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4.50 €

Rukopisi Crkve bosanske

Author(s): Anica Nazor / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

It is known that the manuscripts created in the Church of Bosnia are not to be avoided in resolving the issues of the Church of Bosnia, especially the matter of its teaching and identity. Some tried to find indications of dualistic beliefs in them. Solovjev believed the term inosuç›nÅ, mentioned in Our Father cited in the St.Luke’s Gospel (Lk 11,3) and the Gospel according to St Nicholas (hl‡b› na{› inosuç›n°i) was a “mystical epithet”, that it symbolized Manichaeism that could only represent “other substance”, “other being” thus coming closer to the term supersubstantialis mentioned in the Cathar texts. He believed that traces of Docetism were evident in the term izde in the usual position of the expression was born (iz› nee`e iz°de isusÅ). Solovjev found correspondence with the dualist teaching in the expression inočedyi sinь (jesus) falsly interpreting it as “second-born”. Jaroslav Šidak, in a well-argumented manner, already proved that the abovementioned expressions do not show the heresy of the Church of Bosnia. Šidak’s arguments in this article are further substantiated by additional examples from Old Church Slavonic canonical manuscripts and Croatian Glagolitic manuscripts. The latter was possible because Slovnik jazyka staroslověnskeho (Dictionary of Old Church Slavonic) built on the entire corpus of Old Church Slavonic canonical (and other) manuscripts. It laid out all the terms and explained them in detail. At the moment, a complete integral corpus of Croatian Glagolitic sources is available in excerpts in Rječnik crkvenoslavenskoga jezika hrvatske redakcije (The Dictionary of Old Church Slavonic of Croatian Redaction) stored in the Old Church Slavonic Institute in Zagreb (11 volumes of A-VSUE were published). Šidak’s arguments are substantiated with the examples of the author’s research of Bosnian scripts, chiefly Our Father. Enclosed to this article is a list of Church of Bosnia manuscripts with a basic codicological data and references so that, at last, all the known manuscripts of the Church of Bosnia could be found listed in one place.

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Literarna ostavština krstjana Bosanske crkve i dualistički svjetonazor

Author(s): Marko Josipović / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

In this contribution, the author first constitutes that the krstjani of Bosnia and Hum were accused of heresy and that different documents and sources call and define it differently which makes historians’ judgements about their religion based on those sources vary. By browsing through their literary legacy which is, as expected, not sufficient for a precise identification of their religious character, especially since that legacy is very scarce and fragmentary, stems the fact that in the preserved recorded sources of krstjan provenance only occasionally arise terms and formulations with a colouring of moderate or, in fact, negligible mild dualism, for example in the glossas of Srećković’s anthology and in the well-known legend of creation of world and mankind. Based on the past research of this matter, it seems reasonable to argue that the mentioned krstjan sources do not contain reliable information on the dualism in the teaching of the Bosnian Church.

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Uporaba Svetoga pisma među bosanskim krstjanima

Author(s): Mato Zovkić / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Bosnian Christians were a sect of protest motivated by biblical poverty and simplicity in middle age Kingdom of Bosnia from about 1200 to 1463. An evidence of their use of Christian Scriptures can be found more in polemical writings of Latin theologians than in their own books and documents. This author has put this question within the middle age protest and renewal movements, like Cathars, Dominicans, Franciscans. Within the century from 1170 to 1270 a new type of Bible producing was invented in Paris and other medieval centers of theological learning, in form of one volume portable book which not rich people were able to provide and travelling preachers could carry it on their missionary journeys. The most complete and preserved manuscript of Bosnian Christians is Hvalov Zbornik, written in 1404. It contains all New Testament canonical books, 150 canonical Psalms and eight Old Testament Canticles. Other preserved manuscripts and documents contain parts of the NT, prayers and letters which reflect the belief in Christ of Bosnian Christians, their liturgical Calendar and prayers for the dead. The Book of Revelation was mostly copied and commented among them. Latin theologians from Paulus Dalmatinus in 1250 to Cardinal Torquemada in 1461 mostly wrote polemical writings against Cathars and other sectarian movements and they also addressed Catharist sectarians in middle age Bosnia whom they accused of rejecting the Old Testament, teaching dualism and distorting the doctrine and practice of the sacraments. Most trustworthy remnants of real doctrine and pastoral practice of Bosnian Christians can be found in the questions of Bosnian Franciscans submitted to Pope Gregory XI in 1372. One of the problems was that some Christian men in Bosnia asked to be admitted to Christian marriage ceremony, but they insisted on their condition to their future spouse: “Si eris mihi bona” which involved the husband’s right to divorce his wife any time, for any reason. Bosnian Christians were a middle age movement of protest which for the sake of pure biblical religion finished in breaking communion with the Catholic Church. They disappeared with Turkish rule in Bosnia in 1463.

