Крепостные сооружения средневековой Алушты

Author(s): Vladimir P. Kirilko / Language(s): Russian Issue: 6/2014

Crimea; Aluston; Justinian I; medieval fortification; Alushta towersHistory of Alushta, which developed from a small Byzantine outpost to a small urban center — i. e. Genoese commercial trading post with a powerful fortress — distinguishes five main construction horizons connected with erection of specific fortification structures:1 — early Byzantine (560s — second half - late 7th c.),2 — Khazar (8th c. — first half of 10th c.),3 — Byzantine (950s — late 13th c.),4 — Golden Horde (late 13th — 1380s),5 — Genoese (1380s — 1470s).The fort was founded by Justinian I (527—565) and first represented a trilateral court fenced by powerful walls, erected atop a small hill at the seaside. In the 9th — 10th cc., the area of the fortress extends towards the field side owing to a smal trading quarter fenced by a defensive wall from the outside. The wall was destroyed in 10th c. and was not restored ever after. For a number of centuries, the initial fort served as the only protection for the urban dwellers. The second line of defense reemerged in 1420s. The most important changes in fortifications happened in 1460s, and hence the fort acquired its accomplished form. It included capital reconstruction of the external wall, then out-of-date and worn. The obsolete curtains were replaced by a new, more powerful wall, which was erected outside, in the immediate vicinity with the old curtains, and which was fortified by three towers at the field side.

Prodor na Istok, u vreme Svetog Save, i u naše dane

Author(s): Milutin Jakšić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 02/1931

Prodor na Istok (Drang nach Osten) zapadno-evropskih Hrišćana preko Balkanskog Poluostrva starog je datuma. Krstaške ratove (1096—1270) pokrenuo je verski interes: pomoći Grcima protiv Muslimana i od njih osloboditi Svetu Zemlju i Grob Gospodnji. No ne potraja dugo pa se ti verski ratovi pretvoriše u osvajačke ratove i ≫krstaši≪ počeše osvajati grčke zemlje. Već o ≫nemačkom pohodu≪ cara Hajnriha VI 1196 utvrdila je Istorija, da je imao smer proširiti vlast Nema≪ čkog Carstva nad Istokom.

О певничком простору и химнама које су у њему појане. У трагању за појачко-градитељским везама у средњем веку

Author(s): Vesna Sara Peno,Marija Obradović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 23/2017

The search for the unexplained interactions of domestic medieval liturgical music and sacred architecture of the Moravian style has not been the subject of interdisciplinary study so far. А reflection on the potential relationg between church chanting and architecture is absent from the largest part of the existing literature on the development of medieval sacral art. Te scarcity of writen historical sources, and especially musical ones, made it particularly difcult to defne the connection between the chanting circumstances and the changes in the architectural form of the late Byzantine period, which is almost a standardized Moravian architectural form. The earliest preserved bilingual – Greek-Slavic neumatic manuscripts, mentioning both the names of the frst famous Serbian medieval composers, and the more or less well known late Byzantine musicians who had actively participated in the earliest religious services of the Serbian Church, confirm that the culmination of the chanting art in Serbia occured precisely at the turn of the 15th century and then until the fall of Serbia under Turkish rule. Comparing the available data, with a general insight into the migration fows that led to the Byzantinization of Serbian culture in that period, showed that afer the reconciliation of the Serbian Patriarchate and the Patriarchate of Constantinople, in 1374, the world-class building tradition was adopted, which until then was sporadically seen on the Serbian soil. Te architectural form of the Moravian style would become recognizable by the singing apses in the axis of the transept, in the middle of the already adopted form of the inscribed cross from the early 14th century. Within the framework of the overall church, political and cultural transformation that was visible in Serbian society, the chanting practice of the Serbian Church, or more precisely the greater affirmation of the liturgical art and the increase in the number of the chanters, certainly had a share both in acceptance and in the consistent implementation of the architectural solutions of the Moravian style. Future research should focus on the holistic analysis of the Moravian cultural heritage, in order to map the movement of the known and unknown Serbian Greek melods and determine the scope of their activity. Te existing knowledge of the architectural features of the Moravian sacred buildings will thus receive a signifcant addition, from the liturgical and religious service in which each form of church art is individually represented as part of a much more complex artistic ensemble with which the Kingdom of Heaven on the Earth is iconized.

