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«Новые» объекты на топографической карте генуэзской крепости Чембало XIV—XV вв. (по материалам раскопок 1999—2013 гг.)

Author(s): Serhiy V. Dyachkov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The 1999—2013 excavations allowed revealing the functional purpose of the well-known fortifications of Cembalo and marking a few new objects on the map.The church in the territory of the Consular Castle used to serve as a burial-vault of its inhabitants. Tower No. 8 protected the entrance to the territory of the castle. On a special ground next to Tower No. 8, there was a big missile machine of Trebuchet type designed to fight enemy ships. Tower No. 6 was located in the port area of the town. A huge cistern for keeping more than 550 cub. m of water was placed on the lower tier of the tower. The upper tier was used as a battle ground for mounting missile machines.In the 14th century, Tower No. 5 was part of the town fortification system. In the 15th century, Tower No. 5 was equipped with a cistern, and a weapon and armor depot was also placed there.

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Юродство как феномен средневекового города: юродство в свете исихазма

Author(s): Stanislav Oplatek / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Stanislav Oplatek’s contribution covers the phenomenon of yurodstvo and its relationship to the ascetic practice of hesychasm. There are proofs of the Rus people’s familiarity with hesychasm starting from the 14th century, under Metropolitan Theognostus. One of the important common traits among the yurods (“fools for Christ”) and among hesychasts in Rus are their mutual connections with the monastic environment (to name one example: the link between Kirill of White Lake and Sergius of Radonezh, i.e. a link between student and spiritual teacher). Besides these facts, one can also see evidence of knowledge of hesychastic practices in the hagiographies of holy yurods, which frequently describe physical and mental states corresponding to the states achieved through hesychastic practice (feeling heat, seeing lights, spiritual bliss tied to resignation from the world, and tears), as well as the so-called “Jesus Prayer.”

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Znaczenie kultu św. Piotra Apostoła w myśli misyjnej i działalności Brunona z Kwerfurtu

Author(s): Maksymilian Sas / Language(s): French,Polish,German,Italian Publication Year: 0

An anniversary publication for the renowned medieval historian Professor Roman Michałowski. The articles collected in the volume address the widely understood issues of medieval political and religious culture as well as the history of the Church in that period. Their authors, experts on the Middle Ages, come from Poland and from abroad and are not only historians but also archaeologists.

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Earrings Decorated with Hemstitched Spherical Pendants Found on the Territory of Romania, Moldavia and the Serbian Banat

Author(s): Silviu Oţa / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The article discusses the structure of the earrings with hemstitched spherical pendants, decorated in the granulation and filigree technique, found on the territory of Romania, Moldavia and the Serbian Banat. In total, finds from 11 locations were analyzed (Cetăţeni-Poiana Târgului, Ilidia-Obliţa, Reşiţa-Ogăşele — necropolises; Buruieneşti, Şuşiţa, Braşov, Cotul Morii-Popricani, Olteni, Schinetea, Dubovac, Şaptebani, Cotnari — hoards). This decoration pattern is found on the circular link earrings, but also on the question mark shaped earrings (Ilidia-Obliţa, Braşov, Dubovac, Schinetea). Their chronology is mainly determined by the hoard coins. The items were also analyzed in terms of structure and decoration. From a chronological point of view, they were spread from the thirteenth century to the early sixteenth century. Their occurrence is typical for the communities south and east of the Carpathians, but also in the Banat or southern Transylvania, exactly in the same places where the Byzantine items or the items of Balkan tradition were in fashion during the previous centuries.

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Древнерусский клад из с. Новые Безрадичи Киевской области

Author(s): Liudmila V. Strokova / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The collection of the National Museum of the History of Ukraine contains a hoard found in the village of Novi Bezradychi (Kyiv oblast, Obukhiv region). The hoard was handed over to the Museum in 1988. Near the place where the hoard was found, in the village of Stari Bezradychi, there are ramparts of the Ancient Rus’ fort dated back to the 11th — 13th centuries and identified by the researchers as the Ancient Rus’ town of Tumoshch, which is mentioned in chronicles. To date, the hoard has not been introduced into scientific discussion. The hoard contains six items: twisted torques and twisted bracelets, as well as two unidentifiable fragments of décor. A feature of the hoard is the lack of locks and tips for the torques and bracelets; and this complicates the dating of that complex. The bracelets and torques fall within the turn of the 11th and the 12th centuries through the end of the 12th century, but the crinum-shaped ornaments on the decorative plate are characteristic of the second half of the 12th — the mid of the 13th century. Generally, this set of items can be dated to the turn of the 11th and 12th centuries through the second half of the 12th century and the beginning of the 13th century. The preservation of the hoard and the broken-off jewelry tips make it possible to consider the hoard as a stock of raw material for craftsman’s work and probably possessed by a jeweler. Burying of the hoard could well have been caused by the Polovtsian raids, as well as by seizing and plundering of Kyiv by the troops led by Andrey Bogolyubski in 1169, and also by the Tatar-Mongol invasion.

