Výnosnost důchodového systému a dopady jeho reforem na muže a ženy

Author(s): Jiří Šatava / Language(s): Czech

Na základě reprezentativní databáze 7000 mužů a žen počítáme výnosnost penzijního systému u mužů a žen a její změny v důsledku „malé“ a „velké“ reformy. Výnosnost měříme pomocí ukazatele penzijního bohatství jako rozdíl mezi současnou hodnotou budoucích důchodů a budoucích příspěvků do penzijního systému. Výnosnost se u jednotlivců liší dle pohlaví, věku, velikosti příjmu a dalších faktorů. Před reformami byl penzijní systém výrazně výhodnější pro ženy. I ve věkové kategorii 53letých penzijní systém sliboval ženám o 503 000 Kč více než mužům, u 21letých to pak bylo dokonce 1 152 000 Kč. Tzv. „malá“ reforma, která upravila věk odchodu do důchodu, výrazně snížila výnosnost penzijního systému pro muže i ženy, citelněji ale dopadá na ženy. Tzv. „velká“ reforma, jež umožňuje vyvedení části pojistného do penzijních fondů, má řádově menší, zato však pozitivní nebo nulový dopad na výhodnost penzijního systému pro muže a ženy. Obě reformy jsou výhodnější pro muže, i po všech reformách zůstává penzijní systém stále výnosnější pro ženy. Ve věkové kategorii 45letých penzijní systém slibuje ženám o 499 000 Kč více než mužům, pro 21leté to je 978 000 Kč. Studie rovně ž prezentuje dopady reforem i pro různé úrovně příjmů.

Fiskalni federalizam između teorije i prakse u BiH

Author(s): Lejla Ramić / Language(s): Bosnian

In this article the author discusses theoretical framework of fiscal federalism through his four keys determinants: assignment of functions and expenditures, public revenue assignment, intergovernmental transfers and borrowing. Fiscal federalism deals with these issues which are closely related with fiscal decentralization. Guided by these determinants, the author applied them to a complex state structure in BiH. Fiscal federalism in BiH is intriguing question having in mind current political relations and constitutional order of the state. After detailed analysis, the five striking conclusions drawn by the author are: 1. stronger central government position – current position of central government is not strong enough to lead quality macroeconomic management. One of author's suggestions is transfer of competences from entities to central government in the field of direct taxes. This transfer would enable the principle of costeffectiveness to be achieved; 2. independent fiscal council – fiscal council has two main disadvantages: a) political influence b) insufficient coordination of all levels of government. Fiscal council should be only a financial institution isolated from political influence and should represent a connection between all levels of government including cantons and municipalities; 3. more systematic use of intergovernmental transfers – intergovernmental transfers are important instrument for achieving fiscal equity in fiscal federalism, but in BiH these transfers need to be more systematic as the disparity in the development of regions becomes greater 4. Development budget – condition sine qua non – budgets of all government in BiH should be oriented to capital investments not only to fund a complex administration 5. borrowing – according to an official report, status of public debt is not negative but those responsible must keep in mind the rise in interest rates on domestic debt, poor credit ratings and currency risk for non-euro loans.

Prilog poznavanju socioekonomskoga razvoja ivanečkoga i viničkoga kraja (prostora nekadašnjega Gornjeg polja) u srednjem i ranom novom vijeku

Author(s): Hrvoje Petrić / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

This article provides a contribution to the understanding of the socio-economic development of the areas which gravitated to the market towns of Ivanec and Vinica in the period of the Middle Ages and the early modern period, and in those periods this area was known as Gornje polje. Special emphasis is given to various demographic indicators. The author has tried to reconstruct the connections of the socio-economic developments with central functions of the each settlement. Hence, he argues that the main central settlement of that area in the earlier period was Vinica, but the central functions of the settlement were also shared with Ivanec and Lepoglava. It was not before the end of the 18th century, when the Pauline monastery in Lepoglava was abolished, when this settlement has lost most of its central functions. Moreover, it was in the beginning of 19th century when the city of Ivanec had, for the first time, more inhabitants than Vinica, and it was in that period when Ivanec has become the main central settlement of that area as it is today. Central settlements of the lower level in the period of the Late Middle Ages and the early modern period were centres of Roman Catholic parishes such are Križovljan, Voća, Maruševec, Bela (Margečan), Višnjica, Kamenica and Bednja. After the reforms of the Joseph II Habsburg of 1789, these settlements were accompanied by Nadkrižovljan, Cvetlin i Klenovnik.