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Bosansko-humski krstjani u korespondenciji Dragutina Prohaske i Vatroslava Jagića (1909. - 1910.)

Author(s): Alojz Jembrih / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

As a part of Prohaska’s letters to his mentor Vatroslav Jagić in Vienna in the mentioned period shows, this contribution follows the creation of Prohaska’s book from 1911 Das kroatisch-serbische Schrifttum in Bosnien und der Herzegovina and its third chapter on Bosnian Bogomils. Upon examination of the sequence and content of those letters, one can discern Prohaska’s plans and accomplishments in the sphere of Croatian and Slavic studies, as well as his teaching activities. Therefore, the readers (philologists) themselves will, by vizualizing his letters, be able to offer their opinion on his scientific-research opus which is quite substantial for his time since he, more than once, effectively established his reputation at different levels: as a literary historian, literary critic, comparativist of Slavic literature, theater critic and founder of the magazine Hrvatska njiva. Prohaska writes of all this in his other letters to Vatroslav Jagić.

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K počiatkom stredovekých miest na Slovensku

Author(s): Richard Marsina / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Je všeobecne známe, že o mestách v politicko-hospodárskom zmysle na Slovensku možno hovoriť už v staroveku. Práve nedávno sa našli nové archeologické dôkazy, ktoré potvrdili už vyše sto rokov staré zistenia historikov, že na území dnešnej Bratislavy (nielen jej starého mesta, ako to niekedy nesprávne predstavovala denná tlač) bolo pred začiatkom a po začiatku nášho kresťanského letopočtu veľké keltské opidum – mesto. Tuná sa však nebude hovoriť o týchto tzv. starovekých mestách, ale len o takých mestách, u ktorých možno predpokladať kontinuitu s neskoršími časmi, teda so stredovekými mestami. Hoc aj nemožno nespomenúť, že nikto sa – pravda azda čisto z teoretického hľadiska – nezaoberal možnosťou či nemožnosťou kontinuovania spomenutých starovekých miest s neskoršími stredovekými mestami u nás, alebo aspoň s pokusom o chronologické určenie hiátu medzi nimi a možnosťou či nemožnosťou kontinuovania zvyškov či pozostatkov.

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Loca scribendi: geneza pojęcia, definicje i granice użyteczności