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Химический состав металла нательных крестов из поселений Устье 2, 3 на Куликовом поле

Author(s): Mikhail I. Gonyanyi,Tatiana G. Saracheva / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

A study of chemical composition of metal used in 16 breast crosses found in Ustye 2,3 settlements (Kimovsky district of the Tula Oblast) helped to identify different types of copper-base alloys. It was found that the tin-lead bronze, typical for the non-ferrous metalworking of this territory in the 12th — first half of the 13th century, was still in use in production of crosses during the Golden Horde time. A breast cross of the 17th century was made from a different raw material — multicomponent bronze containing zinc. The sample included well-known and rarely found types of crosses. Planygraphic analysis of finds showed that Ustye 2, 3 settlements stand out among other sites of the Upper Don area by concentration of crosses.

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Некоторые особенности использования монет в ювелирном искусстве в средние века

Author(s): Sergey N. Travkin / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article examines the use of coins in jewelry. The research focuses on two hoards from Bessarabiaand analyzes their composition and chronology. Both hoards include silver and billon coins. One of them consists of coins and jewelry. There is a chronological gap between the hoard coins. The time of formation and concealment date back to different periods. Coins from one hoard were probably used as raw materials for jewelry. The second one was used for making up treasures or for raw materials. Judging by the hoards, coins in Bessarabia quickly went out of circulation. This was probably due to the use of coins for making jewelry. The question of the use of Byzantine coins in Christian worship remains open.

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Ludus et ironie dans Le Livre des Cent Ballades

Author(s): Maria Helena Marques Antunes / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

The Livre des Cent Ballades, a poem dating from the end of the 14th century, is a collective text elaborated by four knight-poets - Jean le Sénéchal, Boucicaut, Philippe d'Artois and Jean de Crésecque - even if one admits that Sénéchal was the main author. The playful nature of the Livre des Cent Ballades, and especially the answers given to the question asked, is conducive to irony. Indeed, several poems reveal that the exercise was considered a pleasant literary entertainment. The structure of the poems is also ironic. Enjambements, highlighting a word or an expression, allow to introduce a disruptive note. Similarly, the introduction of a refrain that contradicts the assertion of submission to the lady is part of this ironic movement, reflecting the rejection of a courtly ideal deemed out of date. The thirteen answers are representative of the competitive and social nature of court poetry. Thus, the poets who took part in this challenge had to be ingenious. In this sense, irony, which requires the mastery of rhetorical codes and relies on subtlety, is characteristic of the poetic ludus.

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La dérision, l’humour et l’ironie comme moyens de résistance pendant la Guerre de Cent Ans

Author(s): Robert Massart / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

Derision or mockery was always a good resistance middle for the less powerful people, the poor people, during bad periods. We have choosen as an example the new poetic style – fatras or fatrasies – that appeared during the more than one hundred years war between England and France.

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BERNARD GUI, UN INCHIZITOR DE GENIU?

Author(s): Mihai Floroaia / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Of the dozens of inquisitors that France had, the most illustrious image remained that of Bernard Gui (1261-1331), "a temperate, wise, modest, cultured man, a good speaker, deeply religious," according to the Scriptores Ordinis Praedicatorum. Born in 1261 in La Royère, he joined the monastic life and was converted to monasticism in 1275 at the Dominican Monastery of Limoges, where he found his resting place in 1331. Between 1280 and 1290 he studied in Provence. He took courses in logic and philosophy, after which he studied theology at the monastic schools of Montpellier and Toulouse. After completing his studies, he was appointed lecturer at the Limoges Monastery, then lecturer at Albi and Carcassonne. On August 4, 1302, Gui received the title of general preacher. At the age of 45 he was appointed inquisitor of Toulouse, a position he will hold for 17 years (1307-1323). As an inquisitor, he was very active. Historians who painted Bernard Gui's portrait insisted on his intellectual qualities. Sébastien Michaelis characterized him as "vir doctissimus", Jean-Jacques Percin emphasized his moral qualities as inquisitor „meritissimus” and bishop "dignissimus", and Jacques Echard saw him as "vir sua artate de republica litteraria ecclesiastica bene meritus". From the conclusions of his clergyman, Fr. Petrus Sicardi, it turns out that Bernard Gui had an exemplary life, fulfilling responsibly all the functions he held. He impressed with his oratorical and writing talent. In 1879, Léopold Deliste inventoried the works of Bernard Gui: The Practice of the Office Inquisitionis haereticae pravitatis (1324), A Brief History of Gaul, The Genealogy of the Kings of France and the Origin of This Kingdom, The Lives of some Bishops of the Holy Church of Toulouse, The Sentences of the Inquisition of Toulouse.

