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Локализация комплекса из урочища Гашун-Уста (Ставропольская губерния, 1890 г.) и выделение золотоордынских владений в Центральном Предкавказье

Author(s): Vitaly A. Babenko / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article analyzes materials of the Kumo-Manych expedition, 1860—1861, that allow you to specify the localization of the Gashun-Usta stow on the territory of the Stavropol Governorate. In 1890, the expedition found a belt garniture and a belt-bowl, dated by Mengu-Timur’s time.The Gashun-Usta stow is localized in the vicinity of the Basanta village, Arzgirsky district, Stavropol region in the basin of the Chogray river (North-Eastern slopes of the Stavropol Upland), known for its numerous burials of the Golden Horde. It was the area for summer and winter pastures of the medieval nomads, and it can be associated with G. de Rubruk’s accounts on Bеrke’s encampments.

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Импортная византийская сграффито керамика из средневековых поселений в Болгарском Причерноморье

Author(s): Marija Manolova-Vojkova / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The paper makes an overview of the imported Byzantine sgraffito pottery distributed in the towns along the Bulgarian Black Sea coast from the end of the 11th — 12th century until the end of the 14th century. These are the following types: “Fine sgraffito ware”, “Painted fine sgraffito”, “Incised sgraffito” “Champlevé ware” and “Elaborate incised ware”. Forms of vessels, specific decoration and designs are described. Their chronology is based on analogies with similar finds from Byzantine territories.

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Stone-Paste Ceramics from Tarnovgrad — the Capital of the Second Bulgarian Kingdom

Author(s): Kalin Chakarov,Dejan Rabovjanov / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This study if focused on pieces of the so called stone-paste (Qashan) ceramics, found during archaeological excavations on the two citadels in the capital of the Second Bulgarian kingdom. Most of the findings are shards that come from the Southern part of Trapezitsa. There is also a restored bowl found at area 14 at Tsarvets. Their context is dated to the 13th—14th century. Not numerous artifacts of this kind, among the ceramic assemblage in this context, as stone-paste ware, Celadon ware and Western majolica ware, show that import of decorated luxory ceramic wares to the Bulgarian capital was limited.The examples of stone-paste wares presented here were made at important production centres of the Golden Horde ion the Lower Volga region and at the workshops of Mamluk Egypt. These evidences of distant trade connections are exotic exceptions among the art ware ceramic assemblage of medieval Tarnovo.

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Парадная керамика из раскопок Азака

Author(s): Svetlana A. Kravchenko / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The author examines the set of imported ceremonial ceramics from the digs in the Golden Horde Azak. He publishes 14th — 15th century materials from the collection of Azov Museum and recent digs and distinguishes fourteen groups of ceremonial vessels from Azak, depending on their origin and manufacturing techniques. Thus, by origin, there are Chinese, Iranian, Middle Asian, Azerbaijani, Syrian, Byzantine, Spanish and Italian vessels, as well as ceramics from the Golden Horde cities of the Lower Volga region, which produced imitations of some types of imported vessels. The materials are systematized by their technological, functional and morphological features and supplied with description of their ornamentation motifs. The author traces changes in the set of ceremonial vessels along the history of Azak.

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Глазури причерноморских средневековых посудных майолик: химический состав по данным спектрального анализа

Author(s): Vladimir Yu. Koval / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Investigatios of 52 glazes samples (40 of them are examples of Byzantine-Black Sea origin) by X-ray microprobe technique allowed to make conclusions about the difference of the Byzantine (and its successor on North Black Sea Coast and the Golden Horde traditions) composition from the West-Mediterranean (Spanish-Italian), in particular for the 15th century. One of the results of these investigations is the discovery of the downward trend rate of lead oxide in the Byzantine and Black Sea glazes during the 12th—15th centuries, refuting earlier formulated hypotheses about the growth of the share of lead materials in “Chersonesus” glaze recipe. The author also notes the lack of reliable data on glazed pottery production in medieval Cherson.

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Поливная керамика Миздахкана

Author(s): Omar-Sharif Kdirniazob / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The author discusses glazed ceramics of the medieval town of Mizdakhkan. The site is situated in the Republic of Karakalpakstan. The archaeological digs conducted on the hillfort in 1985—2015 yielded a vast collection of ceramic materials. Glazed ceramics of Mizdakhkan demonstrates a variety of manufacturing technologies, forms, use, ornamentation and color of glaze. By these criteria, it can be classified into types and subtypes. Among them, the red-clay and Qashan ceramics of the Golden Horde time prevail. There is also imported celadon, minai and luster items. This paper discusses just the most typical samples of glazed ceramics of 13th—14th centuries. The forms and ornamental patterns of glazed items mainly suggest local manufacturing; however, they find analogies on the Golden Horde sites in different regions: in cities of the Lower Volga region, North Caucasus, Crimea and Dniester region (Old Orhei).