Poredbeno istraživanje Sretna grada Frane Petrića i Kućnika Josipa Stjepana Reljkovića

Author(s): Zlata Živakoviž Kerže / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

The reflection of the renaissance economic ideas in Slavonia can be traced on certain level in Josip Stjepan Reljković’s Kućnik. The content of that book, which was published in Osijek in 1796, as well as of the Frane Petrić’s La città felice, which was published in 1551, are highly influenced by the economic idea of a human as the social being. In the beginning of Reljković’s Kućnik and in Petrić’s La città felice one can easily found statement that economic wealth is foundation for the development of the village as well as of the city. By analyzing these two books, one can argue that there are various topics on “agrarian-economic relations”. Both authors, Reljković and Petrić, by their writings, wanted to educate new generations in order to accomplish basic idea of social community of which foundation would be assurance of primary human components – soul and body. Therefore, the renaissance economic ideas can easily be seen in providing necessities for human diet. Furthermore, Petrić’s work is some sort of a handbook for agriculture and livestock farming which are “a work hard and full of anxieties, and for them you need strong men who can bear it”, while Reljković teaches and cautions Slavonian peasant what “every kućnik” need to know. Finally, the origin of “instructive literature for farmers”, among which is Kućnik, is in the instructive calendars of Johann Colerus (Johann Zorn 1560-1639), and these type of was spread not only in the German speaking areas but also in the whole Europe, it is obvious that these ideas were present in Slavonia in 18th century and that they were spread by the circulation of Reljković’s book.

The European Union’s Common Commercial Policy in times of turmoil

Author(s): Grzegorz Mazur / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Purpose: The general aim of the chapter is to identify the main challenges for the EU’s Common Commercial Policy in the context of post-pandemic and war’s experiences as well asfuture trade-related challenges. Design/methodology/approach: The chapter is based on literature/EU official documents, studies, and statistical analysis of the EU’s merchandise trade. It has been structured into two general sections. The first one presents recent trends in the EU’s external merchandise trade caused by the pandemic’s economic repercussions. This is followed by a short analysis of trade disruptions from the Russian-Ukrainian war and trade reactions to the new situation from the EU. Findings: The European Union faces challenges of a fundamental political and economic nature and the Common Commercial Policy is among the main policies defining the EU’s role in the dynamically changing global environment. The COVID-19 pandemic has brought dramatic instabilities to EU economy and trade and the new strategy of the Common Commercial Policy addressed some of the challenges of the evolving global trading system, revealed by the pandemic-related turbulences. Moreover, the Russia–Ukraine war with its geoeconomic and geopolitical consequences has exposed the CCP to new challenges and necessary adjustments. The latest strategy of the EU’s CCP, grounded on open strategic autonomy, emphasises a strong necessity of defending the interests and values of the EU and requires making the trade policy an important engine of green and digital transformation of EU economy. The renewed CCP must also address important trends in the geopolitics of trade and distortions ofthe global system that have symptomised already before the pandemic and the war. Originality and value: The chapter is addressed to students, scholars, and policymakers by contributing to the ongoing debate on the current changes in the global trading system and reactions to those changes from the EU’s Common Commercial Policy.

Dilemmas of organising public transport in COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 times

Author(s): Marcin Jurczak / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Purpose: The chapter aims to identify the most important challenges related to public transport organisation during COVID and post-COVID times. The author asks several questions: How have the restrictions affected (and still affect) public transport? Can economically efficient public transport services be offered in COVID and post-COVID times? And finally: Is public transport safe for users, and will it be safe in the future? Design/methodology/approach: The chapter is based on the literature review and examination of selected case studies. The analysis is carried out in urban transport, regional and interregional rail transport and international transport (particularly air transport). Findings: The chapter specifies the “dilemmas”, of which the most important is a contradiction between the essential requirement for the operation of public transport (to transport many people in a small space) and the basic principle of minimising the increase in COVID infections (the avoidance of large crowds of people). Research limitations: Quantitative methods could further develop and confirm the study. Practical implications: The chapter diagnoses the main challenges related to the organisation and operation of public transport systems in (socially and economically) uncertain times that lie within areas of interest of both managers and local government authorities. Originality and value: The study contributes to the ongoing discussion on improving publictransport.

Geopolitički identitet i geostrateški značaj nerazvijenih zemalja

Author(s): Asmir Mujanović / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Publication Year: 0

Failure to find adequate solutions for democratic development established on the basis of the market economy results primarily in economic, and based on it, other dependencies, which leads to a spiral development with negative consequences for these countries. The most recognizable are: sociopolitical dependence, economic, technical-technological and the necessity of joining one of the security alliances. Democracy and transition for these countries offer many options, and joining one of the alliances or associations is conditional in many ways. Insufficiently strong international entities are subject to various disturbances that they try to overcome independently within the framework of international relations, with the help of the international community or individual countries in the immediate and distant environment. The sublimation of historical, geographical, political, economic and securitydefense problems of underdeveloped countries clearly indicates that they are multiple dependent on international organizations and highly developed countries, but also that their power of absorption is not great when accepting some new values, so transition periods last quite a long time.

