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"Celotno posojilo Mestne hranilnice ljubljanske je šlo v žepe akcionarjev in po drugih napačnih potih." Mestna hranilnica ljubljanska in propad industrijske delniške družbe Karel Pollak

Author(s): Mitja Sunčič / Language(s): Slovenian / Issue: 2/2009

Ljubljana City Savings Bank and the Decline of Karel Pollak Industrial Joint-stock Company This year it is the 120'h anniversary of the establishment of Mestna hranilnica ljubljanska (Ljubljana City Savings Bank). On the basis of the archives of this monetary institution, the author of the following contribution explores the previously unknown event, never mentioned before in the historical overviews published to date, of the crediting of the major leather industry joint-stock company Karel Pollak in the period between both World Wars. The discussion focuses on the dynamics of the business relationships between the creditor and borrower with the emphasis on the increasingly tense relations in the time when the Karel Pollak company found itself in financial trouble. In the middle of 1920s the Ljubljana City Savings Bank granted a mortgage credit to the family joint-stock leather industry company Pollak in the amount of 25 million dinars, which was extremely generous for the circumstances of that time. The issue was not problematic until the Great Depression, which affected the Pollak leather company severely. A two-year conflict ensued between the City Savings Bank and this company, during which the owners of the company resorted to many dirty and unethical business moves. The dispute concluded with the bankruptcy of the Pollak joint-stock company and the takeover of its factories, carried out by the City Savings Bank. However, the consequences of the granting of this credit did not only affect the Pollak family - the Ljubljana City Savings Bank also suffered considerable financial losses.

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"FINTECH" as a digital dimension of stable development

Author(s): Mariya Rippa,Serhiy Rippa / Language(s): English / Issue: 49/2021

The subject of the article is a study of the formation, development and implementation of Fintech technologies in the context of ideologies of sustainable development and innovation DeFi (Decentralized Finance) [6], caused by the intensification of large-scale digital economy and global digitalization of all spheres of production and services. blockchain and prospects for the spread of the Internet of Things (IoT) in combination with artificial intelligence (AI). Results of work. Features of chronology and joint course of epochs of industrial evolution together with stages of development of the financial technologies based on a combination and integration of so-called, drivers of "Fintech for sustainable development" (FT4SD) are designated and characterized. The toolbox of FT4SD is shown to be a triad of blockchain, AI and IoT, which together provide a synergistic effect of "decentralized finance", creating a virtually unlimited investment resource for technological innovation in the digital economy within the processes of sustainable development. Conclusions. Despite the difficult economic and epidemiological situation in the world in general and in Ukraine in particular, it has been shown that the ideology of "decentralized finance" has had and will have a positive result.

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"Stumbling and Dusting Off," or an Attempt to Pick a Path Through the Thicket of Bulgaria's New Economic Mechanism

Author(s): Richard J. Crampton / Language(s): English / Issue: 02/1988

The most persistent theme in Bulgarian public life during the 1980s has been the attempt to remodel and improve the national economy in accordance with the New Economic Mechanism, the NEM, which itself has been inseparable from "the scientific-technological revolution. " Economic innovation and experimentation are not new to Bulgaria. Previous attempts, however, have generally failed to live up to expectations, often degenerating into confusing and sometimes contradictory administrative changes before being abandoned in favor of a return to the comforts and certainties of a centralized, Soviet-style, command economy. [...]

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"Sustainable development" as a label within business studies: What can be learned from a bibliometric analysis?

Author(s): Marija Čutura,Ivan Novak,Dijana Ćavar / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2017

In a modern society, the issues of sustainable development have evolved on different levels, from the new global frameworks over governmental policies to the new business models. In the 1980s, the term sustainable development emerged from the relationship between preserving the planet and meeting human needs (IUCN, 1980). The general idea behind the concept of sustainable development is to meet the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (United Nations General Assembly, 1987). As one of the main challenges in economics and business, the concept of sustainable development has also emerged in the wide area of business economics. The aim of this paper is to provide an extensive literature overview dealing with the concept of sustainable development within a field of business economics. For the purpose of the analysis a bibliometric approach with multiple correspondence analyses has been used on the Web of Science Core Collection database for the observed period of ten years. The results illustrate the importance of sustainable development as a topic, as well as wide range of approaches and variety of sub-topics linked to the concept of sustainable development in business and economics literature.