Author(s): Anna Adamska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Meant to sketch the methodological frame of the volume, this article discusses varieties of spatial approaches to pre-modern written culture, developed independently in medieval history in many scholarly traditions, separated by the languages in which they publish. Concepts such as “cultural landscape”, “scribal region” or “documentary territory” have their origin in 19th century German scholarly discourse, in which they were known as Kulturlandschaft, Schriftprovinz, and Urkundenlandschaft. The detailed analysis of attempts to prove their usefulness for modern scholarship shows marked similarities with the spatial concepts used in French cultural history, with lieux (places) as the key term. The idea of lieux de savoir (places of knowledge), with among them lieux d’écriture (places of writing), has been developed from 2007 onwards by Christian Jacob. Although this French scholar perceived as pre-modern lieux d’écriture only places of ‘re-production’ of written texts (workshops of copyists and printing houses), his appeal to elaborate the ‘map’ of such places nevertheless inspired the main idea of the volume: to draw the map of the centres of written culture in the pre-modern Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Important changes in the paradigm of research on medieval literacy and communication from the 1990s onwards, however, urge us to define anew the concept of lieux d’écriture (or rather that of loca scribendi, better suited to the Polish scholarly tradition). The term here signifies not only copyists’ ateliers and printing houses, but all institutional and private places of the creation of various types of texts (belonging to the various segments of literate behaviour), be they the scribal offices of the municipalities and of the State’s administration, monastic houses, parishes, episcopal chanceries, schools, and even private homes. This all-embracing definition of loca scribendi results in the requirement to abandon the traditional division between the ‘medieval’ and ‘early modern’ periods. Drawing the map of places where written texts were created in the territory of the multiethnic and multilingual Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, within its chronological boundaries of 1385 and 1795, provides a chance to investigate the continuous existence of some and the ephemeral character of other loca, as well as the fluidity of the “centres” and “peripheries” of written culture.

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Uwarunkowania początków rozwoju polskich kancelarii miejskich. Przykład Krakowa (do 1312 r.)

Author(s): Piotr Okniński / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The subject of the origins of urban chanceries in medieval Poland is discussed using the example of sources from Cracow dating from before 1312. An early stage in the development of Cracow municipal chancery is put into context of the formation of urban self-governance and transformations of legal and written culture in the Polish lands. This chancery had early origins, going back to the 13th century, to the period of the city’s locatio. Its gradual formation is shown by the introduction of the municipal seal (c. 1283), the employment of the first municipal scribe (the earliest evidence dating from 1288–1290), by the growing numbers of urban charters (the earliest dating maybe already from 1288–1290), and, finally, by the introduction of the book of records (c. 1300). The growing political autonomy of the institutions of urban self-governance in a period of political turbulence (between the death of Duke Boleslas the Bashful in 1279 and the suppression of the urban revolt of mayor Albert in 1312), has been singled out as the main factor stimulating the development of the chancery. The growth in importance of the municipal scribal office was also a result of the vivid contacts of the city and its inhabitants with the monasteries from the area and with the court of Jan Muskata, Bishop of Cracow, which was a centre of pragmatic literacy. An acceleration of the chancery’s development is clearly visible in the period 1290–1306, when Cracow was under the control of the Bohemian kings from the Přemyslid dynasty. The intensive socio-institutional transformation of the city led to the urban revolt against the Duke Wladislas the Short.

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Warszawskie loca scribendi w drugiej połowie XV w.

Author(s): Agnieszka Bartoszewicz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article discusses places of production of written records in two late medieval municipalities of Warsaw (Old and New Warsaw) which influenced the literate behaviour of their inhabitants in the domain of pragmatic literacy. A number of scribal offices were active in Warsaw, attached to various institutions but unequally developed. Distinct loca scribendi worked for the municipalities of Old and New Warsaw, for the court of the Mazovian princes, and for the institutions of the Church. The places of production of records situated in New Warsaw were typical for a small town: there were simple urban offices and the parish church with its school. Development of written culture here most probably was stimulated by the direct vicinity of Old Warsaw, much more advanced in the use of written records. The close contacts between both municipalities were more important in generating the need to use the written word on the part of the inhabitants of New Warsaw than their relations with other agents of practical literacy (e.g. the Church or the rulers’ administration). In Old Warsaw, in chronological order the places on the map of written culture were the municipal offices, the collegiate church (which functioned also as urban parish church), the tribunals of the terrestrial law and the magistrate courts (iudicia castriensia), and the ducal court. The same topography of pragmatic literacy can be seen also in other Polish towns of similar size to Old Warsaw (e.g. Lublin, Przemyśl and Płock). Town dwellers, especially urban officials and members of the financial elite, frequented their loca scribendi on various occasions, although sometimes the reasons for visiting scribal offices are not entirely clear to modern scholars. Among the places where written records were created in Old Warsaw, the municipal chancery played an exceptionally important role. Here, the municipality employed clerks who originated from towns and cities known as important trade partners of Warsaw merchants (e.g. from Silesia, Vilnius and Lublin).

