Nadzorcy nad aktami oraz archiwiści w grodach Korony w okresie XV–XVIII w. Zarys problemu

Author(s): Janusz Łosowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 122/2021

W literaturze naukowej nie było opracowania o charakterze syntetycznym, które ukazałoby proces ewolucji w zakresie opieki nad aktami grodzkimi, dlatego artykuł ten wypełnia istniejącą lukę. Ukazano w nim proces stop¬niowego powierzania obowiązków związanych z zabezpieczeniem akt grodzkich różnym urzędnikom, który w końcu doprowadził do powołania w jednym z urzędów grodzkich (chełmskim) stanowiska archiwisty. Zakoń¬czyło to w tym grodzie proces wyodrębniania się archiwum z kancelarii grodzkiej. Był to ważny fakt zarówno w dziejach polskich instytucji sądo¬wych okresu staropolskiego, jak i archiwów. W innych urzędach grodzkich formalne wydzielenie archiwów nie nastąpiło, prawdopodobnie ze względu na rychły upadek Rzeczypospolitej. W artykule szczegółowo opisano etapy przekazywania kompetencji archiwalnych na różnych urzędników kance-laryjnych, wykorzystując informacje zawarte w dotychczasowych publika¬cjach oraz nieuwzględnionych do tej pory źródłach. [In the academic literature so far there was no synthetic study presenting evolutionary processes in the field of custody of municipal records, therefore this article aims to fill this gap. It shows the process of gradual delegation of responsibilities concerning safekeeping of town records to various officials, which finally led to establishing the position of an archivist in one of the municipal offices (in Chełm). This ended the process of separation of the archive from the municipal office. This was an important fact in the history of both Polish judicial institutions of the Old Polish period and archives as such. In other municipal offices, a formal separation of archives did not occur, probably due to the imminent collapse of Polish state. This article describes in detail the phases of passing the archival competences to various office clerks, using the information contained in previous publications and sources not covered so far.]

Cronicile slavo-române din secolele al XV-lea – al XVI-lea. Consideraţii referitoare la stilul letopiseţelor slavo-române

Author(s): Crina Bocşan / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2013

The Romanian historiography in the Slavonic language is a major part of the Romanian culture from the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The South-East European context bears the seal of the political and cultural relations with the neighboring countries and the Byzantine- Slavic cultural assimilation. The manuscripts copied in our monasteries have been widely circulated as shown by the numerous manuscripts preserved in libraries throughout our country and abroad. Among these many historiography writings of Byzantine-Slavic can be found. The Byzantine chronicles were identified in Slavonic translation or adaptations, included most often in the so called “sbornice” of a miscellaneous content; our original historiography has been developed and flourished both at the princes’ court and in the cultural centers near monasteries, issued from the pen of highly educated scholars, with deep knowledge of the history books and treaties of southeastern Europe. The chronicles of XV-XVI centuries show the characteristic features of the manuscripts from the sixteenth century. Their language is that of cultivated and educated writers, with a good knowledge of both Slavonic and Romanian, although the word endings are sometimes mixed up. Their rich and varied vocabulary is based on medium Bulgarian elements, originating from Old Slavic with Eastern Slavic and Romanian elements. The sober narrative is a characteristic feature of the message about the national being of the Romanian people, and its state north of the Danube. This was a social and political imperative, in the context of the historical events inside and outside the country.

Polysémia v právnickej francúzštine

Author(s): Peter Kopecký / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2012

Le vocabulaire du français modifia depuis le XVe siècle sa structure et son contenu. Les changements phonétiques se produisirent en même temps, en renforàant de nouvelles tendances sémantiques. A noter que l´ordre de mots latin n´influença pas le français. D´autre part, le latin imposa au français ses qualités (poly)sémantiques, étymologiques et morphologiques. Le français concourut à sa mère (langue latine) pour la repusser de la Cour et des bureaux vers les cloîtres. Le droit et le langage juridique conservèrent cependant l´esprit de droit romain ce qui reflète le mieux le Code civil de Napoléon Ier et même le droit moderne.

Príchod valašského etnika na územie slovenska a jeho vplyv na utváranie hydroným

Author(s): Andrea Goótšová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2012

The author of this article explains the arrival of various ethnic groups to Slovakia, but particularly focus on the arrival of Wallachian ethnic group between the 14th and the 17th century. In addition to a thorough gradual settlement and their lifeway, she highlights their reflection in the construction of the names of rivers as important landmarks in the field.

