Произход на унгарския език и народност
János Makkay. А magyarsag keltezese. Szolnok, 1994. 231 р. - The text is a translation from the English summary of the book.
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János Makkay. А magyarsag keltezese. Szolnok, 1994. 231 р. - The text is a translation from the English summary of the book.
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Ebraismele din slava veche şi din slavona românească sunt acele elemente care provin din limba ebraică biblică şi s-au impus prin intermediul limbii greceşti în structura limbii slave vechi şi a slavonei româneşti. Limba ebraică biblică era una din limbile de cult ale Bisericii Creştine în primul mileniu de după Hristos alături de greacă, latină şi slavă şi nu putea să nu lase urme în limba slavă veche, ştiindu-se faptul că această limba a devenit limbă liturgică în secolul IX iar cei ce au lucrat la alcătuirea alfabetului slav, sfinţii Chiril şi Metodiu, cunoşteau bine limba ebraică biblică.
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King Peter I inherited from his father a military-political alliance between Bulgarians and Magyars, established at the beginning of the 10th c. There are no grounds to assume that the Hungarian displayed hostility against Bulgaria in 927 and afterwards. Probably later between the two countries was signed a new secret agreement as a reaction against the Byzantine support to the Serbs headed by Ceslav Klonimirovici who rose in revolt against Bulgaria. Under this agreement the Hungarians were let they did in 934, 943, 959, 960 and 961. Circa 960 the Magyars helped the Bulgarians also against the Serbian encroachments on the Srem region – they captured and drowned Prince Ceslav in the Sava river. The Bulgarian-Hungarian alliance continued also during the events in 967–971. The Magyars attacked the Byzantines in Thrace and the Salonika area as early as in 968. In 970 a unit of theirs was attracted precisely by the Bulgarians in the big allied army, headed by the Kievan Prince Svetoslav, which advanced in Thrace and was stopped only at Adrianople. The next year, however, they refused to assist the Russians, perhaps also because their relations with the Bulgarians had already worsened. It is possible, however, that the Hungarians helped the Bulgarian envoys to reach Quedlinburg in 973. In 997–1000 King Samuil concluded a new political and marriage union with the Magyars which proved of very short duration. Owing to the clash of Bulgarian and Hungarian interests in Banat and Transylvania, King Stephan I decided to form an alliance with the Emperor Basil II and in 1001–1002 sent him troops against the Bulgarians. This also dissolved the marriage between the heir to the throne Gavril-Radomir with the Hungarian princess. A little later Stephen I personally participated together with the Byzantines in the first capture of Skopie. By 1018/19 the Bulgarian King withdrew from active support of Byzantium and even manifested a benevolent neutrality of a sort towards the Bulgarians and their allies the Pechenegs.
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The institutional strengthening of monasticism as derived from the iconoclastic period, increased the popular piety towards the monks through that of the upper Byzantine social classes, the civil and military aristocracy and the imperial circle. This led to a substantial increase in the number of monasteries from the ninth to the twelfth centuries. While a good part of these did not last long, new monasteries continued to be erected and the wealth of others increased considerably. Due to the owned land properties, the monasteries became an active part of the Byzantine Empire's economy, imposing the need for regulations and activation of specific economic mechanisms. One of the practices applied to monasteries in the tenth and eleventh centuries is charistike. Its purpose was to assign the monastery to a person, charistikarios, who was obliged to manage it financially, receiving as a benefit, the right to dispose of total income and movable and immovable property of the monastery. This study aims to present aspects of the practice of charistike, and the influence and changes brought on Byzantine society and culture.
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The article proposes a cross-cultural analysis of the concept of continuity of burial traditions in the cultures of the proto-Turkic and Turkic peoples of northern Eurasia, based on archaeological and folklore sources and ethnographic data of the Kazakh and Yakut ethnicities. Researchers use materials from archaeological studies of known and new sites of the Early Iron Age and Turkic time in Kazakhstan (Berel, Kyrykungir, etc.). The study of the topic requires the use of methodological approaches and developments of cultural and social anthropology, structural and semiotic analysis, deciphering the general appearance of similar cases in the spiritual culture of asynchronical, but mono-ethnic societies for the reconstruction of worldview ideas. When characterizing burial sites, the authors use traditional methods of archaeological description, chronological determination, stratigraphy, typological analysis, etc. New data have been obtained on the connections of elements of the worldview of tribes from the early Iron Age — the Middle Ages, enshrined in the burial rite of the Saka and Turkic population of the Eurasian steppes and materials of modern folklore of Turkic peoples (Kazakhs and Sakha Yakuts).
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A fresh attempt is made to locate the medieval city of Vichina. Studying the numerous sources, a large part of the literature written on the question of the place of this city and based on the latest archeological finds, G. Atanasov sets forth his thesis that the big medieval fortified port and economic centre of Vichina was situated in the immediate proximity of Nufaru. Information about the city is encountered from the 10th to the 14th c. The depopulation and desertion of this major Lower Danubian centre took place probably in the late 14th and early 15th c. because from the beginning of the 15th c. the city of Vichina disappeared completely from the written sources.