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"The Enlargement of the EU to Balkans" – Policy Reports that shaped the policies and debate on European integration of Balkans

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 2008

Today, western Balkans states are a long way from where they were at the beginning of the decade. The Stabilization and Association process, which has just started in 2000, is almost completed as all the states have negotiated and signed the Stabilization and Association Agreements with the EU, the EU is negotiating visa liberalization agreements and all states are entitled to the new pre-accession financial assistance IPA, designed to address the strategic needs of the region. This progress, apart from the persistent efforts of the national governments and the EU administration, is also partly due to the visionary policy reports and recommendations of people and organizations working on the Balkans. We are convinced that their commitment to the region and the ability to look beyond the limitations of the immediate political context for lasting solutions makes them an irreplaceable item on every reading-list of both those who wish to study the Balkan region and those who aim to produce similar such reports addressing the present dilemmas and challenges for the western Balkan states. “The Enlargement of the EU to Balkans” is a compilation of four reports on the Balkans published since 2000. They all concern the Balkan region and its prospects for the future – away from violent legacies towards peace, stability and European integration. As such, they are a valuable source for all those interested in and studying the recent political developments in this region, for these reports give an overview of the challenges that Balkans states faced on the start of their journey to European integration. We hope this collection of reports will become part of the curricula of schools and departments where Balkan politics, history and EU integration are taught. From the multitude of reports, books and other works written on the Balkans, the reports that follow were not chosen accidentally. Rather, we aimed to include the most influential reports, those which had the greatest impact on the EU and international community’s approach towards the Balkans, those with the most valuable recommendations concerning the features of EU’s policy towards the Balkans. The results of in-depth field research and analysis of diplomatic relations in the region, these reports provided the most credible assistance to the European and other policy-makers when faced with the dilemma ‘how to deal with postconflict post-Milosevic Balkans?’ By publishing their reports again, we also like to pay tribute to those people and organizations that made their most for Balkans to be found in EU integration map.

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"Лошите кредити": институционални и финансови аспекти, 1994

Author(s): Christina Vutcheva / Language(s): Bulgarian / Publication Year: 1994

Since the beginning of 1991 Bulgaria has been living through a period of transition from centralized totalitarian control to free market economy. Year 1990 can be said to mark the political liberation of the people with the adoption of the new Constitution. The economic liberalization, however, is a reality yet to be brought to life since private ownership is not prevalent in the economy. The prime aim of the transition is to substitute an absurd and inefficient economic system for a new one to rely on the free initiative, private ownership and competition.

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"Ханска Украйна - Мукатаа Томбасар" (края на XVII-XVIII век)

Author(s): Alexander Sereda / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Publication Year: 0

The aim of the paper is to explore the region of Northwest Black Sea lands in the early 17th-18th centuries, in the context of the Ottoman and Crimean administrative and territorial structure; the political preconditions for the formation of Khan Ukraine - special administrative and territorial unit with the Ukrainian-Kazakh population under Crimean governance; the organization of the economical and fiscal district "Muqataa Tombasar" in the framework of Khan Ukraine. It presents the defter (register) of the revenues and expanses in Muqataa Tombasar and localizes the settlements and their population in the Northwest Black Sea region.

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(Im)mobility Subcontracted: Nesting Hierarchies, Uneven Distributions and the ‘Roma Inclusion’ Projects in Europe

Author(s): Jan Grill / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2020

This paper explores social mobilities and trajectories in relation to particular mechanisms of subcontracting and of unequal distribution of capitals in the emerging field of EU funded projects for poor and socially excluded populations in Europe. It discusses some of the struggles for possible mobilities and its limits amidst continuing production and reproduction of privileges, disadvantages and structural orders in these project-cum-policy worlds constraints. By examining a particular case of a large-scale and multi-sited project and other similar project schemes, described by some of its proponents as one of the most ‘participatory’ projects for Roma in Europe, the article illustrates particular mechanisms of power and knowledge reproduction that facilitates some kinds of mobilities while also reproducing certain constraints and limits on these possibilities (for some subjects and some social trajectories). It develops an ethnographic critique of situated and nesting hierarchies of management and brokerage leading to reproduction of particular setups, privileges, unequal economic distribution and (mis)recognitions of capitals, which allows for particular emergence of particular kinds of contested ‘expertise’ in the uneven field of so-called ‘Roma inclusion’.

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(Nie)biedna wieś polska

Amanda Krzyworzeka "Rolnicze strategie pracy i przetrwania"

Author(s): Zofia Włodarczyk / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 9/2015

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(NON-)CONVEX PRODUCTION METAFRONTIER FOR THE BALTIC STATES

Author(s): Linas Rudminas,Tomas Baležentis / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2020

The productive technology can be defined for different levels of aggregation (e.g., enterprises, economic sectors, economies). The groups of relatively homogenous observations can be established in order to model their performance with respect to the corresponding frontiers. The grand technology comprising all the frontiers is termed as the metafrontier. In this paper, we look into the dynamics of productivity of the three Baltic States, namely, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania over the period of 2000-2016. We establish country-specific frontiers and a metafrontier in order to identify technological superiority of the countries against each other. What is more, we apply both convex and non-convex metafrontier in order to ascertain whether the underlying axioms impact the technological gaps. The results confirm the technological superiority of Estonia with regards to the other two Baltic states. Capital productivity requires improvement in Lithuania, whereas both capital and labour productivity gains are necessary in Latvia in order to approach the metafrontier.