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Молдавская монета на территории средневековой Таврики (краткий обзор)

Author(s): Nikolai A. Alexeenko,Lilia V. Dergaciova / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article addresses new finds of Moldovan coins minted in the 14th —15th c., recently discovered in the suburbs of Sevastopol on the Crimean peninsula. Most notable among them is a copper coin of Alexander I, with a countermark of the Genoese Caffa.The increasing number of finds of Moldovan coins in the numismatic discoveries on the Crimean peninsula, highlights the question about contacts between the local population and that of Moldovan Principality, but also, though, perhaps, less obviously, disclose the role of the Moldovan currency in the local monetary circulation, which took place not only in the last phase of existence of Italian lands in the second and third quarter of the 15th century, until their conquest by the Ottoman Empire in 1475, but also in the earlier period, since the end of the 14th century.

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Золотоордынское городище Конские Воды по письменным источникам, картографическим материалам и археологическим данным

Author(s): Mikhail V. Elnikov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The Konskie Vody hillfort, located on the “northern section” of the Crimean Ulus, was identified on the basis of the data from the “Kniga Bolshomu Chertezhu” (“Book of Great Sketch”). Written sources and cartographic material of the 17th — early 20th centuries allow localizing the site at the intersection of important communication routes, indicate the degree of its destruction and provide additional data on the location of the city’s facilities. Archeological data testify to the syncretism of the material culture of the site, manifesting it in the elements of town planning.

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Керамический комплекс как проявление культурного единства оседлого населения европейской части Золотой Орды. Краткий обзор. Общее и частности

Author(s): Andrei Nikolaevich Maslovskiy / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Fragments of ceramics are most numerous groups of finds on the settlements of Golden Horde. Despite the large number of publications, it still seems to be underexplored. It is true, first of all, for the generalizing researches. The article reviews most common and specific features of the Golden Horde ceramics. Its core included vessels produced by archaic method of band pasting, further levelled on potter’s wheel and partially profiled. Specificities of production of such ceramics date back to the traditions of pottery of the early Middle Ages which existed on the territory of Saltovo-Mayatskaya culture. That’s why we suggest to name this technique a post-Saltov pottery tradition. Besides, the Golden Horde towns welcomed potters who were newcomers in the Eastern Europe and used more advanced technologies. Considerable part of their products consisted of glazed vessels which are one of the most salient features of ceramic complex of the Golden Horde. These vessels were of different origins. Along with these groups, there were other locally spread traditions of pottery. Uniformity of ceramic complex most comprehensively characterizes cultural unity of the majority of settled population of the Golden Horde.

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Золотые и серебряные браслеты XIII—XIV вв. из Булгарской области Золотой Орды: систематизация, атрибуция и датировка

Author(s): Konstantin Aleksandrovich Rudenko / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article explores one of the product categories that are widespread in the Golden Horde — lamellar bracelets of gold and silver. Special attention is paid to bracelets with the image of the animal mask on the endings. These bracelets are called lionheads or “Bulgarian type” bracelets. The author comes to the conclusion that the mask on these bracelets does not mean a lion or a tiger, but is a generic image-symbol that developed in Central Asia in the 11th—12th centuries. It combines the features of the image of a lion, dragon and tiger. This symbol was perceived as a talisman. The author systematized the finds of precious metal bracelets, examining more than 50 artifacts from the collections of museums in Tatarstan. Artifacts from the collections of the State Hermitage and the State Historical Museum were also attracted. According to the author, a part of these products was imported, and a part was made in Bulgar following the specimens from Iran and other areas of the Golden Horde. They were most common in the second half of the 14th century. The author describes systematic features for dating these bracelets.

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Бронзовое зеркало золотоордынского времени из окрестностей села Тея на левобережье Нижнего Днестра

Author(s): Sergey A. Fidelski,Mikhail M. Choref / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Metal mirrors of the Golden Horde time were massive material and were widely distributed as items of everyday life and cult. Bronze wares with Arabic well-wishing inscription using Naskh script of handwriting deserve specific attention among the many types of mirrors. They were mainly distributed on the territory of the Golden Horde from the Volga to the Dniester. The specified type of finds includes a fragment of a bronze mirror found in the Teia village (Grigoriopol district) on the left bank of the Lower Dniester. As the analysis has shown, the bronze mirror from Teia is the most Western similar item on the territory of the Golden Horde. The analogies from the burial and settlement sites of the Dnieper-Volga interfluve show that the Teia mirror is one of the late replicas and can be dated no later than the middle of the 14th century. A comprehensive study of such bronze mirrors allows us to solve problems associated with the determination of narrower dates and centers of their production.