Гръкоезичната титулатура на сръбските владетели според сведенията на техните грамоти (1345–1417): идеологически стратегии и легитимация на властта

Author(s): Gerasim Petrinski / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2024

The ruler’s title serves as a crucial element in the argumentative strategy for legitimizing power. It is directed towards a complex system of heterogeneous audiences and is a valuable source for the changes in the socio-political self-identification of the ruling authority. Medieval Serbia experienced a brief period of prominence in southeastern Europe, particularly under the reign of Stefan Dušan (1331–1355), who expanded his realm to include territories inhabited by Greek-speaking populations. The political landscape of the new empire was multifaceted, requiring the Serbian ruler to navigate complex dynamics by balancing the interests of longstanding subjects, newer constituents, and the Byzantine hierarchy of rulers alongside Western European traditions. This article aims to analyze and elucidate these ideological processes as evidenced in royal charters written in Greek, while also challenging M. Popovich’s thesis regarding the existence of a Serbian “ecumene” and Stefan Dušan’s claims to the Byzantine throne.

Употреба на термините „Византия“ и „Византийска империя“ през Средновековието

Author(s): Krasimir S. Krastev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2024

The prevailing consensus among scholars regarding the history of the Eastern Roman Empire asserts that the term “Byzantium” did not function as the name of the state until the mid-16th century. It is widely acknowledged that this designation, along with “Byzantine Empire”, was first introduced by the German historian and humanist Hieronymus Wolf in his “Corpus Historiae Byzantinae” in 1557. Some scholars go further to suggest that these terms were entirely coined in the 16th century. In recent years, the same information, perceived as an axiom, has been reproduced by professional historians and amateurs alike on television, in newspapers, or through social networks. However, the author of this study challenges this established view, contending that historical sources from both the Early and High Middle Ages, centuries prior to the Modern Age, contain references to “Byzantium”, sometimes even as name for the Eastern Roman Empire. This thesis contradicts the commonly held belief and invites a reexamination of the terminology used to describe this influential historical entity.

THE CLIMATE HISTORY OF EUROPE, OR THE LEGACY OF BRUNO MESSERLI. CHRISTIAN PFISTER - HEINZ WANNER. CLIMATE AND SOCIETY IN EUROPE - THE LAST THOUSAND YEARS

Author(s): Lajos Rácz / Language(s): English Issue: 18/2022

Review of: The climate history of Europe, or the legacy of Bruno Messerli. Christian Pfister - Heinz Wanner. Climate and society in Europe - the last thousand years. Haupt Verlag. Bern. 397.

Нов поглед към проблема за църковното разделение между Римската църква и Константинополската патриаршия

Author(s): Kristiyan Kovachev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2024

Tamga as an Element of Intertribal and Intercultural Relations of the Turks in the Periods of Ancient History and the Middle Ages

Author(s): Utelbek Shananov / Language(s): English Issue: 118/2024

The study of the history and culture of different peoples, especially their intercultural interactions, deepens our understanding of world history. The aim of this article is to determine the role of tamgas in the intertribal and intercultural relations of steppe peoples during the ancient and medieval periods. A systematic analysis of various sources identifies tamgas as tribal distinguishing marks, artisan symbols, signs of aristocracy, and indicators of allegiance to Mongolian rulers. The study highlights the interactions of the tamga with the ancient Hungarians, the Indians, the Chinese, and the Rurik dynasty. The study presents a generalised view of the role of the tamga for the Turks in specific historical periods.

Дипломатическата активност между Византия и Запада/Папството в навечерието на кръстоносния поход на Владислав III Ягело и Ян Хуниади от 1443 – 1444 година

Author(s): Ivayla Popova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2024

The article traces the diplomatic contacts between Byzantium and the West/Papacy in the period after the Council of Ferrara-Florence (1439) until the Battle of Varna in 1444. The crusading initiatives of Pope Eugenius IV (in the person of Cristoforo Garatone, Giovanni Torcello, Ciriaco of Ancona) and of the embassies from the Byzantine Emperor John VIII Palaeologus to the Pope and the missions of the Byzantine diplomats in Venice, in the courts of the Burgundian Duke Philip the Good and King Alfonso V of Aragon (Andronicus Iagaris, Giovanni Torcello, Theodore Karystinos). On the basis of papal bull and letters, Byzantine documents, letters of Western European rulers are presented, on the one hand, the efforts of Byzantine ambassadors to secure Western aid and crusader ships for the defense of Constantinople and, on the other hand, the attempts of the West to organize a crusade to expel the Ottomans from the Balkans. The actions of some diplomats with dual loyalty who were both Byzantine envoys and papal ambassadors are analyzed.