Fragmentele de medicină populară din manuscrisele slavone din Banat

Author(s): Duşiţa Ristin / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3/2010

Besides the presentation of the main language characteristics of the Slavonic manuscript Miscelaneul de la Praga (of XIV-XVth century, Hodoş-Bodrog Monastery) that could be established, with more or less approximation, the period and the origin of the writer or the linguistic area where the work was copied, this manuscript could be analyzed from its content point of view, as well. In this case, we would have an interdisciplinary approach of lecebnic, and the information about the folk medicine that we can find there could make a background for a presentation of the folk believes about illness and their remedies in the Medieval Age. That would be one of the common elements and the starting point for a comparative estimation of the folk medicine fragments of Miscelaneul de la Praga (The Slavonic Book of Prague) and Sbornicul medical de la Variaş (The Medical Book of Variaş, XVII-XIXth century ). Much more than that, in both of them we can find magic and symbolic formula and practices of driving away the illness that have a direct relation with the magic medicine. So far, all these facts could be relevant for the magic thought and vision of the south-east European folk culture and tradition.

Европа, Балканите и българите (XV–XVII в.) Някои историографски проблеми

Author(s): Ekaterina Vecheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5-6/2000

The theme of Europe, the Balkans and the Bulgarians has different aspects and considerable literature has accumulated on it in West European, Balkan and Bulgarian historiography. The most general survey made shows that for European historical thought of considerably greater interest as from the first centuries of the New Age were the questions connected with the political might and social structure of the Ottoman Empire. The studies on the Balkan peoples and their relations with the Catholic states as an independent subject of research are considerably less numerous. Bulgaria and the Bulgarians most often are included in the works of Slavicists, philologists and that chiefly with their political and cultural activities in the period prior to the Ottoman settlement in Europe. The achievements of Bulgarian and Balkan historiography prove that in the difficult conditions of the Ottoman feudal state, although at a considerably slower tempo economic processes similar to the European developed in the Balkans. Special room is devoted in the article to certain problems in historiography to the relations between East and West in the cultural sphere and between Catholicism and Orthodoxy. The need emerges for a thorough and detailed study of a number of questions the answers to which will contribute to the fuller elucidation of the structure and character of the Bulgarian and all-Balkan, and of the all-European culture.

ZABYTKOWE TEKSTYLIA W MUZEUM DIECEZJALNYM W SIEDLCACH W ŚWIETLE BADAŃ REINWENTARYZACYJNYCH

Author(s): Dorota PIKULA-KUZIAK / Language(s): Polish Issue: 118/2022

Reinventory works at the Diocesan Museum in Siedlce in 2020, subsidised by the National Centre for Culture as part of the programme ‘Kultura w sieci’ [‘Culture on the Web’], included historic textiles sewn from 15th- through 20th-century fabrics that had been stored in a warehouse for many years. They revealed more than 140 objects (chasubles, capes, mitres, dalmatics, stoles, maniples, palls and burses), only a fraction of which had been catalogued. Other items are of largely unknown provenance, often damaged and having been repaired and re-stitched many times. Only a few of them can be found in the catalogues of art monuments in Poland or on inventory cards in the office of the Provincial Office for Monument Protection. As part of the reinventory work, all the historical paraments gathered in the collection of the Diocesan Museum were carefully documented in terms of content and visual records, and more than 150 of them were added to the online exhibition ‘Splendor Podlasia’ [‘Splendour of Podlasie’] (www.splendorpodlasia.pl) so as to bring this interesting resource to a larger audience. The article also deals with research into the history of the two oldest, late-Gothic fabrics from which the chasubles were sewn and the reuniting of the ceremonial set (sacra paramenta and sacra indumenta) of Bishop Franciszek Kobielski (1679–1755), which had been scattered for many years.

Ив. Божилов, Ил. Илиев, Хр. Димитров, Ив. Билярски. Византийските василевси. София, Издателство „Абагар“, 1997. 418 c.