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The paper studies the inscription, found in 1945 in Preslav, and written entirely in the language of the Proto-Bulgarians. It has been published by I. Venedikov, and the competent deciphering and rendering its substance is to his credit. The inscription has also been examined by J. Deny, V. Besevliev, O. Pritsak, T. Tekτωυρτωωin, and others. Some of the words in it however, like ζητκων, χωυμσχη, εστρωγην, τωυρτωυνα πηλε, χλφυβρην have not yet found their proper explanation. The author argues that ζητκων is a Proto-Bulgarian variant of the all-Turkic word ijdgu (good,. noble), that χωυμσχη is a derivative from the all-Turkic root kuyum (to hammer, to found metal); εστρωγην which in another inscription is found in the form of αστρ(ωγην), goes back to the Persian word āstar (lining), and to the Turkic word astar-la-mak (to line). The form χλφυβρην takes us to the Persian ‘kolūhbaran’ which should have the same meaning as in Persian, namely “to throw stones”, “stonethrowing” (machine). As for the letter combination τωυρτωυνα πηλε ξωπαν it contains the well-known title “župan” and this has been pointed out by all researchers. The author recommends that the word τωυρτωυνα be accepted as the verbal noun derived from the all-Turkic verb „türütmek” (to do, to make, to create) and the constituent πηλε, as an imperative-desirable form of the verb “bil (mek)-pil(mek)”. The inscription then should be translated in the following way: “For the noble ičirgu boil: hammered chain armours – 455, helmets – 540, lined chain-armours – 427, helmets – 854. The župan should provide the making of: lined chain-armours – 20, helmets – 40, ring-knitted chain armour – 1, stone-throwing [machine] – 1.”
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A long time before the fall of the Roman Empire there were various signs of its decline. Some sober spectators of the Empire's circumstances pointed them out. Some of the predicted the inevitability of the destruction of such Rome, and therefore the entire world. When the Empire finally fell, it had serious consequences, for everything was brought backward to a rather lower level of Barbarian conquerors for a longer period of time.
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The works of el-Mes‘ûdî (“Mürûcü’z-Zeheb ve Meʿâdinü’l-Cevher” and “Et-Tenbîh ve’l-İşrâf”), one of the representatives of the Iraqi geographical school, are recognized by researchers as very important sources for studying the history of Azerbaijan in the 10th century. These two works, which widely cover the historical geography and political history of Azerbaijan, also contain comprehensive information about the city life and trade of the country. The data in the works of el-Mes‘ûdî are of great importance for the study of the political geography of Azerbaijan, the administrative policy of the Caliphate in this region, the linguistic and ethnic affiliation of the peoples inhabiting the country. These works reflect many questions about the history of the uprising led by Bâbek, the efforts of the Sajids to create an independent state in Azerbaijan, as well as the consequences of Russian raids on the Caspian shores. Based on el-Mes‘ûdî’s information about the political and ethnic history of Azerbaijan, the article examines important issues in the history of Azerbaijan in the 10th century. This information is compared with other synchronous sources.
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The archaeological site of Roșiori is located on the upper terrace of the Moldova River. During the archaeological campaigns of 2016 (in cassette E) and 2020 (sections S.15 S.16) in Roșiori, Dulcești commune, Neamț County (the point „Țarina Veche”) were discovered, among others, three iron buckles. They come from the habitation level of the settlement from the 6th-7th centuries AD. and are of different shapes (rectangular, square, with a „lyre” look). In the community, some of its members were raising horses, as the buckles were for harnessing.
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The phenomenon of ruler martyrs was common between the tenth and twelfth centuries in the recently Christianized lands on the eastern and northern periphery of Europe—one of them were the Orkney Islands with jarl Magnus Erlendsson (died in 1115/1117). Like Christ, who gave his life for the peace and redemption of the world, Magnus gave his life for the peace and redemption of the people of the Orkneys. This also explains why the earliest texts produced on the peripheries of medieval Europe were all about local saints. Wherever God’s presence was manifested through a saintly ruler, his people were, despite their late adoption of the new faith, integrated into the symbolic center of the Christian world. Consequently, the conduct of exceptional rulers to persevere in peace amid political violence was a manifestation of the creation of a new Christian community.
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The PhD dissertation “Social and political roles of Women connected with power and authority in Crusader States and Byzantium from the first to the fourth Crusade” was written under the supervision of dr hab. Rafał Kosiński prof. UwB. The work concerns women’s participation in power and authority and their hidden influence in Crusader States and Byzantium in the twelfth century. Its purpose is to compare women’s roles in politics in Western Europe, Outremer and Byzantine Empire. Moreover this work is concentrated on establishing differences and similarities between overmentioned countries and it attempts to explain their causes. It uses mostly narrative sources in Latin and Greek. Sociological theory of social roles (created by Florian Znaniecki and Erving Goffman) was used as an analytical method. Thanks to it the work established nine basic tasks connected to the social role of queen, empress or generally female ruler. Based on that were created models of ideal female ruler in the West, Crusader states and Byzantium, which could be compared relatively easily.
