ХИМНОГРАФСКАТА ДЕЙНОСТ В ПЛИСКА

Author(s): Regina Koycheva / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 17/2017

The article adds three more chants to all that is known so far in science about the scope of the hymnographic activity in the first Bulgarian capital of Pliska. Copies of these chants are found in the recently discovered by Iskra Hristova-Shomova festal menaion-triodion miscellany from late XI – early XII century, which occupies part of the lower (palimpsest) layer of manuscript № 880 from “St. Cyril and St. Methodius” National Library in Sofia and was named by its discoverer Dragota’s Menaion. The three works, composed probably in or around Pliska, are the two services to St. Blaise and for Annunciation, as well as the Ascension canon, which most likely is original (not translated). The argumentation of this thesis comprises liturgical, philological, textological, archaeological and anthropological data. The text of the office to St. Blaise is related in the article to the epigraphically documented construction of a temple in honour of the saint in 6 km north of Pliska most likely at the end of the IX century.

Храната и храненето в средновековните славянски пенитенциални текстове

Author(s): Desislava Naydenova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 4/2018

The article examines the evidence on food and nutrition found in the Slavic penitentials. Unlike the law texts in the Western historical tradition, the Slavic mediaeval law texts are poorly researched and (rarely) used as a source of information about the Bulgarian history and culture. The manuscript tradition of the Slavic penitentials (the volume of manuscripts, their frequency, editorial interventions) shows that for a long period of time (almost until the 18th century) they have remained among the main texts used by the priests during the sacraments of confession and repentance. Therefore, they can be a source of important information about the everyday life of the Bulgarians. An emphasis is put on the diet, the ban on certain foods, the role of food and nutrition in relation to the people following other traditions such as heretics, Jews, Armenians. It is argued that penitentials reflect a kind of duality. On the one hand, they may be regarded as attesting the everyday lifestyle – the Christian calendar, the observance of certain hygienic norms, while, on the other hand, they reflect, to the highest degree, the concepts of purity and impurity which are characteristic for the “primitive” cultures and the blurring of which might have led to supernatural punishment.

Хроника жизни «Хронографа»

Author(s): / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

(Proceedings of the archaeological seminarium founded by M. B. Shchukin)

Хроника на една медиевистична есен

Author(s): Veneta Savova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 2 (6)/2017

Хрониката на Зигеберт и сведенията му за българите в периода 680 – 820 г.

Author(s): Stoyan Mihaylov,Pepa Lungarova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 2/2017

Sigeberti Gemblacensis Chronica contains records about the Bulgarians which are unfound in any other medieval sources. In this paper are analyzed the records in Chronica of Sigebert of the period 680 – 820 A.D. The Latin text and its Bulgarian translation are presented simultaneously. In addition to the excerpts concerning the Bulgarians are also included records about the Caliphate and the Byzantium. According to L. C. Bethmann, the publisher of the Chronica of Sigebert, the common thing about these passages is that they originate from a common source – Historia miscella. There are two possible for the origin of these unique records for the Bulgarians contained in Chronica of Sigebert. The first one is that the records known thanks only to Sigebert’s chronicle are his own interpretation to fill the chronological “gaps” in his knowledge about the Bulgarian history. The other hypothesis is that Sigebert, except the version of Anastasius work, has had another unidentified medieval source from which originate the records about the Bulgarians and Byzantium known only by his chronicle.

Хронология и периодизация вещевого комплекса культуры псковских длинных курганов

Author(s): Elena R. Mikhailova / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

The chronology is based on dates of artefacts and data of the radiocarbon analysis.Period I (late 5th — the middle of 6th century) is marked by subjects of the late Roman time or the early migration period; it is the time when the Pskov long barrows were formed. Period II (middle 6th century — turn of 8th/9th centuries) is the time of consecutive development of this culture. It can be divided into 2 phases: IIА (second half of 6th—7th century) and IIВ (8th century). Period III (9th century — early 11th century) — the finale of this culture, marked by presence of the Old Russian artifacts.

Хронология погребальных памятников Карельского перешейка и Северного Приладожья XI—XV вв.