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Małomiasteczkowy locus scribendi w późnym średniowieczu. Przykład Radziejowa

Author(s): Katarzyna Warda / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The topic of the article is the organisation of work in the municipal chancery of Radziejów, a very small town in Cuyavia, in the northern part of late medieval Poland. The records of the local bench and the council registers from 1445–1455 were carefully investigated to this end. As creators of the urban locus scribendi, first the municipal officials and scribes should be mentioned. In the short period of ten years investigated here, 26 persons were connected to the council, while 49 others were involved in work for the urban bench. Palaeographical analysis shows that most entries into both series of town books were made by a single person; accidental hands are scarce. The bench and the council of Radziejów employed the same scribe, and maybe even employed a shared chancery. It is impossible, however, to say where such a joint scribal office might have been situated. The quality of the Latin in the records, the way the records were kept, and the correctness of the legal formulary allows us to judge the professional skills of Radziejów scribes favourably. The types of matter recorded in the town books, their number and frequency, shows that most cases recorded in the council’s registers concerned debts. The bench tried more varied legal matters; yet its records register mainly trade in real estate and regulations concerning ownership. Comparison with other towns shows that the contents of the urban books was hardly extraordinary for late medieval Poland. Prosopographical analysis of the chancery’s clients (their gender, social status, dignities, profession, their role in the cases as described in the town books, and the frequency of their appearances before the council and the bench), shows the profile of a typical client of a small town’s locus scribendi. The average client was a male, usually in possession of the citizenship. Most often he appeared before the bench court on his own, arranging simple matters. He did not belong to the local elites but was a ‘normal’ town-dweller. In ten years, in a settlement of c. 1,000 inhabitants, almost 450 persons came in touch with the chancery. Considering that 75 other persons served as councillors or aldermen, we must conclude that the number of people using the municipal scribal office was really large. Although in Radziejów other loca scribendi were active as well (the magistrate, the terrestrial court, a monastery, and the parish church), for town-dwellers the chancery was most important.

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Podatki miejskie a księgowość w Głównym Mieście Gdańsku w późnym średniowieczu

Author(s): Marcin Grulkowski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article analyses the multistage procedures of tax collection in the Main City of Gdańsk during the 14th and 15th centuries. The complex character of these procedures is illustrated by three examples of urban taxes: the predial rent, the property tax (the so-called szos), and ‘pound duty’. The first two taxes were typical for urban settlements, although the szos was imposed only occasionally (in 1377/1378, 1416 and 1443). The ‘pound duty’ was originally collected for the needs of the Hanse, but later became a local tax. At the turn of the 14th and the 15th century, the Order of the Teutonic Knights took over control of this tax. A by-product of the collection procedures was the complex and vast documentation that was produced in the subsequent stages. Various kinds of tax records, such as primary registers, intermediary notes on wax tablets, lists of debtors, and financial statements, have been analysed.

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Miejsca działalności konsystorza generalnego w Poznaniu i jego pisarzy w pierwszej ćwierci XV w.