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1 KASIM 2015 SEÇİMLERİNDE AK PARTİ’NİN SİYASAL KAMPANYASINDA YER ALAN EKONOMİK VAATLERİN SEÇİM SONUÇLARINA YANSIMASI

Author(s): Tuba Kalçik / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 30/2016

Political parties in a democratic system, are trying to get his/her vote by convincing voters. Parties make political campaign which is a political communication activities to convince voters. Parties use election promises as an important instrument of political campaign in order to be attracted the vote of the electorate. Promises which are made to answer the main problems of the country, the electorate’s expectations and demand’s, function as an effective tool to convince. In this study, it is appeared that how the economic promises which are used in AK Party’s political campaign in 1 November general election affect the election results.

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10 lat członkostwa Polski w Unii Europejskiej. Skutki włączenia do jednolitego rynku europejskiego

Author(s): Małgorzata Czermińska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2014

The inclusion of Poland to the common market for goods meant the abolition of customs duties and quantitative restrictions on agricultural products in mutual trade with the countries of the European Union (customs duties on industrial goods have already been abolished by the Europe Agreement) and the application of the Common Customs Tariff on imports from third countries. Freedom of movement of goods after the accession to the EU accounted for Polish entrepreneurs a chance, because the fulfillment of EU norms and standards means full access to the common market, amounting to more than 500 million inhabitants. Particularly noticeable was the impact of accession on foreign trade, which, thanks to the membership not only gained easier access to the common market, but also new opportunities to increase trade with third countries. Since Polish accession to the EU gradually increased trade in agricultural products as well as their participation in the Polish foreign trade. Emigration of Poles also increased significantly, especially to countries that with effect from 1 May 2004 opened their labor markets, namely the United Kingdom, Ireland. In the final evaluation of the benefits of joining the common market and free movement of goods, persons, services and capital far outweigh, in both the scale of the economy and at the micro level, the costs associated with membership in the European common market.

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1995-2011 Döneminde Avrasya Ekonomilerine Yapılan Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımların (DYY) Dünya Trendi ile Karşılaştırılması

Author(s): Hayri Tuzla,Suat Teker / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 4/2013

The world which rapidly globalizes and where the boundaries diminish day by day, the foreign direct investments affect many diverse macroeconomic variables, specifically economic growth and unemployment. Most current studies support that there exists a strong causality relationship between foreign direct investments and economic growth.On the other hand, there exists a weaker positive causality relationship between economic growth and foreign direct investments. Moreover, it is an undeniable fact that the economic growth leads to a decline in unemployment. This study aims to compare the foreign direct investment trends of seven Eurasian countries (Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan) in the period of 1995 and 2011. The results are compared to both the world foreign direct investment trend and the other Central Asian countries.

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1999-2017 DÖNEMİNDE TÜRK BANKACILIK SEKTÖRÜ VE KREDİLERİN GELİŞİMİ

Author(s): Sultan Sari / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 7/2020

Turkey financial system, the most of 83% of financial assets belongs to banks, is based on banks and deposit banking. Crediting influence macroeconomy and so it worths always to research. The aim of the study, is to analyze the Turkish banking sector on the base of “loans” in the 1999-2017 period by historical developments and tables. In this way, the turningpoint in Turkish economy and banking is 24 January regulations. Because, for example, interest rate started to be decided freely in the market, it made easy to banks to enter to the sector and the selective credit policies were removed. After that, these neoliberal policies often lead to economics crises named “banking crises”. Especially, after 2000-2001 crises, non-performing loans rate increased seriously. In this macroecomic environment, banks lead to economic constriction by crediting less and calling to pay back loans and so lead to the aggravation of the problems by increasing the non-performing loans. All these developments caused to some reform and regulations on international standards. Therefore, Turkish banking sector was affected less and came out of the Global crisis stronger. In the sector, the rate of foreign banks is high. After 2000 years, first big 5 banks have the most of the half of the assets, deposits and credits. First 10 big banks, on the other hand, have the most of 80%. After 2000-2001 crises, the rates of banking loans - assets and total loans- GDP increased. Until 2008, textile and construction was including in the most credit-concentrated 6 sectors. After 2004, individual loans is first and secondly whole and retail trade in the concentration rank. In the 2007-2016 perriod, construction is always on the third. The whole and retail, and construction have the high share in non-performing loans.