Author(s): Stanislav V. Belskiy / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 5/2014

This paper is devoted to construction of chronology based on studies of changes in the composition of grave goods. In total, 83 assemblages from 18 cemeteries have been analysed. The key notion in this study is that of the “regional (autonomous) system of type-and-chronology” which implies a certain set of types and well-grounded dates of their use defined within a particular chronological range and region. The problem was addressed in four consequent steps: distinguishing of chronologically significant types, determination of their dates, searching for controversies and dating of the complexes, graves and burial grounds on the basis of several independent chronological systems. As a result, the dates of the assemblages were essentially corrected and three basic conclusions proposed:1. Funerary sites of the second half of the 11th, 12th and early 13th century comprise complexes of cremations of reiterated sequence of formation. During this period, a specific and very archaic funerary tradition still existed among the local population.2. Functioning of the so-called “Karelian flat cemeteries of the advanced stage” is limited within the frame of the 13th century. Two sub-periods have been distinguished in the latter: 1220—1290s and 1250—1310s.3. Late stage in functioning of this site in 1290-1400s was also determined.

ХРОНОЛОГІЯ ЗНАХІДОК В УКРАЇНІ СРІБЛЯНИКІВ ТИПУ IVВОЛОДИМИРА СВЯТОСЛАВИЧА

Author(s): N. S. Moiseenko / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2018

In July 2018, a rather significant event happened in medieval numismatics at least, a hundredth IV type srebrenik of Vladimir Svyatoslavich (978–1015) was excavated on the territory of Ukraine. In the Corpus of the oldest Rus’ coins of the X–XI centuries, which was based on the results of the first century of the study of srebreniks, only 25 specimens of Vladimir Svyatoslavich’s type IV coins minted with17 and 18 stamp pairs were taken into account. In the middle of September 2018, it became known about 121coins, which can be classified as authentic, and about a dozen variants of counterfeits of this type, which among the whole quantity of Vladimir srebreniks are the least common.100 pieces from this quantity were found in Ukraine’s territory, 11 srebreniks in Russian Federation,3more coins in the Republic of Belarus, places of discovery for the rest were not yet ascertained, but reliably considerable part of them also can come from findings in Ukraine. Due to almost five fold increase of studying material, it becomes possible to specify metrology,considerably extend topography of coins’ findings, make testing of some specimens. Assays of all examined specimens (including that were earlier considered to be made from base metals), in spite of prevalent opinion,show the presence of silver (from 185 to 960 ‰).M.P. Sotnikova believed that all of the stamps of the Vladimir IV type srebreniks were engraved by one carver (except for the pair of K 174 having the features of “rough and unskillful work”), but nowadays thisstatement does not look so categorical. At the time of the publication of this work, 56 intact or nearly non-damaged srebreniks have been taken into account; data about the mass of the other 11pieces are absent. The average weight standard of the remaining 44 coins is 2.604 ± 0.011 grams. Concerning the time of discovery of describing group of coins it is possible to report that in the 19thcentury srebreniks of IV type of Vladimir Svyatoslavich were found 23 pieces (from them 21 coins come from Nizhynhoard), in the 20th 7specimens and at the beginning of the 21st century 91 coins. Data about the chronology of findings with more granularity were tabulated at the end of the paper.Since the middle of 2000 strong growth of the quantity of finding coins was observed, which topped in2013 (15 coins), whereupon situation became stabilized and recently about ten of srebreniks of the IV typewere found annually. Hence it might be supposed that utter exhaustion of findings will take considerable lapse of time and therefore only recording and systematization of srebreniks should be done now and questions about a probable revision of their classification should be left for following generation of numismatists.Since the publishing of Corpus topography of storage of the IV type of srebreniks of Vladimir also changed. If before 1995 AD 21 coins (from 25 known, i.e. 84%; the rest 4 coins or 16% were undiscovered,including specimen К 175-4, from which only galvanic copy has survived) were stored in state museums, thento the middle of 2018 only 24 coins numbers in state collections (from 121 known ones, i.e. 19,83% or about1/5 of the whole quantity, 4 srebreniks are as before undiscovered (≈ 3,3%), and in private collections are known no less than 93 coins (76,86%, i.e. ¾of the whole body of the IV type srebreniks). Accordingly, the centre of the study of early Rus coins gradually moved from museums to the surroundings of private collecting.From examined 121 early Rus coins only 13 specimens have traces of non-economic usage and on 2 of them, they are possible.The author compiled the table with the given expanded topography of the finds of the type IV srebreniks,also the metrological data of majority known coins were checked up which significantly widened our understanding of Vladimir Svyatoslavich’s monetary emissions.