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Крепостта Русокастро в светлината на историческите извори от XII – XIV в

Author(s): Milen Nikolov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The fortress of Rusokastro is only 22 kilometers west of the bed of the Bay of Burgas, at the foot of the south approaches towards the Aytos Pass and at north approaches of the Strandja Pass of Kovchas. Its significance to Bulgaria and Byzantium in 13th – 14th c. is well attested in the historical sources of the epoch. The information in them regarding the military campaigns of Andronicus III Palaeologus, the emperor, in 1330 – 1331 is particularly important. According to Ioannis Kantakouzinos as well as Nikiphoros Grigoras the emperor acted in a foreign country, his armies robbed the native population and annihilated their crops. Rusokastro was one of the main targets of the military expeditions of both campaigns. In accordance with the last archaeological investigations the fortress was newly built in the beginning of 13th c., and after 1263 there was new building. The significance of Rusokastro becomes apparent as well because the military camps of Byzantium and the Kingdom of Bulgaria encamped at the fortress in the 14th c.

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Археологически данни за представителeн неметализиран текстил от средновековните български земи – XIII–XIV век

Author(s): Ivan Chokoev / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

We have few written sources referring to the distribution of luxury textiles in medieval Bulgaria. Our knowledge on clothing is based primarily on foreign historical records, while the local Bulgarian sources (ecclesiastical texts mainly) provide general information without any details. The investigation on textiles, excavated in medieval Bulgarian lands lead to accumulation of data on silk fabrics, such as samite, twill damask, satin, velvet and partially covered the lack of written sources for this period. As a result of this study now we will have more solid grounds while comparing the distribution of luxury textiles in Bulgaria and Europe.

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Теодор Светослав – просопографски бележки за времето преди възцаряването му

Author(s): Lachezar Krastev / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The article again examines all sources of the life of Theodore Svetoslav before his reign. Their analysis leads to the conclusion that the assumption in science of his 15 years as a hostage to the Tatars and the severe dependence of the Bulgarian Empire after 1285 is insubstantial and there is no support in the sourses. From the point of view of Tatar political practice, such a long hostage is not possible. A new chronology of the events up to 1300 is offered, as well as a new look at the role of Smilets in Bulgarian history.

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Историческая память о Первом болгарском царстве в правление первых Асеней

Author(s): Dmitry I. Polyvyannyy / Language(s): English,Russian Publication Year: 0

The restoration of the Bulgarian Tzardom in the end of the 12th – the beginning of the 13th c. in the current historiography is often described in the terms of wide political and ideological program, which was continuously realized by three brothers – founders of the new Asenides dynasty – Peter, John and Kaloyan from 1186 to 1207. Another trend of research considers the activities of the first Asenides as situational but in this case the mobilization of the historical memory provided substantial ideological resources, too. The article contains five cases – of the brothers’ meeting with Isaac II Angel in Kipsela in 1185; using the term Zagora to designate their restored Tzardom; role of Preslav in the époque of the first Asens; the rite of Theodor-Peter’s coronation and transfer of St. John’s of Rila relics from Sredets to Turnovo by John Asen. Their consideration leads to the conclusion, that the strategic course of the first Asens to restore the Bulgarian Tzardom was combined with situational decisions, while the arguments to support them were taken from common historical memory of Bulgarians and received the appropriate connotations in their actions. Later these arguments received verbal interpretations in agiographical, hymnographical, canonical and historiographical works created in Turnovo and Athos.

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Cmentarzyska birytualne typu Bilczew i ich datowanie

Author(s): Katarzyna Schellner,Krzysztof Gorczyca / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

In recent years, three biritual cemeteries described as the Bilczew type have been discovered in the vicinity of Konin: Bilczew, commune of Kramsk, commune loco, and Kwiatków, commune Brudzew. This group also includes one archival cemetery at Konin, commune loco, which requires new interpretation and reanalysis. These sites are of special significance because continuity in the use of the necropolis after a change of religion, and therefore of the funeral rite, has been recorded there. It is a phenomenon that has not been noted in Greater Poland so far. The text presents and discusses most fully the cemetery at Bilczew, as it is the best recognised and published necropolis of this type to date. As a result of the excavation works, the entire preserved part of the site was examined, revealing 102 early medieval pit cremation graves and 27 skeletal ones, as well as one undetermined pit. The other cemeteries of this type were examined only by digging test pits (Kramsk), or the results of their excavations were initially misinterpreted (Konin). The largest of the recently explored cemeteries of this type (Kwiatków), where 127 cremation graves, 143 skeletal graves and 10 cenotaphs were discovered, awaits study and publication.