Author(s): Krasimira Gagova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1-2/1998

Book Review

The Significance of the Putna Music School in the History of Orthodox Church Music

Author(s): Svetlana Kujumdzieva / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

The features of the music manuscripts from the Putna music school are discussed. Special emphasis is put on new findings from the studies of Bulgarian scholars. Two manuscripts are under special scrutiny – the famous Book of Eustatie from 1511 and Manuscript 816 from the library of the Church Historical and Archival Institute at the Bulgarian Patriarchate in Sofia, dating from the third quarter of the 16th century, identified as belonging to the Putna music school. There arises the question about the connection between the music activity of Putna and the 14th-century Tarnovo literary and hymnographic school. The article emphasizes that the Putna music manuscripts document the complete adoption of the late-Byzantine (known also as “Koukouzelian”) musical system in the Slavic language of Bulgarian redaction, according to the new redaction of the Jerusalem Typikon of the 14th century. The activity of Hieromonk Eustatie, the most prominent representative of the Putna music school, is discussed. Two important stichera included in his books are considered – the one for St. John the New of Suceava and the one for St. Petka (Paraskeva) of Epivat. It is argued that the text of the first was written by Gregory Tsamblak, a pupil of the last Bulgarian Patriarch, Euthimios. Tsamblak wrote an entire office for St. John the New at the beginning of the 15th century, when he was a presbyter of the Moldavian Church. The sticheron for St. Petka (Paraskeva) turns out to be the first fully notated sticheron for the saint stemming from the Orthodox Balkans. It is concluded that one of the major tasks being accomplished at Putna was to preserve the Orthodox memory in the context of foreign religious domination in the Balkans. The repertory performed there was notated, including the music for particularly revered saints that were praised in the Orthodox countries of Slavic language. Researching the activity of the Putna music school allows us to look centuries back and reveal the foundations of what is sacred to every national culture: the creative power of memorable personalities and events that have become an example and inspiration for future generations.

Acoperământul pentru Sfânta Masă de la Mănăstirea Putna (inv. 19). Istorie în fragmente

Author(s): Ieromonah Dosoftei Dijmărescu,Monah Timotei Tiron / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2021

The present paper analyzes a Holy Table cover from the patrimony of Putna Monastery. The item is thought to have been made of pieces of princely vestments from the end of the 15th century and the beginning of the 16th. It is made of 65 fragments of different dimensions and three types of Italian brocades. The authors argue that at least some of the fragments of textile come from an older Holy Table cover, probably from the time of Stephen the Great. Two hypotheses are proposed for the moment of reshaping to its present form: either the consecration of the altar (1655) officiated after the monastery church was rebuilt during the reigns of Vasile Lupu and Gheorghe Ștefan, or sometime during the thorough renovation works made by Metropolitan Jacob of Putna (1755–1772).

„Cei Cinci martiri” în pictura murală din Moldova: notă despre contexte iconografice și subtexte devoționale

Author(s): Vlad Bedros / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2021

This short study surveys the iconography of the Five Martyrs of Sebasteia (the Five Companions) in Moldavian mural painting from around 1480 until around 1530. The iconographic choice is evaluated in the context of Middle and Late Byzantine parallels, stressing upon its connection with monastic devotion, due to the inclusion in the Horologion of two prayers attributed to Ss. Eustratius and Mardarius respectively. The funeral connotation of the Five Martyrs, already noted in Late Byzantine Balkan iconography (Treskavac, Konče) might explain their appearance at Rădăuți. Their popularity in monastic circles might account for their frequency in other programs, and especially their striking association with the great martyrs and Ss. Constantine and Helen on the eastern arch of the Pătrăuți Church naos. This selection surprisingly echoes the row of medallions on the western wall in the narthex of St. Andreas church in Treska. The association of St. Eustratius with a penitential prayer of the Compline, taken from his Passio and given here in an appendix (the corresponding fragment from the 15th-century Ms. 85 in the library of Putna monastery), bestows upon his iconic portrait an aural, mnemonic layer, presumably explored by the medieval viewer.