Предизвикателства пред кръговата икономика в страните от Латинска Америка

Author(s): Vesselina Dimitrova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The paper identifies some recent studies and examples in the context of circular economy in Latin American countries, for example Columbia, Brazil, Mexico. The paper provides mapping of interest in sustainable innovations, corporate social responsibility, green supply chain and all other aspects relative to Sustainable Development Goals in Latin American countries, including also the sustainable recovery after Covid-19. The analysis of the existing literature confirms the necessity to improve sustainability pillars in Latin American business into economic, environmental and social directions.

Metapersonalizacja finansów osobistych w Polsce

Author(s): Jan Krzysztof Solarz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Purpose: The purpose of this chapter is to propose conceptual framework of personalisation in digital finance. Methodology: The author uses a comparative study of universalism and particularism in personal finance in Poland. Findings: The main factors of the generational difference are technology and financial innovation. They support particularism and critical experience. Studying personal finance through a generational lens is a highly insightful approach in Poland. Social media and big data enable practical use of metapersonalisation in personal finance in Poland.

Jakość respektowania instytucji w krajach posttransformacyjnych

Author(s): Maria Lissowska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

This chapter intends to comment on the insufficient respect of formal institutions inpost-transition countries. It is very important to distinguish formal and informal institutions,because during the transition to market economy, only formal institutions changed, while informal ones were left unchanged. This situation brought about a potential conflict between the two. We analyze the results of this conflict and the need to enhance the enforcement of formal institutions. Among others, the policy can play a role in this enhancement.

Zrównoważone i odporne społeczeństwo

Author(s): Judyta Cabańska,Magdalena Śliwińska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Parallel to the environmental aspects, social well-being is central to the concept of sustainable development. Therefore the purpose of this chapter is to explore the social aspects of sustainable development and the importance of building a sustainable and resilient society in the face of today’s global challenges. This chapter presents the social aspects of sustainable development. It analyses the UN Sustainable Development Goals, the Sustainable Society Index and the importance of building resilient and sustainable societies. It then explores how N. N. Taleb’s concepts of black swans and antifragility can be used to build resilient and sustainable societies. The study was based on an analysis of documents and a review of literature. The study is based on document analysis and literature review. The findings of the study confirm that achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals requires action at both micro- and macro-levels, as well as international cooperation. Societies havean important role to play in achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals, and that sustainable and resilient societies, broadly understood in the context of M. Taleb’s concept of antifragility, may prove crucial in crisis situations.

USLOVI ŽIVOTA I PERCEPCIJA BARIJERA U OSTVARIVANJU PRAVA NA SOCIJALNE USLUGE

Author(s): Mirjana Nećak,Gazela Pudar Draško,Sanja Milutinović Bojanić / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

Numerous barriers stand in the way of people in need when accessing social services protection and support, and for some this access is occasionally and completely prevented. At the same time, it is difficult for women of different ages from rural areas to overcome obstacles and due to the maintenance of the traditional, i.e. patriarchal value system, especially emphasized in rural areas. With additional barriers to access members of ethnic minorities and persons with disability. Barriers combined with insufficient information about opportunities realization of social services undoubtedly influence the creation of (dis)satisfaction with institutions and organizations within the system of social protection and support. How would we understood the barriers encountered by people living in rural areas of Serbia, it is important to understand the wider framework of life circumstances in which the interlocutors live.

ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ НА ЖЕНИТЕ, ИКОНОМИЧЕСКИ РАСТЕЖ И ИКОНОМИЧЕСКО РАЗВИТИЕ

Author(s): Diana Sabotinova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Female education has significant economic effects. Studies have shown that increasing the number of women educated in a region leads to high levels of economic development and promotes gender equality. Female tertiary education has been found to have a positive and significant effect on economic growth rates. Education has been found to be positively associated with women's intra-household decision-making authority and reduces relational friction, such as exposure to psychological abuse. Investing in female education is crucial for sustainable economic development, as it enhances growth, creativity, entrepreneurship, and income allocation.

Устойчивост на научния обмен: три издания на национална докторантска конференция по социология

Author(s): Mihaela Misheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

SABRİ ÜLGENER - ZİHNİYET VE DİN

Author(s): Bahar Küçük / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Şimdilerde, renklerinin ne anlama geldiğini merak ettiğimiz için araştırdığımız laleler, tarihi süreç içerisinde farklı bir konumda bitki olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Edebiyatımızda (Baytop- Kurnaz, 2003, 80) ve sanatımızda neredeyse tartışılmaz yeri olan laleler, 14. Yüzyılla birlikte Anadolu’dan Avrupa’ya geçmiştir. Avrupa’ya geçmesiyle beraber Avrupa’da büyük merak uyandırmış ve bu merak, tam anlamıyla bir “lale çılgınlığı”na dönüşmüştür. Laleler, özellikle Hollanda ve Almanya’da aranan bir meta haline gelmeye başlamıştır. Bu çılgınlık bir statü göstergesi haline gelmeye başlamış, öyle ki bir lale soğanına bütün servetini yatıracak kişiler olmuştur. Bir pazar haline gelen bu çılgınlıkta her finansal metada olduğu gibi bir spekülasyon yaşamış ve Avrupa’da lalenin “lale devri” son bulmaya başlamıştır (Geçmişten Günümüze Lale, 2022).