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Золотоордынский погребальный комплекс с зеркалом с изображением сфинксов на Нижнем Днестре

Author(s): Maksym V. Kvitnytskyi,Nicolai P. Telnov,Sergey D. Lysenko,Sergey N. Razumov,Vitalii S. Sinika / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

In 2018, the Dniester archaeological expedition of the Pridnestrovian State University studied a group of nomadic burials of the Golden Horde time near Glinoe village, Slobodzeya district, on the left bank of the Lower Dniester. One complex stands out, from which the finds of a bronze mirror with the image of two mythical creatures (sphinxes) and an earring in the form of a question mark originate. Both finds are extraordinary among the nomadic antiquities of the Golden Horde time. Analogies to the mirror with the image of Sphinxes were not previously known in the North-Western Black Sea region. An earring in the form of a question mark is a new type of such items, demonstrating the evolution of jewelry with appearance of such innovations as tacking dead bandlets for inserts. The date of the burial was determined within the second half of the 14th — the beginning of the 15th century. The peculiarities of the burial rite make it possible to attribute the complex to representatives of the ruling nomadic group. A study of the dynamics of historical processes that took place in the region during the period of the Golden Horde domination suggests that the grave belonged to a representative of a group of nomads from the suite of Lord Khadjibey.

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За култа към св. Филотея Търновска в средновековна България и Влахия

Author(s): Plamen Pavlov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Evolution of the cult of St. Phylotea from Tarnavo is examined, whose relics were moved in the end of 14th century to Curtea de Arges, the old capital of Wallachia. It is paradoxical, yet there is a different story about the Saint’s life in the North Danube area, which has nothing in common with the passional written by Patriarch Euthymius of Tarnovo. Folklore tells that that Phylotea was Bulgarian, born in Tarnovo in the beginning of 13th century. The author suggests a hypothesis that the legendary story of this Saint comes from Tarnovo. He poses a question about the cult of St. Phylotea in Medieval Moldavia, which is not examined.

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Пифосы из археологических комплексов Таврики XIV—XV вв.

Author(s): Iryna B. Teslenko / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Studies of 14th — 15th cc. complexes on medieval sites in the Crimea (in its southern part mainly) documented presence of three groups of pithoi dated by different periods. The earliest of them were vessels of group I — locally produced thick red clay barrels. By the 15th c. they could have been in use for 500—600 years. One should not exclude possible early medieval traditions of manufacturing such vessels conserved in some regions of Taurica. Imported pithoi of group II became predominant later. They were produced and used for not more than 250—300 years. Further studies must be carried out to identify the region where vessels with such morphological characteristics originated from. The latest to appear were the so called wine jars of group III. They existed for not more than 150—180 years. Their detailed chronology and origin of forms require further investigation.It should be mentioned that the Greek-Byzantine traditional manufacturing and use of pithoi were common in the Crimea in 14th — 15th cc., and most of them seemed to have been used predominantly in wine-making. Relics of these traditions can be still marked in ethnography of peoples living in wine-making regions — Caucasus, Balkans, Pyrenees, etc. However, the Crimea lost these traditions after the Ottoman conquest.

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Поливная керамика Сарайчика

Author(s): Olga V. Kuznetsova / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The author introduces glazed pottery found at Saraichik (a Golden Horde Hillfort) and classifies it according to a typology proposed by N. M. Bulatov and G. A. Fedorov-Davydov. Thus, the glazed pottery found at Saraichik is divided into redware and Kashan types.The redware ceramics is further distinguished by the color of glazing: there are vessels with transparent glazing of green, yellow and brown colors, as well as with colorless glazing, and is represented by bowls, plates, jugs, albarello and tubeks. By type of ornament, there are vessels with glazed-over engravings, glazed-over paintings, or a combination of both, as well as pottery with glazed-over stamped ornament on sgraffito.The Kashan ceramics of Saraichik is divided into two groups: with transparent and non-transparent glazing, further divided into subgroups by the color of glazing and method of ornamentation. The Kashan ceramics with colorless glazing and transparent turquoise or ultra-marine glazing was ornamented by glazed-over polychromic painting with glazed-over relief, or painting without relief, while stamped ornament under turquoise glazing is not very common. There are finds of so called ‘Timurid’ ceramics with a specific complex ornament. Besides, there is also ceramics with polychromic painting over ultra-marine glaze (Lajvardina) and ceramics with enamels over white opaque glazing (Minai).Ongoing field research at Saraichik keeps yielding new ceramic artefacts, which demand further detailed and careful studies.

