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Топография поселений округи золотоордынского Болгара

Author(s): Djamil G. Muhametshin / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The city of Bolgar situated 50 km south from the Kama river mouth occupied an advantageous geographical position. Starting from 10th century, the territory, which had been closely connected with Bolgar throughout the entire period of its existence up to the early 15th c., began to develop around the city. This territory occupied both the left and the right bank of the Volga. After the Mongol invasion, the number of settlements in the area considerably reduced. The remaining ones, closely connected with Bolgar, gained further development and actively participated in the commodity-money relations of the Golden Horde Bulgar ulus.

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Историческая география Среднего Поволжья: вторая половина XIV — первая половина XV в.

Author(s): Ayrat G. Sitdikov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The author discusses features of the Middle Volga region historical development in the second half of the 14th to first half of 15th c., in the Golden Horde decline period. The specificity of the three climatic zones of the Middle Volga region, which determined the economic structure and the originality of the population’s material culture, is taken into account. Following the economic boom and the growing number of urban and rural settlements in the first half of the 14th century, a decline and urban life degradation are traced later, as well as the population migration to the north due to military conflicts and climatic changes. On the other hand, new settlements, cities included, emerged in the Middle Volga in the late 14th to first half of the 15th century as a result of the influx of the Golden Horde servicemen, the Volga Finns and the Russians. In the first half of the 15th century, independent Tatar fiefdoms, or beilyaks are established here, and simultaneously prerequisites for the emergence of independent states — Kasimov and Kazan Khanates — are formed.

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Проблемы изучения памятников золотоордынского времени на территории Билярского городища и в его округе

Author(s): Zufar G. Shakirov,Fayaz Sh. Khuzin / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

In the vicinity of Bilyar (“Great City”), the capital of pre-Mongol Volga Bulgaria, there are 249 archaeological sites referring to the 10th — first half of the 15th century. Of these, 59 date back to the pre-Mongol and the Golden Horde periods, while 20 archaeological sites refer exclusively to the era of the Ulus Jochi. The collapse of the Great City occurred in 1236. This fact is established by both written and archaeological sources and serves as another argument in support of the view that the coins with the name of al-Nasir li-Din Allah were minted in the 1240s. Recent studies have made it possible to localize the restored “Golden-Horde Bilyar”, where coins were minted in the second half of the 13th century, not on the site of the destroyed city, as was thought previously, but rather in the territory of the vast Bilyar III and the Toretskoye settlement sites located 3 km north-west of it. The number of settlements declined almost 3-fold — up to 8 persons per 1 sq. km, with a corresponding decrease in the population density. The changes in settlement patterns and material culture of the Bilyar area population, characteristic of the other conquered territories as well, reflects the process of provincialization of the former pre-Mongol centers.

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Изображение бассейна Волги и Каспия на европейских картах XIV—XVI вв.

Author(s): Igor V. Volkov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The paper discusses how features of the Volga River, the Lower Volga region, the Caspian Sea, and the adjacent territories are represented on 14th—16th century medieval European maps executed according to different cartographic traditions. In the 14th—15th centuries the ancient tradition was succeeded by a fundamentally new step: the appearance of the first nautical charts associated with the actual exploration of the Volga and the Caspian Sea regions by the Europeans. In this respect, Italian- and Catalan-style maps stand out for the manner the Caspian Sea and its adjacent area were represented. However, all of them are characterized by significant inaccuracies, although Italian-style maps are seemingly closer to the reality. The Turkish conquests of the 15th century greatly limited the penetration of the Europeans to the East, which led to the revival of the cartographic tradition that had stemmed from Claudius Ptolemy, and to the emergence of various compilations.

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Дельта Волги в золотоордынский период

Author(s): Evgeniy M. Pigarev / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The paper discusses peculiarities inherent in formation and development of the administrative-territorial structure of the Volga estuary in the Golden Horde period, singles out economic micro-regions included in the Khan’s domain and offers geographical characteristics of the lower reaches of the Volga River, which had influenced the development of the Golden Horde cities and the formation of their suburbs.