Цар Арев (Бележки върху българската Апокрифна летопис от XI век)

Author(s): Ivan Biliarsky / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 18/2009

The "Bulgarian Apocryphal Chronicle of Eleventh Century" is burthen with influences of many traditions, with pagan rests and veterotestamentarian images. We find cited in the text so many strange and unknown names, which cannot be related to any identified historical persons. Usually the Chronicle is proclaimed an "original work", created entirely in Bulgaria, what is a reason to attract the special attention of the academic milieus. Unfortunately, this conclusion reflects in a research methodology to isolate the cited literary work from any influence of any foreign tradition and to interpret it in a patriotic and especially anti-Byzantine direction. The present article will try to avoid this methodology aiming a very concrete and simple result: to suggest some ideas about the identification of a name we find in the Apocryphal Chronicle: that of king Arev. The king Arev is very briefly presented in the Apocryphal Chronicle: "And after this another tsar went out of Constantinople; his name was Arev and he sat on the throne of tsar Constantine and reigned seven years and died". Usually the commentaries on this citation are restricted to the assertion that this person is not yet identified. We shall try to propose below some ideas that could direct our efforts in an interesting way. We strongly believe that the Apocryphal Chronicle should be studied in the context of the Near-Eastern literature. The influence of the veterotestamentarian prophetical writing is obvious but now we would like to underline the link with the Christian Arabic tradition. The name of "Arev" is quite close to the form "Aref ', which derives from the Arabic name "Hārith". It is well known in the Empire because it passed in Greek under the form "Arethas" – the name of several great personages from the classical Byzantine times. Thus, we strongly believe that we have all reasons to offer the identification of the name of the tsar Arev from the Apocryphal Chronicle with the Christian Arabic name of Aref/Arethas. This is concerning the identification of the name but who is this person and how has he entered in the Chronicle? We have no evidence for one more Arab king in the Balkans and we rest only with Nicephorus Genikos and his dynasty. This should not be disappointing because our research led us to some important conclusions concerning the Apocryphal Chronicle. The first of them put under question the "original Bulgarian character" of the work and together with it the thesis of its "patriotic trends" in the "severe times of the Byzantine yoke". The presence of the cited Arabic name links the text to the Near Eastern tradition and put it in another than "national" or "ethnic" context. The second is the strong relation to the Biblical and Semitic in general convention and under the obvious influence of the Hebrew prophetic literature.

ЦАР САМУИЛ В СЪПЕРНИЧЕСТВО С ВИЗАНТИЯ ЗА КОНТРОЛ НАД ВИА ЕГНАЦИЯ И ДРАЧ

Author(s): Sashka Georgieva / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2017

The article focuses mainly on Tsar Samuil’s efforts to gain and maintain control over Durres and its hinterland in the last quarter of the tenth century by using marital diplomacy and military force. The author gives new interpretation on the information about Samuil’s northwest raid in Dalmatia and along the Adriatic coast in 997 or 998. In conclusion the author states that the political interest of the last rulers of the First Bulgarian Tsardom in the control over Durres was due to economical reasons related to the functions of the city as a commercial center, where people exchanged imported goods brought in by sea and goods produced in the hinterland in the interior of the Balkan Peninsula.

Цар Самуил в Централна и Южна Гърция

Author(s): Momchil Mladenov / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 2/2017

The paper presents some moments of the campaigns of Tsar Samuil in Central and Southern Greece in the late 10th Century. Aattention was paid to the capture of Larissa – an important administrative and economic center. Thus, way Bulgaria controlled important roads in Greece. We present the archaeological evidence of Athens, Thebes and Corinth – centers of commerce and crafts. Greece in the late 10th century began economic upturn. According the author‘s view the battle of Spercheios (996) was a crucial for the war between Bulgaria and Byzantium.

Цар Симеон Велики: от „варварската“ държава до християнското царство

Author(s): Ivan Bozhilov / Language(s): Bulgarian / Publication Year: 0

Цветные наслоения на поверхности средневековых товарных пломб: исследование в процессе реставрации

Author(s): Nikolai Kurganov,Konstantin V. Gorlov / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 6/2017

Patina of different bright tints of red, yellow and white on the surface of lead objects attract scientific interest to them. Raman scattering spectroscopy was employed in order to define their mineral composition. Different lead compounds have been identified on the surface of ancient lead artefacts. Some of the minerals may have been used from antiquity as pigments in paints. In the studied case, however, their origin is a result of natural mineralization processes rather than artificial colouring. In this article, different approaches to restoration of archaeological lead finds are discussed. Many restoration methods disregard the necessity of careful treatment of patina. Chemical reactions undergone during restoration change considerably the appearance and colour of lead objects.