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Процессы урбанизации и динамика мясного потребления в средневековых городах Поволжья (по археозоологическим материалам)

Author(s): Lilia V. Yavorskaya / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The author focuses on a relation between urbanization and changes in meat consumption among the dwellers of medieval towns in the Middle and Lower Volga area. Methodology elaborated by the Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences specially for palaeoeconomic reconstructions allowed conducting an archaeozoological study of animal bone collections from archaeological digs on seven urban sites (Bolgarskoe, Uvekskoe, Vodyanskoe, Tzarevskoe, Selitrennoe, Moshaik, Samosdelskoe fortified settlements) in three chronological periods: pre-Mongol, Early Golden Horde and Late Golden Horde. It was established that beef predominated in meat diet of the urban citizens in each of the three periods, followed by mutton and horse meat. Very similar spectrums of meat consumption in almost every town in the mid 14 th c., whenever it emerged or whatever its tradition of meat consumption, expressly demonstrate presence of a well planned agricultural district around them.

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Вопросы исторической топографии и хронологии золотоордынских городов Нижневолжского Правобережья

Author(s): Olga A. Ilyina / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article represents an analysis of the Golden Horde sites situated on the right bank of Lower Volga, which have been large urban settlements in the Middle Ages: Uvekskoe, Vodyanskoe, Mechetnoe fortified settlements, Ternovskoe fortified and open settlements. At the present time these settlements are completely or considerably destroyed, which makes us turn mainly to the research materials from the 19th — early 20th century. Basing on the analysis and correlation of archaeological, numismatic and written sources and urban planning, the author presents the topography of the settlements, main archaeological complexes (fortifications, living and household facilities, burials) and determines the time period and stages in development of these localities.

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Памятники золотоордынского времени в степях между Днепром и Доном

Author(s): Eduard E. Kravchenko / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The author studies sites of Golden Horde time found in the south-eastern part of Ukraine. The nature and climate of this region has three zones: Seversky Donets, Donetsky Kryazh and the Azov region. Different natural environment in these zones conditioned peculiar features of sites located here. In the steppes in Donetsky Kryazh, with their nomad population, the sites represent some barrow necropolises, seasonal camps and some individual finds. The Azov coast, along with sites left by the nomads, yields some stationary settlements, most of which emerged in the second half of 14th c. One of them had an adjacent ground necropolis (Lyapinskaya Balka). The steppe also yields burials of nomad elite, including Muslim ones (the stone from Guselshchikovo). The largest and most typical sites are located in the middle stream of the Seversky Donets (camps, small and large settlements, ground and barrow necropolises). A group of settlements with pseudo Early Russian ceramics had existed there from the previous time period. Next to some of these, some large Golden Horde centers emerge in 14th c. (at village Maiaki and town Raygorodok). It is noteworthy that both groups of settlements coexist in the middle stream of the Seversky Donets during the whole of the Golden Horde time.The rise on the considered territory dates to the second half of 14th c. With the fall of Mamay and accession of Tokhtamysh to power, the region lost its importance. The ultimate desolation of these lands started after the western territories of the Golden Horde had been devastated by Tamerlane in 1395.

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Тунгусо-маньчжуры и дауры Приамурья: этнокультурное пограничье (по материалам фортификации)

Author(s): Olga V. Dyakova,Vladislav V. Shevchenko / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The authors offer a classification and analysis of the fortifications of the Middle Amur area, which were built in the Mongol Yuan dynasty period. It is established that the period was characterized by a single type of fortifications – the valley ones, subdivided into two varieties as to the rampart plane geometry: square and irregular (broken) ones. It seems that the smaller square hillforts belonged to the Mongol-speaking Daurs relocated in this region. Larger irregular-shaped fortifications, most likely, remained in the possession of the Jurchens, who controlled their tribal lands. The large square hillforts with complex fortifications apparently served as military and administrative centers of the Mongols, who controlled the territory and collected tribute. No clear distinctions between them have been tracked, but it is important that the valley hillforts belonging to two varieties simultaneously functioned on the same territory and each type of fortification fulfilled its own function.

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Об изучении городов Монгольской империи в Монголии и Забайкалье

Author(s): Nikolay Nikolaevich Kradin / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The results of the research of hillforts on the territory of Mongolia and the Trans-Baikal (Zabaikalye) region dating back to the time of the Mongol Empire have shown that not all of them can be considered cities. Some of them are palace or manor complexes detached from the settlements. The paper focuses exclusively on sites with undoubted proto-urban or urban status. Among these, first of all, the Karakorum in Mongolia and the Khirkhirin hillfort in the Trans-Baikal region. The history of their research, the features of the sites’ location and layout of urban development, as well as general characteristics of the finds from the cultural layer are reviewed. On the whole, to-date, a large source base about the cities of the Mongol Empire in Mongolia and the Trans-Baikal region has been formed, which allows solving important general problems related to the history and culture of the medieval nomads of Eurasia.

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