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The authors address the finds of ceramic painted eggs in the Kurgan burials of the Eastern Slavs of the 11th — the beginning of the 12th centuries on the space from the left bank of the Dnieper to Northeast Russia. As a rule, painted eggs are an attribute of child burials. Currently, such finds are interpreted as children’s rattles or as protective amulets. However, given the semantics and the meaning of the egg in the beliefs and myths, this interpretation seems to be incomplete. Supported by ethnographic data, the authors suggest that these eggs can be interpreted as a sacred attribute that gives the deceased person the possibility of a new birth. Born in a new body, the dead man with an unspent vitality could complete a full-fledged life path without turning into a hazardous infernal essence for tribesmen. The article contains a corpus of painted eggs found in burial complexes.
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Review of: Dariusz Adamczyk: Monetarisierungsmomente, Kommerzialisierungszonen oder fiskalische Währungslandschaften? Edelmetalle, Silberverteilungsnetzwerke und Gesellschaften in Ostmitteleuropa (800–1200). (Deutsches Historisches Institut Warschau. Quellen und Studien, Bd. 38.) Harrassowitz. Wiesbaden 2020. 305 S. ISBN 978-3-447-11464-6.
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The author of this article extracted all historical, geographical and ethnographical materials (including legendary) concerning the ancient Slavs of the Eastern Balkans and Asia Minor mentioned in the multivolume «History of the Prophets and Kings» (Ta’rīḫ ar-Rusul wa-l-Mulūk) by «the father of the Muslim historiography», an Arabic spoken Iranian Muḥammad b. Ǧarīr (Djarir) aṭ-Ṭabarī (839–923), which outlines the general history from the Creation to 302 AH (914/5). The extracted passages are from a classic edition carried out in three series and 15 volumes by the eminent Dutch Arabist Michael Jan de Goeje (1836–1909) in Leiden (Annales quos scripsit Abu Djafar Mohammed ibn Djarir at-Tabari / Cum aliis ed. M. de Goeje. Series I–III.Lugduni Batavorum, 1879–1901). The selected passages are translated from Classical Arabic into Russian for the first time. The detailed text notes and scholarly comments based on the historical and geographical narratives of the Antiquity, Pre-Islamic Middle East, Christian and Muslim Orient are attached to the translated materials as well. They are also based on the world’s leading scientific, reference (encyclopedic) and educational publications.
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The article discusses the causes of conflict situations in the convents of Poitiers and Tours. These incidents show that noble women of the Frankish Kingdom actively participated in the political events of the country during the second half of the 6th century. The motives that prompted Bishop Gregory of Tours to write about these events in his famous historical essay are revealed. The tendentiousness of the author, who created the images of the participants and described the course of the events based on his own goals and objectives, is noted. It is concluded that women of the Merovingian epoch could openly participate in various political events, including the use of violence. The involvement of nuns in uprisings and riots was not always assessed negatively by the contemporaries. When it was profitable, secular authorities supported the organizers of conflicts and even saved them from church punishment. The Church could also use the women’s rebellions to its advantage. Modern researchers must take into account the rhetoric of sources, as well as the motives and intentions of their authors. The causes of the uprisings were complex, with conflicts playing an important role in the struggle for political gain and influence between various branches of government.
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The archaeological research took place between May 21 and June 13, 2020, behind the penitentiary located on Popa Șapcă Street, in Timișoara. Forty five archaeological features have been identified and researched, which can be dated, in the current stage of research, in: Antiquity (2nd–4th centuries AD), Arpadian period (12th–13th centuries) and the Austro Hungarian period (19th–20th century), and some are chronologically inconclusive. Of these, 22 are pits, 13 are tombs, four walls, three houses, two ditches and a fountain.
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The study aims to present the anthropological analysis of a skeleton from the Middle Byzantine necropolis of the 11th-13th centuries from Noviodunum-Isaccea Așezare Civilă Est (Tulcea County, Dobruja, Romania), which presents a phenomenon rather rarely encountered in the anthropological literature, called biparietal osteodystrophy. Broadly speaking, it is characterised by the symmetrical thinning of the parietal bones, an aspect revealed by the cranial transillumination, which highlights large translucent, postero-medial areas. One of the most interesting aspects is related to the controversial etiology of the manifestation: anatomical variant, anomaly or pathology? The skeleton belongs to a female mature adult (42.0 years old). Other identified pathological conditions are Pacchioni depressions, antemortem loss of several teeth, thoracic intervertebral herniations and periosteal lesions on the tibiae and fibulae.
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The paper examines the organizational aspects and instructions for the erection of the Byzantine military camp on enemy territory in the late tenth century. The main source is the anonymous Byzantine military treatise called De castrametatione. The work itself dates from the last quarter of the tenth century and is written in Greek. De castrametatione consists of 32 chapters devoted to military operations on the Byzantine northwestern front, especially in the mountains located on the Balkan Peninsula. In the present work, the structure of the camp and the number of the marching army on which its size depends accordingly, are considered in detail. Attention has been paid to the details of the precise measurements required to erect a camp bearing and to ensure its protection.
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