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Некоторые вопросы исторической географии Среднего Подонья в эпоху Золотой Орды

Author(s): Mikhail V. Tcybin / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Are characterized monuments of the Middle Don region in the the Golden Horde period. They relate to different groups of population: are settlements with Russian ceramics and nomadic graves, mausoleums, burial grounds and settlements. New data of anthropological researches are provided. Comparison of data of archeology and written sources is carried out.

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Władza kobiet w czasach anarchii, czyli rządy regencyjne księżnych wdów w dynastii Piastów mazowieckich na przykładzie Perejasławy, wdowy po Siemowicie I

Author(s): Jan Jeż / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The author presents the subject of the regency of Duchess Pereyaslava after the tragicdeath of her husband Siemowit I of Mazovia, which took place in June 1262. Hedescribes the circumstances forcing her to sweep to power and the activities undertakenby her to bring order to the Duchy of Mazovia. The article also includes a review of theliterature discussing this issue.

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Relacje małżeńskie Henryka Brodatego i Jadwigi Śląskiej w świetle „Legendy świętej Jadwigi”

Author(s): Marta Włodarczyk / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The main purpose of the text is to analyse the vitae (the Lives) of the Polish princessHedwig (Jadwiga, 1178/80–1243) who was commonly recognised as a saint. This is anattempt to show how the marriage of Henry the Bearded and Hedwig of Silesia wasdescribed in the Lives of the saint. The aim of the research was to examine the specificperception of social relations between sexes and especially the problem of the reversal ofsocial order and the issue of the autonomy of the princesses.

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Elżbieta Granowska jako zła królowa. „Epistola taxans matrimonium Vladislai regis cum Elisabeth Granowska contractum”

Author(s): Kalina Słaboszowska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The aim of the article is to analyse how Elżbieta Granowska and her marriage toWładysław Jagiełło are presented in the lampoon “Epistola taxans matrimoniumVladislai regis cum Elisabeth Granowska contractum” by Stanisław Ciołek. The piece waswritten as an animal tale at the beginning of the 15th century. The first part of the article isfocused on animal representations of Elżbieta Granowska andWładysław Jagiełło and theirsymbolism, the second on the image of Elżbieta Granowska and her marriage toWładysław Jagiełło created by Stanisław Ciołek and on his possible inspirations.

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Maria, królowa Anglii. O postrzeganiu Marii I Tudor jako monarchy w czasach jej panowania

Author(s): Magdalena Makówka / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The aim of this article is to present Mary I Tudor as the queen regnant. She wasthe first English female ruler who wielded authority over England, which causednumerous problems related to the scope of her power. The Queen was perceivedas a monarch and as a woman. A particularly interesting issue is the perceptionof Mary after her marriage to Philip of Habsburg.

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Kobiety rządzą. Walki na dworze perskim za Artakserksesa II według Plutarcha z Cheronei

Author(s): Radosław Domazet / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Plutarch’s Life of Artaxerxes II presents the character and the ruling style of the Persianking, focusing on the moral aspect of his attitudes and actions. As an experiencedbiographer, he shows history through people controlled by emotions and experiences.Artaxerxes II for the most part of the work is exposed as a weak ruler, subjected to theinfluence of his mother and of his wife, who fight each other. Based on their struggle,Plutarch creates a war of good, represented by Stateira, versus evil, personified byParysatia.

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Taino a kolonizacja hiszpańska Haiti z uwzględnieniem sytuacji kobiet

Author(s): Magdalena Lewandowska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

On the basis of archaeological and historical sources the author presents an outline ofHispaniola’s indigenous people’s culture and discusses the impact that the Spanishcolonization had on them after the year 1492. The author also points out the role ofTaino’s women in the process of preserving elements of traditional culture.

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Droga do samodzielności? Dyrektorki teatrów na ziemiach polskich w latach 1765–1939

Author(s): Barbara Michalczyk / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article gathers information about female theatre on Polish territories between 1765and 1939. The author asks questions about the main reasons for forming theatres andcharacterizes directors’ competencies and differences between institutions. The articleshows the increasing number of female directors and characterizes it using the exampleof Warsaw’s theatres. The article designates directions for further research on thepresence and meaning of female directors in the history of theatre

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Kobiety a władza ustawodawcza w II Rzeczypospolitej – wybrane zagadnienia

Author(s): Katarzyna Jóźwik / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article is an introduction to the issue of the presence of women in the politics of theSecond Polish Republic at the parliamentary level. The activities of women in the Sejmand Senate of the interwar period have been discussed with particular emphasis on thechanges in the legislation on women. The most important provisions limiting women’srights have also been presented. Although Polish women had received full electoralrights in 1918, they had to fight for total equality in the legal system for many years.