Author(s): Adam Kozak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

An important aspect of the organisation of the general consistory court in Poznań in the first quarter of the 15th century is that of the places where the court sessions were held, where the legal actions were performed (e.g. so-called ‘obligations’ and appointing of legal plenipotentiaries), and where the records of the proceedings were made. To establish these places the eight oldest registers of the consistory court (dating from 1404–1425) have been analysed, as well as almost 80 charters issued by the vicarii in spiritualibus and the officials of the bishopric of Poznań. Altogether, these records offer us more than 2,500 notices about the topography of legal actions. It can be shown that the activities mentioned before found place not only in houses on the centrally located island of Ostrów Tumski (belonging to the bishopric of Poznań), where the officials and vicarii in spiritualibus resided. Legal and notarial actions were also performed in the lodgings of notaries, in the curiae of canons, at the episcopal court, in the cathedral, and in St. Mary’s ‘in Summo’ church. Many other places both on Ostrów Tumski (the cathedral school and the houses of eternal vicars) and in other parts of the city can be added to this list. In 1425 the consistory court left Poznań and settled for some time in Dolsk (more than 50 kilometres south of Poznań). Generally, however, the places of the activities of the consistory court became ever more stable over time: the number of cases treated at the curia of the official and the vicar in spiritualibus grew from 77% of all cases presented to the bishop in 1404 to more than 99% in 1424. This change is clearly connected to the more than fourfold growth in litigious cases (the number of so-called obligations was grew twice as fast in this period). Another factor was the reform of the episcopal chancery’s organisation by bishop Andrzej Łaskarz (1414–1426), who was a remarkable intellectual. The loca agendi and loca scribendi of the Poznań consistory court were usually identical. A separate space for the notaries was created in the curia of the officials (and probably also at the office of the vicarii in spiritualibus). This provided the judges with the permanent assistance of chancery clerks.

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Protestancka parafia jako miejsce pisma: Rzesza i Rzeczpospolita na przełomie XVI i XVII w.

Author(s): Maciej Ptaszyński / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article discusses the role of the written word in the life of Protestant clergymen and their parishes, sketching the connection between the Protestant (especially Lutheran) confession and written culture by comparing the daily functioning of parishes in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and in the German lands, especially in the Lutheran principalities of Pomerania. The possessing of vernacular translations of the Bible has been compared, attitudes towards a university culture which expressed the essence of literacy, and the presence of symbols and gestures referring to the written word in the daily life of ministers of the Church. Contrary to ‘official’ declarations, the use of the vernacular Bible was very limited. Nevertheless, devotion to the Gospel can be seen in the area of theological references and values. Written culture, in its humanist and academic dimensions, became part of the professional ethos of Protestant ministers. This paradoxically led to many conflicts with the community of believers.

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Babai cel Mare și sistematizarea doctrinei hristologice în Biserica Siro-Orientală (sec. VI-VII)

Author(s): Justinian Mîndrilă / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

The Church of the East, or the Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East, as it is officially called, was known for a long time in the Church History books of the Eastern Orthodox Christianity as well as of all Western Churches as the „Nestorian” Church. The reason that stays behind this label – and thus behind the schism between the Church of the East and the Church within the Roman Empire was represented by the different views regarding the Christological doctrine. Since this remains until today the bone of contention between these churches it is needed to have a precise knowledge of the East-Syriac Christology. As the systematizer of this teaching in the Church of the East, the study of Babai the Great’s theology is a suitable starting point for this purpose. Until present times, the interest for his writings and teachings in the Romanian theology was quite low, if at all. Therefore, the present study aims to contribute to the knowledge and understanding of the Christology promoted by Babai the Great and the Church of the East, by providing the context of its formulation, and explaining and evaluating his main theological concepts based on Babai’s writings, considering the latest research on this topic.

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Характеристики и особености на Танската култура

Author(s): Iskra Mandova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The present paper discusses and analyzes some cultural phenomena of the Tang period in China, which is the era of unprecedented prosperity in Chinese history: literature (especially poetry), historiography, philosophy, art, science and technology reached unheard and unseen peaks. Political unity, social stability, economic prosperity, transport development and active international relations played the role of a catalyst in the process of quick development. It is a fact that other dynasties in Chinese history provided good social and economic conditions for the people as well but it is difficult to explain why they failed to make such brilliant achievements in the field of culture as Tang, when the innovative and creative potential of the nation managed to unleash.The present paper discusses and analyzes some cultural phenomena of the Tang period in China, which is the era of unprecedented prosperity in Chinese history: literature (especially poetry), historiography, philosophy, art, science and technology reached unheard and unseen peaks. Political unity, social stability, economic prosperity, transport development and active international relations played the role of a catalyst in the process of quick development. It is a fact that other dynasties in Chinese history provided good social and economic conditions for the people as well but it is difficult to explain why they failed to make such brilliant achievements in the field of culture as Tang, when the innovative and creative potential of the nation managed to unleash.