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2005-2015 Yillari İtibariyle Seçilmiş Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler Çerçevesinde Doğrudan Yabanci Yatirim-Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisinin Panel Veri Analizi

Author(s): Selin Ayaz / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 35/2017

The world has entered a period of intense globalization, especially after the 1980s. After this process, international economic, political and cultural relationships have increased. The biggest impact of globalization on the economy has been the increase in foreign direct investments. In this study, the effects of foreign direct investment on developing country economies were tried to be analyzed by panel data analysis. Economic growth has been affected foreign direct investments in the negative direction, foreign direct investments have been affected fixed capital investments in the positive direction have been achieved by this study for the base period.

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2008 Krizinin Bulaşma Etkisi: Bir Finansal Kriz Göstergesi Olarak Hisse Senedi Fiyat Endeksi Üzerine Bir Analiz

Author(s): Ceren Kocabaş / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: Special/2016

Contagion can be expressed as the spillover of any shock across countries, and a change in market sensibility. In this study, in addition to the expression of the notion of contagion within the literature, there will be an analysis of the 2008 crisis using monthly data of the variable of stock price indices from January 2004 to December 2013 using the MA(1)-GARCH(1,1)-M method. According to the results obtained, it was observed that there was an increase in stock price volatility in the crisis period, and it was determined that most countries in different parts of the world were affected by the crisis which arose in the American mortgage market, and that the contagion occurred because of the financial channel.

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25 Years of Change in Management Control Systems and Business Education in Estonia

Author(s): Ülle Pärl / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2017

During the last 25 years, the Estonian economy has transitioned from a centrally planned economy to a market-oriented, globally open, highly competitive economy. Although during these years there has been fast growth and Estonians could tell a lot of success stories, research shows that management practices are still less advanced compared to those in enterprises from developed countries. Increased competition, openness and innovation increased the significance of more sophisticated management control systems (MCS). Researchers accentuate the role of managers and their education and training in using and developing more sophisticated MCS in companies. The objective of the current paper is to better understand how changes in the business environment, managerial training and education are connected to developments in MCS in Estonia. This article provides an overview of the statistics and studies completed in Estonia over the last 25 years. As this study shows, the last decade has brought a different level of internationalization and development in the business environment and business education. The problems associated with developments in MCS, using cloud technology, business education and managerial training are the same in Estonia as in developed countries. To develop the business and economic environment in the country, Estonian entrepreneurs need high-level data processing, analytical and financial education, and practical training courses.

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30 years of integration in the Baltic Sea Region: security against the background of the current geopolitical situation

Author(s): Iwona Śmigerska-Belczak / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2019

The aim of the article is to attempt to assess the results achieved in the economic and political field from the perspective of past cooperation as well as to see whether the directions and forms of this cooperation remain adequate to the challenges expected to be faced in the near future. In the current situation, the process of sustainable development implemented, among others, through the introduction of the concept of circular economy seems to be a solution guaranteeing security in all areas as well as further development.

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3D Modeling in Management Processes of New Products Production Preparation

Author(s): Józef Matuszek,Tomasz Seneta / Language(s): English / Issue: 12.1/2016

The paper defines the concept of 3D modeling. It includes the characteristics of the production processes preparation in condition of mass production, trends in the methods for process design development of new products in large industrial corporations as well as their implementation in individual enterprises. It presents modern methods of logistic processes modeling and simulation as well as the examples of production activities design including visualization. Finally, the thesis determines the possibilities of given course of proceedings in the application of production practice.

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438 NO`LU MUHÂSEBE- VLÂYET- ANADOLU DEFTERNE GÖRE XVI. YÜZYILIN LK ÇEYREGNDE HONAZ KAZÂSI

Author(s): Bilal Yildiz / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 21/2014

In this study, socio-economic aspects of Honaz Township in the first quarter of XVIth century, which was an important township of Kutahya City which was a state of Ottoman Empire in its golden age, will be examined in the framework of Anatolian Accounting Register which dates from 1530 and numbered 438. The register mentioned above has all necessary sources such as wealth sources, population movements, ethnic structure, foundations, administrative and military structure, system of the state. The main aim of this work is to eliminate the deficiencies by evaluating all data in the register written in Suleyman The Magnificent’s time and works about Honaz and its income sources, settlement, population, foundations, socio-cultural structure of that period and also provide materials which can be used safely and easily by the historians who search this topic.

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