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Najstarsza faza rozwoju wczesnośredniowiecznego cmentarzyska w Kałdusie

Author(s): Jacek Bojarski,Wojciech Chudziak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The subject of this article are the beginnings of the oldest early medieval necropolis located under the mountain St. Lawrence in Kałdus. Its creation coincided with the period of building the Polish state and accompanying this process Christianization, which was expressed in the eschatological dimension by inhumation. In the case of Kałdus, it was considered the earliest chamber graves, which were to initiate the development of the first necropolis, which was then used by several generations of residents resort in Culmine. Among the issues that have been given the most attention in this place, they come to the fore Two issues arise: 1) the genesis of inhumation in the Chełmno region and 2) the moment when it began to be used.

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Uwagi na temat chronologii cmentarzyska w Lutomiersku

Author(s): Jerzy Sikora / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Cemetery in Lutomiersk, explored by Konrad Jażdżewski's team in the 1940s and 1950s, published by Andrzej Nadolski, Andrzej Abramowicz and Tadeusz Poklewski in 1959, continues to be the object of interest generations of archaeologists. This is undoubtedly one of the most important funeral sites from the first period the Piast monarchy. Publication by Ryszard Grygiel of new data in the form of radiocarbon dating for parts graves from Lutomiersk, allows us to resume the discussion on its dating. Using Bayesian modeling radiocarbon dates, analysis of burial equipment and the spatial structure of the cemetery, it is proposed to provide more detail here dating and interpretation of the development of the burial space. The presented findings are of a working nature and testify, above all, to the still significant research potential of this site.

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Początki inhumacji w państwie pierwszych Piastów w świetle wyników badań radiowęglowych

Author(s): Dariusz Błaszczyk / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The author discusses the results of determining the age of the bones of skeletons buried with the use of the radiocarbon method chamber graves from the area of the early Piast state. The test samples were taken directly from the skeletons and in most cases issued using the AMS method. Radiocarbon dating showed that most of the tested burials came from the second half of 10th century and the reign of Mieszko I. So these people lived and worked during his rule, too they died and were buried during his reign. Two of the examined graves can be related to the beginning of the 11th century, that is, until the reign of Bolesław the Brave. The obtained results of 14C dating indicate that the beginnings are associated with Christianity inhumation in Poland can be associated with the second half of the 19th century. 10th century, with the reign of Mieszko I. At that time, the first one was founded skeletal cemeteries, which in many cases were used continuously until the end of the 12th or the beginning of the 13th century.

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Czy najstarsze cmentarze szkieletowe w państwie pierwszych Piastów można datować na wiek X?

Author(s): Przemyslaw Urbanczyk / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Until recently, the intuitive conviction prevailed that a departure from the centuries-old eschatological tradition, which required cremation of the corpse, took place shortly after the baptism of Mieszko I in 966. In this way, archaeologically confirmed the belief of medieval chroniclers that the conversion of the ruler resulted in the rapid Christianization of his subjects. Meanwhile from the time of his reign (before 963–992) there are no (except for Poznań) reliable evidence of a change in the funeral rite. The current dating of the oldest skeletal burials allows this change to be placed only in the last decade of the 10th century, that is already in the times of Bolesław the Brave. This means that our first historical ruler was not archaeologically visible successes in enforcing the Christian way of burying the dead.

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Datowanie początków cmentarzy wczesnośredniowiecznych na ziemiach polskich w świetle danych numizmatycznych

Author(s): Stanisław Suchodolski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Coins are the best dater of any artifact discovered in archaeological contexts. The time of circulation must be added to the date of creation of the coins. Coin dating is also more precise than that using 14C radioactive carbon analysis. The earliest, but only sporadic, coins appear in graves at Silesia (Germany). They are more common in cemeteries in Wielkopolska (Dziekanowice, Sowinki), Kujawy (Bodzia) and Gdańsk Pomerania (Kałdus, Warm). The beginnings of depositing these coins in graves can be assessed for a period not earlier than the last quarter of the 10th century, and more certainly for the years 990–1000. This corresponds to the beginning of Bolesław's reign Brave (992–1025), i.e. a quarter of a century after the adoption of Christianity. Has this rite existed in Poland before, finally the reign of Mieszko I cannot be ruled out. For now, however, there are no numismatic arguments for this. We also don't know whether there were earlier skeletal graves, which, however, did not contain coins.

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