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Виното в Китай и в поезията на Ли Бай

Author(s): Iskra Mandova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Wine in China has a long history which can be traced back to about 4000 BC to the period of the Neolithic Yangshao culture. In 1979 archaeologists excavated a grave of the Dawenkou culture in Shandong Province where they found a set of about 100 wine making vessels from 5000 years ago, including vessels for wine boiling, fermentation, storing and drinking. After issuing of the first anti-wine regulation in the Chinese history from the first ruler of the Western Zhou (1046–771), from the period of the Han dynasty wine industry registered a boom. Under the Sui and the Tang dynasties, wine making continued to develop, private production was no longer limited and ordinary people could make and sell wine freely.

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Търновска книжовна школа – пространства на паметта. Том 11

Author(s): / Language(s): English,Bulgarian,Russian,German,Serbian,Old Bulgarian

The 𝑇𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑜 𝐿𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑆𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑙 collections contain reports from the recurrent international symposium “Tarnovo Literary School”, which is the oldest and most respected forum on Old Bulgarian studies in Bulgaria and worldwide. It was held for the first time in 1971 under the auspices of UNESCO, and the first collection of articles came out in 1976. The𝑇𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑜 𝐿𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑆𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑙 collections are among the most cited editions in the fields of Old Bulgarian studies and research into medieval Bulgarian spiritual and material culture from its pre-Tarnovo and Tarnovo periods, as well as on the cultural and literary ties between Byzantium, Bulgaria, and the Eastern Orthodox Slavic world. The main purpose of 𝑇𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑜 𝐿𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑆𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑙 is to publish scholarly articles by Bulgarian and foreign researchers in the field of interdisciplinary medieval studies in order to explore the cultural and historical heritage of the Second Bulgarian Empire.

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Скалигеровият Патерик и двояката трансмисия на църковнославянските текстове

Author(s): William R. Veder / Language(s): English,Bulgarian,Old Slavonic Publication Year: 0

An abridged version of the Slavonic Scaliger Patericon is shown to be copied both from Cyrillic and Glagolitic antigraphs; the same circumstance is observed in the translations of the Scete Patericon and Athanasius of Alexandria’s Homilies Against the Arians. Twofold transmission makes it possible to contrast the features of copying from Glagolitic with those of copying from Cyrillic.

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Археологически свидетелства за проникването на Кирилометодиевото дело в Североизточна България

Author(s): Georgi Atanasov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Presented are two inscriptions accompanied by graffiti – drawings from the end of 9th and the beginning of the 10th century found in North-Eastern Bulgaria. It is believed that they are directly related to the spread of the cause of Cyril and Metho¬dius in Bulgaria since the mid-9th century. The first monument was discovered during archaeological excavations in the Old Bulgarian monastery near the village of Ravna, Provadiya region, east of the capitals of Pliska and Preslav. There is no doubt, there is written КΛΗΜΕΝΤΟΣ ΠΑΠΑ ΡΟΜ(Η)С (Clement Pope of Rome). Next to the sign, there is a dove against two dragons. Definitely the cult of Clement Pope of Rome, who lived in the first century, and died in exile in Chersonese, was introduced in Bulgaria by the Great Moravian students of St. Cyril and St. Methodius, who arrived in Pliska in 886. The cult was reborn after Cyril found the remains of Clement Pope of Rome on January 30th 861 at the mission in Chersonese, then took them to Rome and formally submit them to the Pope Adrian II in 867. It is remarkable that the only Eulogy to Clement of Rome, written by Clement of Ohrid himself, compares the Pope to a dove brought up by Apostle Peter himself. The second monument is the inscription in Cyrillic and Glagolitic letters from the old Bulgarian fortress near the village of Tsar Asen, Silistra, that emerged around the end of 9th and the beginning of the 10th century. It reads: “On Gospozhina day has been placed the cross. Lord have mercy on me, Manasseh monk with serf through Byzantium“. It is assumed, that Manasseh is a new, unknown by name disciple of St. Cyril and St. Methodius, who specifically warns that he comes from Byzantium, the old name of the Byzantine capital Constantinople. According to Naum’s biography, some of the Mora¬vian students of St. Methodius are sold by the German clergy in slavery. Later, with the support of the Emperor, they were purchased and received in Byzantium, and later, with the personal assistance of Prince Boris, they were brought to Bulgaria.