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF AGRICULTURAL AREAS EQUIPPED WITH IRRIGATION SYSTEMS IN ROMANIA

Author(s): Carmelia Mariana Dragomir Bălănică / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In recent decades, it has become more and more necessary to set up new irrigation systems in areas affected by drought to repair and maintain current equipment in good condition in order to reduce the vulnerability of the agricultural sector to climatic conditions in the context of increasingly obvious global warming. The main purpose of this article is a long-term analysis, 26 years, of the area of land developed with irrigation works and irrigated agricultural area by land use category by region. The data are collected annually by the National Institute of Statistics. The average for the analysed period for the three categories of agricultural land compared are total developed surface – 3,162,759 hectares, developed agricultural surface – 3,062,034 hectares, and arable land – 2,898,772 hectares. The regions with the largest areas arranged for irrigation are South- East, South-Muntenia and South-West Oltenia. The advantages of the rehabilitation and expansion of the irrigation infrastructure in Romania will have a series of significant economic effects on the economic development of farms and a better competitiveness of farmers, but also a greater degree of security for the agricultural sector to face long-term challenges generated by climate change and ensuring food stability and security.

INVESTMENT INCOME - REGULATIONS IN NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL TAX LEGISLATION

Author(s): Corina Bulgac / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The use of financial instruments contributes to additional revenue that can be used for the social and economic development of tax-payers in the long term. The globalisation of economic processes and the deepening of international economic and financial cooperation have led to the diversification of income earned and increased visibility of our country in terms of investment. The Republic of Moldova can be considered an attractive area for foreign investors while, at the same time, remaining a favourable area for domestic investors due to its geographical location, fiscal, political, and social regulations, as well as the existence of a qualified and cheap labour force. The subject of the paper focuses on examining aspects of tax law on financial income from investment activities in national and international practice. A number of methods were used in the research, including statistical, analytical, comparative analysis, content analysis, graphical illustration, etc. In conclusion, as a result of the analysis, it was possible to identify the challenges faced by Moldovan taxpayers who obtain financial income from placement activities in order to ensure an increasing level of income, presenting the advantages and disadvantages.

Социални системи и картини на видимост

Author(s): Andrey Bundzhulov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The main thesis o f the paper is that the concept of ‘sociological system’ (a cornerstone in Bulgarian sociology in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s) could significantly increase its potential if we connect it with the Marxian idea, as developed by Merab Mamardashvili, of converted forms as a mechanism of the functioning of social systems as ‘systems with consciousness’. In that case, however, social systems should not be viewed as pre-given but as constructed by effects of the figuration of appearances, visibilities and pictures of visibility through which they are perceived and reproduced.

Българската масова приватизация и нейните социални ефекти 30 години по-късно през социологическа перспектива

Author(s): Antoaneta Getova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The paper analyzes some long-term effects from the first wave of the mass privatization in Bulgaria. The analysis is based on results of national representative survey made in 2019, regarding the attitudes towards the results of the mass privatization. The main hypothesis of the analysis is that the majority of people who are contemporary of the privatization process does not evaluate the results of the mass privatization in Bulgaria as positive: not in regard to the participation of the citizens, nor regarding the state as a whole. The attitude of people who were not contemporary is mostly neutral. In the paper is also made a brief resume o f the mass privatization in the country based on public data of the Agency for Privatization.

Креативните индустрии във фокуса на туризма

Author(s): Elenita Velikova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The report highlights the potential of creative industries in shaping unforgettable tourist experiences. It examines their importance for tourism in the context of growing demand for meaningful and authentic experiences by modern travelers. The report presents definitions, benefits, and best practices in both international and national contexts, along with key challenges. Recommendations are formulated for the integration of creative tourism into the sustainable development of destinations in Bulgaria. The aim of this report is to explore the role of creative industries as a strategic resource for creating tourism experiences, as well as their significance for the sustainable development of tourist destinations. The study employs the following research methods: content analysis of existing academic literature and best practices from both international and Bulgarian contexts; comparative analysis to contrast approaches to creative tourism across different destinations; synthesis of emerging trends and challenges; and an applied approach, reflected in the formulation of specific recommendations for the Bulgarian context.