian Banat. In total, finds from 11 locations were analyzed (Cetăţeni-Poiana Târgului, Ilidia-Obliţa, Reşiţa-Ogăşele — necropolises; Buruieneşti, Şuşiţa, Braşov, Cotul Morii-Popricani, Olteni, Schinetea, Dubovac, Şaptebani, Cotnari — hoards). This decoration pattern is found on the circular link earrings, but also on the question mark shaped earrings (Ilidia-Obliţa, Braşov, Dubovac, Schinetea). Their chronology is mainly determined by the hoard coins. The items were also analyzed in terms of structure and decoration. From a chronological point of view, they were spread from the thirteenth century to the early sixteenth century. Their occurrence is typical for the communities south and east of the Carpathians, but also in the Banat or southern Transylvania, exactly in the same places where the Byzantine items or the items of Balkan tradition were in fashion during the previous centuries.

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БРАНИСЛАВ ЂУРЂЕВ И “ДЕСПОТОВ КАНУН”

Author(s): Ema Miljković / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

Diese Arbeit ist der Deutung der Bestimmung des Begriffs “DespotenKanon”, der in der Wallachen-Vorschrift für den Smederevo-Sandschak aus dem Jahr 1516 vorkommt, und der eine große historiographische Polemik zwischen B. Đurđev und D. Bojanić ausgelöst hat. Durch die detaillierte Analyse verfügbarer Quellen osmanischer Herkunft, konnte der Autor dieses Aufsatzes den Standptunkt vertreten, dass sich der Terminus “Деспотов канун” wirklich auf ein älteres Gesetz und rechtliche Bräuche aus der Periode des unabhängigen serbischen Staates bezieht, so dass die Einstellung, das Gesetz für die Semederov-Wallachen aus 1476/77 sei die direkte Übersetzung eines Rechtsaktes jeglicher Grundlage entbehrt. Ebenso sollte auch die Richtigkeit seiner Thesen im Zusammenhang mit direkten oder automatischen Übernahmen des Wallachen-Status aus dem serbischen Despotenstaat erwähnt werden; er bestritt nämlich die Behauptung, dass die Organisationsformen der Branicevo- und SmederevoWallachen in der zweiten Hälfte des 15. Jahrhunderts ein gänzlich aus dem Staat des Despoten Stefan Lazarevic geerbtes Modell sei, sondern er sah richtig die innere Dynamik dieser gesellschaftlichen Gruppe, die in das osmanische Herrschaftssystem auf eine Art und Weise eingegeliedert war, die man als am adäquatesten empfand. Es ist nicht strittig, dass die serbische mittelalterliche Gesetzgebung einen starken Einfluss auf einzelne, die Wallachen betreffenden Bestimmungen der osmanischen Kanons hatte, aber ebenso sollte man nicht den besonderen Charakter und die Originalität der osmanischen Staatsverwaltung außer Acht lassen, welche sich auch hierin widerspiegelt.

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