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Етимология на названията „загора“, „бедек“ и „бедечка“ до Стара Загора

Author(s): Mariana Minkova,Ivan T. Ivanov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Toponymic name Zagora is practically absent over the vast territories inhabited in the past and recently by Slavic population excluding the Bulgarian land. In our communication five historical areas with such toponimic names are listed on the territory of the First and Second Bulgarian Kingdoms. These are: Tervel’s Zagora, Zagora around the town of Melnik, Zagora around the town of Belogradchik, Zagoria (Zagori hori) in Northern Pindus mountain, and Zagora around the capital Tarnovo. To these, we can add the region of Zagura (VI century) placed in the North-Western Carpathians and inhabited by early Bulgarians, as well as areas Zahra-i Dobruca (Zagora in Dobruja), Paroraia (“Trans-mountain” in Greek) in the Strandzha mountain and the former Bulgarian region of Rashka later called Serbian Zagora (XII century). Taking into account the predominant border location of the mentioned areas with the Bulgarian name Zagora, we assume kinship of this name with the early Persian šahr “subordinate country, newly annexed province”. The names of Bedechka river and of the mountain peaks Bedek and Beter are all known for being very windy. Hence, the semantic root “bed”, common for these names, is derived from the rare Old Bulgarian word “bad” “wind” which has strong kinship with similar Iranian words. The presence of such early Bulgarian appellations in the Stara Zagora vicinity is related to the information of Theophylact of Ohrid and Blazius Mili about the early occupation of the Beroe region by the newly established Bulgarian state.

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Nasilje nad ženama u srednjovjekovnoj Bosni

Author(s): Dženan Dautović / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Istraživanje socioloških fenomena, nama poznatih u njihovim suvremenim manifestacijama, u starijim periodima historije ljudskog roda povlači za sobom specifičan set metodoloških problema sa kojima se istraživači moderne historije realno rijetko suočavaju. Osnovni problem jeste kako spriječiti projekciju modernog tumačenja tog fenomena u daleku prošlost, u kojoj su vladali sasvim drugačiji društveni i mentalni okviri, a zatim također i kako prepoznati manifestacije tog fenomena u prošlosti. Na konkretnom primjeru nasilja nad ženama u srednjovjekovnoj Bosni gore navedeno znači da je prije analize pojedinačnih informacija i pokušaja sintetiziranja njihovog značaja potrebno da se odlučimo za precizan metodološki okvir kojim ćemo definirati onovremene oblike nasilja koji će biti analizirani. Naime, iako je sasvim jasno da su neki oblici nasilja, poput fizičkog, bili manje-više jednako percipirani, ako ne već i stigmatizirani u društvu kao i danas, no, ipak neki drugi oblici – npr. nejednaka politička, ekonomska, obrazovna, reproduktivna prava i slično, u ranijim historijskim periodima zasigurno nisu postojali, nego ih mi tek danas prepoznajemo kao takve upravo iz naše perspektive odnosa između rodova, proistekle iz modernog, sekularno uređenog, društva i njegovih normi.

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