Унгария в политиката на Османската империя

Author(s): Pál Fodor,Klára Hegyi / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 6/1996

After the Ottomans had gradually crushed the resistance of the Hungarian Kingdom in a constant wartime of more than one hundred years, from the 1520s on they began to occupy Hungarian territories. Concerning the political aims of Suleyman (1520–1566) two diametrically opposed views have been advanced. One group of scholars maintain that the Ottoman ruler did not want to subjugate Hungary directly, but he wished to compel the Hungarians to accept a vassal status similar to that of the Moldavian and Wallachian principalities. According to others, the Ottoman ruler intended to extend his dominion over Hungary right from the outset, and to this end he used the traditional Ottoman method of gradual conquest. The authors of the article share the latter opinion, and at first they demonstrate how the strategy of gradual conquest was put into practice in Hungary between 1520 and 1541. At the same time they regard the Ottoman occupation of Central Hungary in 1541 as a consequence of the Habsburg aspiration as well. Originally, both the Ottomans and the Habsburgs aimed at dominating the whole of Hungary, but, due to the balance of their military forces, none of them was able to carry out maximum programme. As a result, Hungary became an area of war and conflicts between two world empires for more than 150 years, and the Hungarian Kingdom, which had been exceptionally unified during the Middle Ages, was divided into three spheres of political influence: Ottoman, Habsburg and Transylvanian. Since the military forces of the Habsburg and the Ottoman empires virtually balanced each other in the 16th century, none of them was able to conquer the whole of Hungary. Consequently, they divided the country, establishing a state of permanent wartime for 150 years, which did not totally appease itself even when the two opponents were theoretically at peace. Because of the constant state of war and the country’s being in the front line the Ottomans garrisoned a very considerable regular army (of some 25 000 men in the 1570s) there, which was completed by thousands of unregistered soldiers. Turkish administration in the capital and in the country regarded as its chief task the provision of this military force. The Ottoman rule in Hungary remained before all a military occupation, civil authority only manifesting itself in the field of the administration of landed property and of finances. There was hardly any effort of Islamization in Hungary, the Hungarian laws remained in force, and the municipalities of the Hungarian towns and villages also lived on and even increased their independence. The export of cattle and wine and also the cultural relations linked the territory under Ottoman occupation to the royal part of the country and to Western Europe.

Унгария и турската опасност по времето на Сигизмунд (1387–1437)

Author(s): Pál Engel / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 6/1996

The article offers a summary of the Hungarian-Turkish relation from the battle of the Kosovo Plain in 1389 the death of King Sigismund. The author stresses the unique significance of the Ottoman conquest from the point of view of Hungarian foreign policy in the long run. It namely put an end to the Hungarian kingdom as a Great Power on the Balkans, a status enjoyed in the age of the Arpads and the Anjous. From then on, Hungary was reduced to self-defence and the inherent loss of prestige caused problems of orientation among the leading elite of the country. The article attempts to give a novel interpretation to the Balkan policy of the Hungarian kingdom in the 15th century. The author maintains that after the defeat at Nicopolis in 1396 King Sigismund tried to make the neighbouring principalities on the Balkans into a king of cordon sanitaire against the Ottoman threat. This is what explains his grants of estates for the Balkan princes in Hungary and his campaigns against Bosnia in 1405-1410 when the tried to make the country part of his defence system. When his cordon sanitaire broke up in the 1420’s, the king tried to make it up with a new type of defence policy. On the one hand he had a system of border castles built, and on the other he took Belgrade and built out a unified military administration in the Southern Province under the leadership of the brothers Talloci in the 1430’s.

Никополският санджак през XV–XVI век. Административно-териториално деление

Author(s): Rumen Kovachev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/1995

The occupation of the Bulgarian lands in the late 14th c. by the Ottomans had important consequences for a number of aspects of the life of the local population. The concrete military-strategic situation and tasks facing the conquerors determined also the directions of the military-administrative structure of these territories. The sancak of Nikopol was formed on the basis of a considerable part of the territory of the Kingdom of Turnovo. In an administrative respect it was divided into nahiyes, and from the end of the 15th c. some of them formed kazas. The system of roads, fortresses and strong points along the Danube existing before the invasion were retained. The task of the rapid military and administrative consolidation of these parts of the Peninsula became a fundamental goal of the local and central authorities from the middle of the 15th century on. With the change of the general military-strategical situation in the lower reaches of the Danube and in the direction of the Crimean Peninsula and Southern Russia was changed also the motivation in forming the administrative structure of the sancak.

Задължения и статут на рударите в българските земи през XV–XIX в.