Колективна монетна находка от от XIV – XV век от Плевен (затвора) (Предварително съобщение)

Author(s): Krasimir Krastev,Venko Ivanow,Vladimir Naydenov,Tinka Krasteva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023

In the courtyard of the Pleven prison, during agricultural work, a ceramic vessel with over 7,000 silver coins with a total weight of 8,345 kg was discovered. The treasure was most likely hidden around the 20s of the 15th century. It consists of coins of Sultan Bayazid I (1389 – 1402), Emir Suleiman (1402 – 1411), Emir Musa (1411 – 1413), Emir Mehmed ( 1403 – 1413) and then as Sultan Mehmed (1413 – 1421), Emir Mustafa (1416, 1419, 1421 – 1422) and the Bulgarian Tsar Ivan Shishman (1371 – 1395).

MARREDHËNIET EKONOMIKE DHE TREGTARE NDËRMJET RAGUZËS DHE TROJEVE ARBËRORE

Author(s): Edmond Malaj / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 01-02/2021

Trade between the Republic of Ragusa and the Medieval Albanian lands was quite extensive and active and included most of the Albanian markets. Almost in every town with importance in trade, there was a community of Ragusan merchants. Their consuls represented those communities. Besides the consuls and merchants who were present in the cities and markets of Albania, the Ragusans had seized the customs of various products, which they rented and paid to the local rulers for the duties related to them. The Trade with Ragusa was of great importance because in Albania came wares from Western European areas and other countries. Reciprocally, Albanian products arrived not only in Ragusa. Albanian Merchants exported further their wares through Europe. In addition, trade relations with Ragusa affected the culture and mastery of the country, too, which benefited from techniques exchanged through trade. That was seen in the elaborating of gold and silver, tailoring, and other crafts. In conclusion, we can say that trade relations with Ragusa were of great importance to Albania. These relations were a key in the economic exchanges the Albanians had with other foreign countries during the Middle Ages. (1951-2020)

Chińsko-polski dialog kulturowy od XIII do początku XX wieku

Author(s): Li Yinan / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2024

The cultural dialogue between Poland and China can be traced back to the 13th century, the time of Mongol invasions of Europe, and can also be linked to the activities of the missionary Benedict of Poland. Particularly important place should be attributed to the Jesuit Michał Boym and his fascination with learning about the life, customs, flora, fauna and medicine of China, as well as his sense of research and substantive scholarly preparation. Concurrently, Chinese researchers, historians and politicians spread knowledge about Poland in China by a number of historical and geographical studies about the world; at the same time, essayists and reformers drew practical knowledge from Polish historical fate and made their compatriots aware of the need to modernize China. Those first attempts to learn about both cultures had a significant impact on the contemporary cultural dialogue between Poland and China.

Архиепископията в Охрид по времето на Епирското деспотство

Author(s): Daniel Ziemann / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

This paper aims at showing how the archbishops of Ohrid, first and foremost Demetrios Chomatenos, tried to develop their own position at the cost of the patriarchs of Constantinople. Demetrios’ politics aimed at establishing Ohrid as one of the most important ecclesiastical centers in Europe’s Orthodox Church. These ambitions were tied to the political destiny of the Despotate of Epirus; its downfall buried the ambitions of Demetrios. But despite the radical political changes during that time, Ohrid retained its great importance for the Orthodox Church in Southeastern Europe in the following centuries.

Нотирани паметници от Югозападните български земи до XV век

Author(s): Svetlana Kujumdzieva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

The notated manuscripts from the South-Western Bulgarian lands up to the fifteenth century are discussed. The sources are an evidence for the adoption of the musical systems that were in use at that time in the Balkan Orthodox countries – ekphonetic, palaeo-, middle- and late-byzantine. The systems were adopted on a high professional level. Numerous Triodia manuscripts testify to the work started in the Ohrid school at the time of St. Clement of Ohrid on the preparation of the repertory in Old Bulgarian language that was necessary for the worship in the newly founded Bulgarian Church: for Great Lent, Easter and post-Easter time, as it was pointed out in the Vita of St. Clement. The adoption of the musical systems on a high professional level suggests the maintenance of the church music by a strong liturgical and educational center, such as the Bulgarian Archbishopric in Ohrid.