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Krwawe i przebiegłe? Kobiety władzy w wybranych państwach socjalistycznych

Author(s): Martin Gumiela / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Julia Brystygier, Elena Ceauşescu, and Margot Honecker were in positions of power instate socialist dictatorships. Compared to many other representatives of the AnciénRegimes, the images of these women became extraordinarily negative after 1989. Thisarticle discusses their careers and their public image post 1989 and considers the role ofgender in the way these women are currently perceived.

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„My rządzim światem, a nami kobiety”. Wpływ kobiet na konfederację barską na przykładzie działalności Marii Amelii z Brühlów Mniszchowej

Author(s): Natalia Młodzińska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The paper is an evaluation of female activity in the Bar Confederation in the 18thcentury using the example of Maria Amelia Brühl Mniszchowa. The main goal of thepaper is to introduce Mniszchowa and her activity within the Confederation based onhistorical sources and scholarly literature. The query showed that the activity of womenin the Bar Confederation, and especially that of Maria Amelia Mniszchowa, had not beenfully explored until now.

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„Mistrzyni i Matka” – autorytet i charyzmat siostry Marii Franciszki Kozłowskiej w kierowaniu zgromadzeniami mariawickimi

Author(s): Artur Jemielita / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article intends to present the profile of Maria Franciszka Kozłowska. The paperfocuses on the process of her growing charisma among her subordinates. In the first part,the author presents the sister’s biography, next he analyses the specificity of hercharisma. Historical sources which had been omitted so far, have been analysed alongwith the diaries of the nun’s closest partners. As a result, it was possible to present thefoundations on which the authority of the spiritual guide was built.

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Irena Kosmowska (1879–1945). Sylwetka niestrudzonej działaczki ruchu ludowego

Author(s): Tomasz Sumara / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

During the interwar period, many colourful women’s personalities appeared. Such figuresinclude undoubtedly Irena Kosmowska (1879–1945), activist of the people’s movement,social and member of parliament representing the Polish People’s Party’s “Wyzwolenie”club in the years 1919–1930. This text presents the character of Kosmowska. Thepresented bibliographical sketch discusses the social and political initiatives undertakenby her, as well as the problems discussed in the forum of the parliament.

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Margarete Himmler jako żona, matka i zwolenniczka narodowego socjalizmu. Próba biografii

Author(s): Paulina Fronczak-Chruściel / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The aim of this article is to present the figure of Margarete “Marga” Himmler – the wifeof Reichsführer SS Heinrich Himmler. In the beginning, information about Marga’sbackground and education has been presented. Afterwards, issues mentioned in the titleof the article have been described – the marriage with Heinrich Himmler, her approachto maternity and relations with children – her own daughter and adopted son. In the end,Marga’s attitude to National Socialism has been described.

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The Irish “Deer” Series of Cheek-Pieces

Author(s): Brian G. Scott / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Ireland has nearly one hundred and seventy examples of cheek-pieces, two examples dating from the Later Bronze Age, the rest from c. sixth to seventeenth centuries AD, the great majority of which are of insular design and manufacture. There is a highly distinctive class that has been categorised as “horse pattern,” by far the greatest number being in the collections of the National Museum of Ireland, It is clear, however, from the basic anatomical details depicted that the animal incorporated into the design is a male deer, a red deer stag or a fallow deer buck. It is a distinct group, but one without immediate parallels, datable provenances or associations, and it is very difficult to find any convincing precursor inside or outside Ireland, or to use stylistic features to provide a reasonably close date-range. Metal analysis would tend to indicate later rather earlier mediaeval, a view that might be supported by ceramic motif parallels and, by the dating of the introduction of fallow deer to Ireland at the start of the thirteenth century AD.

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