Author(s): Elena Grozdanova,Stefan Andreev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 8/1991

The research is made on the basis of Ottoman-Turkish sources from the oriental section of the People’s library “Sv. Sv. Cyril and Methodius” in Sofia, the History Archive of Macedonia, seated in Thessalonika, some Turkish archives in Instanbul, the collection of microfilms of the State Archive in Budapest etc., and includes the main ore-mining centres in the Central and the East part of the Balkan peninsula with an accent on the Bulgarian lands. The chronological frames coincide with the period of the Ottoman rule. The obligations of the different categories people, directly involved in the ore-mining and metallurgy and in the service sphere (madehci, küreci, kömurcü) are traced. It is found out that regardless of some local differences the statute of the directly involved in the ore-mining and metallurgy “privilidged” raja is characterized mainly with the following peculiarities: 1) because of their obligations they are free from taxes and duties, and mostly from the category of the extraordinary ones (avariz-i divaniye ve tekâlif-i örfiye) and exceptionally rare from the pay-tax djzizie (cizye); 2) some of the taxes are payed on a small scale; 3) in the first centuries they are free from blood tax (devsirme); 4) minimal payment of their labour at places; 5) they are free from obligations of other sources of economic activity, regulated analogically from the Ottoman state (for example they do not participate in the obtaining of salt, which is entrusted to the so-called solari (tuzcu)). Some violations in the statute officially provided for the. Ore-miners as compensation for their labour are also pointed out.

Przynależność metropolitalna diecezji łuckiej w okresie nowożytnym

Author(s): Bogumił Szady / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2022

The article is a voice in a discussion among historians on the issue of the administrative affiliation of the Diocese of Łuck in the Modern Era. Drawing on the primary sources from the late Middle Ages and the modern period, we can find the roots of the complex formal-legal situation of the Lutsk diocese. Equally crucial are the various sources on the authority of the archbishops of Gniezno over the diocese of Lutsk. Since the 15th c. when the office of a Primate was established, the archbishops of Gniezno had also ruled over the Lviv ecclesiastical province (Pol. Metropolia) and since then it had been difficult to clearly state what powers the archbishop of Gniezno held over Lviv suffragan dioceses, particularly, which rights stemmed from the role of a Primate and which from the affiliation to the ecclesiastical province. Combining the two legal roles is best illustrated by the fact that the Gniezno Provincial Synods were tantamount with Primate and Country Synods, the decrees of which were implemented in both Gniezno and Lviv ecclesiastical provinces. Also, the court procedures since the beginning of the 16th c., granted the Primate a right to rule over the suffragan dioceses in the first instance. The author stands on a position that due to lack of Papal document granting the jurisdiction over Łuck diocese to Gniezno ecclesiastical province, it remained a Lviv’s suffragan diocese throughout the entire Modern Era.

Wydawnictwo towarzyszące wystawie „Faszination Stadt” Kulturelle Vernetzung in Europa. Das Magdeburger Recht und seine Städte (Powiązania kulturowe w Europie. Prawo magdeburskie i jego miasta)

Author(s): Jarosław Reszczyński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2022

The overview refers to the publication Kulturelle Vernetzung in Europa. Das Magdeburger Recht und seine Städte (eds. G. Köster, Ch. Link, H. Lück, Dresden: Sandstein Verlag, 2018). It contains 23 articles devoted to the shaping of urban centres in Central-Eastern Europe, based on an interdisciplinary approach. These centres developed from the 13th through the 18th centuries, following the Magdeburg legal model, under the influence of its legal culture. A similar economic and social context shaped comparable circumstances and transformation trends in these centres, regardless of ethnic diversity. Cities established under Magdeburg law shared a network of cultural links, both material and spiritual. The starting point of most of the texts is the history of urban law, and its transfer and adaptation to new areas. However, they also refer to the legal language, the development of written culture in law, the history of the cities’ inhabitants and ethnic groups, and the history of urban development, archeology, and art.