Веселин Бешевлиев и дейността му в Института по балканистика

Author(s): Bojan Beshevliev,Snezhana Rakova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

The article presents the activity of corresponding member of BAS V. Beševliev for the period from 1964 to 1975, in particular, when he headed a group on “Historical Geography” at the Institute of Balkan Studies. Some of his publications on the mentioned issues are commented, as well as his activity in publishing thematic collections on the ancient and medieval historical geography of the Balkans. For this purpose, documents from the personal archive of Prof. Tapkova-Zaimova, the personal archive of B. Beševliev and some publications on the pages of “Etudes Balkaniques” were attracted. The contributions of Prof. Tapkova-Zaimova herself, who succeeded V. Beševliev as head of the department (until 1989), are also presented. The second generation of young (then) scientists who took on the path of research in historical geography was represented by B. Beševliev and E. Todorova.

Thracica et protobulgarica: Кръгла маса по повод 120 години от- рождението на проф. Веселин Бешевлиев

Author(s): Yoanna Bencheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

The conference „Thracica et protobulgarica. Round table on the occasion of 120 years since the birth of Professor Veselin Beševliev“ was held on 6th November 2020. The papers presented and the following discussion confirmed and clarified some of Professor Beševliev’s ideas on the reading of the first Bulgarian inscriptions, the origin of the first Bulgarians and their role in the cultural life of the First Bulgarian Empire, the rule of Khan Krum and others. The contribution of the famous Bulgarian scholar to the development of historical geography in Bulgaria was also noted. It became apparent that Professor Beševliev’s research continues to be a solid basis for the study of our past, epigraphy, onomastics and historical geography.

Общностите на духа в Българското средновековие. Контури на един възможен тип изследователски обекти

Author(s): Dmitry Polyvyannnyy / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2019

The article represents full written version of inaugural speech in occasion of conferring on the author the degree of Doctor Honoris Causa of Sofia University "St. Clement of Ochrid" delivered in the Aula on Мау, 28th, 2018. It goes to substantiate the notion of spiritual communities ( communities of Spirit) as а research object in medieval Bulgarian culture drawing together contemporary academic approach and medieval understanding of specific type communities, both imagined and really existing. The author reveals specific features of such communities against the background of the intellectual networking communities theory bу British sociologist Randall Collins, the research project "Complexities and Networks in the Medieval Mediterranean and the Near East- СОMMED" bу Austrian Academy of Science and the results of recent studies of Byzantine intellectual life.

Влияние на българската държавна традиция върху институциите на Дунавските княжества (XIV - XVII в.)

Author(s): Tervel Popov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2019

The study compares the elements of the titles of the rulers of Wallachia and Moldavia with the titles and magnificent epithets of the Bulgarian kings. It also presents the similarity between the titles of the number of Wallachian and Moldavian dignitaries and the titles of dignitaries from the Bulgarian Tsardom. А variety of sources are presented: diplomas, annals, epigraphic monuments, travelogues and more. The data testify to the strong Bulgarian influence on the construction of the institutions of the Danubian principalities.

Полезен инструмент за изследвания на историята и културата на Византия

Author(s): Ivan Bilyarski,Anna Lazarova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2024

Review of the book: Αλέξιος Γ. Κ. Σαββίδης, Για ένα νέο βιογραφικό λεξικό του Βυζαντίου. Εισαγωγική συμβολή, τόμος Α’, Αθήνα, Εκδόσεις Παπαζήση, 2024, σ. 420, ISBN (τόμ. Α’) 978-960-02-4238-6; Αλέξιος Γ. Κ. Σαββίδης (επιμ.), Νέο βιογραφικό λεξικό του Βυζαντίου, τόμος Β’ & Γ’, Αθήνα, Εκδόσεις Παπαζήση, 2024

Споменавания за болестта нежит в диетологични съчинения от южнославянската средновековна книжнина

Author(s): Ekaterina Todorova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 2/2024

The purpose of the present study is to trace how the disease Nezhit is represented in certain manuscripts, specifically dietary calendars preserved in the National Library of Serbia and the Archives of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts. While the study is not exhaustive, it preliminarily outlines the framework for the depiction of this disease in the dietary calendars. For the first time, this publication highlights specific medical guidelines on how to treat individuals suffering from this condition.