Ценен принос в изследването на книгата "Лествица" от св. Йоан Синайски

Author(s): Vladimir Donev / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 2/2014

Церковнокнижный языковой слой в Выголексинском сборнике

Author(s): István Pozsgai / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 1(2)/2007

The aim of this work is to examine the church-book language layer in the manuscript “Vygoleksinskij Sbornik” (Collection) which was copied in Old Russian language area at the end of the 12th century. I was mainly searching how this church-book language layer must have been formed, and which relation it had to the Old Russian and the Old Slavic linguistic layers. I have found that the church-book language layer in the targeted manuscript was so important that even the language of the codex may be called Russian Church Slavic language rather than Russian redaction of the Old Slavic language.

Църква "Св. Никола" в с. Гинци

Author(s): Zdravka Kosturkova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Publication Year: 0

The village of Gintsi is located in Western Bulgaria, at the foothills of the Western Balkan Range and at about 50 km of Sofia. Once a road connecting Moesia and the river Danube with Sardica and Macedonia used to pass through the village. There were also fortifications around it, as evidenced by the toponym "Kaleto", relevant to two elevations at both sides of the route to Petrohan pass. According to a record dated from 1490, the village had an entirely Christian population, as did the entire area in the vicinity of Sofia. A Turkish register shows that the church in the village, that can be dated from the Middle Ages, continued to exist. According to its plan, the St. Nicholas of Myra belongs to the most widespread type of churches in Bulgarian lands in the Middle Ages and the National Revival, the single-naved basilica. The church has a semi-circular central apse inside and out, a naos and a narthex (added later). The entrance is one from the west, through the narthex into the naos. It has a barrel vault and has a gable roof with wooden casing and tiles, completely in the style of West Bulgarian single-naved churches in the period from the end of the 12-th to the 19-th century. The building technique is traditional for West Bulgarian lands. The material used was hewn and river stone, joint with white mortar. The church was decorated with murals. There were three distinctive period of decoration, with almost nothing remaining from the first murals. The murals are in three artistic layers.

Църковният закон на патриарх Василий в Архивския номоканон (ЦИАИ 1160)

Author(s): Ancho Kaloyanov / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 2/2015

The Arhivski Nomocanon (Church History and Archives Institute 1160) is end of the 14th century copy of the Penitential Nomocanon of the Bulgarian church. Its initial composition originated in 913 from translated and domestic legal documents and later new texts were added, among which we identify Patriarch Vasilii’s Ecclesiastical law. In the Law the total number of rules is 117, united thematically in 9 groups, of which the first two are meaningful: the first is about the hierarchy in the autocephalous Church headed by a Patriarch, the second establishes the priority of the ecclesiastical court over the tsar’s court, sign of the uniat with Rome (1204–1232) at the time of Patriarch Vasilii’s rule.

Черная металлургия и металлообработка на территории междуречья Верхнего Прута и Среднего Днестра в Х—ХІІІ вв.

Author(s): Igor P. Voznyj / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 6/2017

The article deals with the development of one of the leading sectors of ancient crafts, namely the ferrous metallurgy. The author analyzed iron-complexes on the territory between the Upper Prut and Middle Dniester, based on the characteristic of workshops related to the extraction and processing of bog ore, such as laminitis in Lenkovtsy, Chernovka, Klishkovtsy. It is postulated that the ore mining and iron production remained predominantly rural activity. One of the centers of iron processing was in Lenkovtsy on the Prut, where 16 “pitfalls” for firing ore were found. Iron-forges ground type, facilities, warehouses for storage of ball iron were revealed. The author analyzes workshops that processed pig iron, namely the blacksmith shops in Revno (10th century), Chernovka (12th — early 13th centuries.). Tools of blacksmiths and locksmiths are characterized and typology of household items related to the steel industry is offered.

Чудният свят на древните българи

Author(s): Rumen Daskalov / Language(s): Bulgarian

This is a book about the history and the origin of the Proto-Bulgarians and their way to the Balkans and it follows the concept for modern Proto-Bulgarian history. What can be called "modern" is the fact, that the sources on which this book is based are rather different from the well known and traditionally used Latin and Byzantine authors, but among the reviewed sources are Chinese, Indian, Arab, Armenian and other texts of different types ans genres. The author Rumen Daskalov is giving his own interpretations and the purpose of his analysis is to emphasize, summarize and promote the best accomplishments of the Bulgarian school of Proto-Bulgarian history.

Шибеник у прошлости и садашњости.

Author(s): F.D. Marušić / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 12/1932

Данашњи шибенски котар има готово исте границе што их је имала жупа кнезова брибирских, која је сезала до иза брибирских мостина, тамо уз десну обалу ријеке Крке.