Džamije u Gornjem i Srednjem Polimlju podignute u vrijeme osmanske vlasti

Author(s): Nada Tomović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 7/2022

The aim of this paper is to show how and why the Ottoman Empire built so many mosques in a geographically small area of Upper and Middle Polimlje (today 's Montenegro). In this area, mosques where built since the Ottoman occupation in the middle of 15th century to the end of Ottoman rule. This area was of exceptional strategic importance for the Ottomans, especially in the 17th and 18th century. Thus, a large number of mosques were built during this period and new urban settlements arose around them. Although those were mostly smaller mosques, some of them were built by the sultans. The Ottomans ruled this area from 1455 to 1912. We have data on the construction of the first mosques shortly after the area fell under the Ottomans. In the beginning, the mosques were built in fortifications for the needs of the army. With the establishment of new towns, the mosques were built for the needs of the rest of the population. We can follow the construction of mosques in this area through the change of the ethnic structure of the population. The establishment of Ottoman rule changed the ethnic and religious structure of the population. This is common for all towns in the Balkans under the Ottoman rule, including those in today's Montenegro. There are huge differences in the structure of the population at the beginning and end of the Ottoman rule. The ethnic structure of squares and towns at the time of the establishment of Ottoman rule corresponded to the structure of the population of the surrounding villages and even wider regions. Today 's area of Middle and Upper Polimlje was inhabited by the Orthodox population before the arrival of Ottomans, which is confirmed by domestic and foreign sources. With the arrival of Ottoman Empire, Muslims appeared more and more often in squares and towns and in time they grew into the mafority of the population in the area of Upper and Middle Polimlje. In the beginning, they were soldiers, officials, clergy, craftsmen, merchants and others, and later, increasingly, the local the spread of Islam element. The spread of Islam of the Christian population began with the establishment of Ottoman rule. It was more intensive since the 1530s and especially in the second half of the 16th century. Mass the spread of Islam in Montenegrin towns was completed by the middle of the 17th century. Change of the religious structure of the population of Upper and Middle Polimlje did not take place with the same intensity and at the same time. That depended on a number of factors, so the results were different. Bihor received an Islamic garrison at the time of its conquest in 1455, so it developed as a Muslim settlement from the beginning of Ottoman rule. The local population in and around the town was also affected by the spread of Islam. The construction of Gusinje and Plav as military strongholds and the seat of the Ottoman administration led to major changes in the structure of local population. Muslims came to these places and then Muslim cultural and religious institutions were built. The spread of Islam of the local population began as well, which was Orthodox in the Plav nahiye until the end of the 16th century. This process, as well as the emigration of part of Christians, completely changed the religious structure of the population during the 17th century, not only in those two places but also in the surrounding villages. The increase of the Muslim population in the whole area of Polimlje came especially after the Treaty of Karlowitz (1699), when a large Muslim population came to these areas from the territories which were no longer under the Ottoman rule. In the J 680s, the Ottoman government managed to quell many uprisings in this area, which influenced many Christians to leave the area. By the middle of the 18th century, the Muslim population became dominant in Upper and Middle Polimlje. The increase of Muslim population imposed the construction of religious buildings, ie. mosques. The construction of mosques intensified and followed the growth of the population of the Islamic religion. Since these areas were located on the edges of the Empire, the architecture there was under special and specific influences. The largest number of mosques built during the Ottoman rule in this area were mosques with a hipped roof, built of wood or a combination of wood and brick. This type of construction must be connected with the geographical specifics of the area. Mosques with domes were also built, but not often. They were made of stone or less often of stone and brick. This paper attempts to give an overview of the construction of mosques during the Ottoman rule in Upper and Middle Polimlje, their architectural characteristics and who were their founders, but also to give a critical observation at how religious intolerance, political circumstances and social negligence contributed to the devastation or complete destruction of many of these cultural treasures.

Сведения за цар Калоян в Руския хронограф

Author(s): Denitsa Petrova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2022

The article examines the information on the Bulgarian Tsar Kaloyan in the Russian Chronograph, one of the few Slavic sources which contains evidence about this ruler. There are four mentions of Kaloyan in the Chronograph and so far only one of them has attracted the attention of scholars. In the present text the other three mentions of tsar Kaloyan are considered, their original sources are analyzed and an explanation for the discrepancies is sought. Unpublished editions and transcripts of the Russian witnesses are involved in the study. The chronograph clearly defines the place of Tsar Kaloyan - he is a ruler who successfully competed with the Byzantine Empire.

Ново изследване за феодализма на Балканите

Author(s): Ivayla Popova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5/2022