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Zależność między wiekiem a czasem pozostawania bez pracy bezrobotnych w Polsce

Author(s): Anna Turczak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2016

Discrimination on the grounds of age is an important problem of the Polish labor market. This problem is quite common. Stereotypical thinking and poor public awareness of older people’s potential do not support the proper use of human capital available on the Polish labor market. Depreciation of the elderly is noticeable in the recruitment processes as well as in the case of those who are working. The aim of the article was to answer the question, what is the relationship between the age of the unemployed and the time that he or she needs to find a job. The research was carried out on all registered unemployed in Poland. The analysis concluded that unemployment duration tends to increase with age, and this regularity is not accidental in nature and was demonstrated on the basis of eight consecutive years. In addition, it was noted that differences in the structure of the unemployed in terms of time of unemployment are not constant and decrease with the transition to the next age groups.

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Gender and youth migration for empowerment: migration trends from Tanzania

Author(s): Gemma Todd,Benjamin Clarke,Millie Marston,Mark Urassa,Jim Todd / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

Migration remains a central concern in urbanisation, especially in Africa. With mobility, and migration, articulated as norms of the twenty-first century this paper introduces a focus on trending realities. The paper describes the migration to and from the rural hinterland of a medium-sized African city in Tanzania. By asking questions on migration trends within livelihoods, this project identifies the emerging demographic patterns, and geographies, within Tanzania. Analysis was carried out on a Health and Demographic Surveillance Site (HDSS) database. The HDSS site data provides an overview of population movement in, out, and within, Kisesa, Tanzania. The results raise discussion concerning what mobility means and the connections between migration and urbanisation. The results raise two key points. Certain factors increase the �risk� of migration: age, sex, place of residence, and being able to migrate individually. These risk factors as interconnected. Results highlight the need for a gender and age sensitive approach with feminising, and youthful, migration trends identified. Secondly, migration is not necessarily rural-urban, but rather increasingly involve local movements within the Kisesa ward and circular mobilities�.

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Healthy ageing as a visible public health activity and governmental responsibility. Health Promotion for Older People in the Czech Republic. Institutional and financial dimension

Author(s): Agnieszka Sowa-Kofta,Anna Szetela / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

The health status of the Czech population has been improving over the past decades. The life expectancy increased from 67.6 for men/75.5 for women in 1990 to 75.9 for men/82.1 for women in 2014, becoming one of the highest in the Central and Eastern European region. Still, the older population faces many health risks related to obesity, high alcohol consumption, physical inactivity and smoking. Over half of the population above the age of 65 suffers from long-lasting illnesses and over half of the population above the age of 75 reports limitation in activities. Health promotion for older people in the Czech Republic is growing in importance. There have been nationwide health promotion programmes against the main civilisation diseases, which older people could benefit from. In recent years two strategic programmes: the National Strategy for Health Protection and Promotion and Disease Prevention and the National Action Plan for Positive Ageing for the period of 2013–2017 came into existence with healthy ageing being an important target for both of them. Health promotion policy is strongly centralised, supervised on the one hand by the Ministry of Health and the National Institute of Public Health and on the other hand by the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs. At the same time, the activity of local governments and – especially – non-governmental organisations is important in supporting visible health promotion programmes for older people at the local level.

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Zachowania konsumentów 60+ na trójmiejskim rynku luksusowych produktów spożywczych

Author(s): Joanna Newerli-Guz,Agnieszka Rybowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2015

Recently, there has been observed an intensive development of the market for luxurious goods, which offers the consumer a bigger and bigger assortment of products and wider and wider accessibility thereof. An aim of the carried out research was to learn the elder people’s behaviours in the market for luxurious food products. The research was carried out by the method of direct survey. In the questionnaire, there was applied the cafeteria-style checklist of single and multiple choice. The findings were presented as a percentage of responses. The survey covered the group of 280 dwellers of Tricity aged 60+, of whom 130 individuals were participants of classes at the Elder People’s Activity Centre in Gdynia and the Gdansk Third Age University. The survey was conducted in March and April 2014. It was stated that elder consumers used to buy luxurious food products. The most often consumed include cured meat products, cheeses and coffee, while the most seldom – seafood. The incentives to buy such products are their high quality and positive influence on health, while the barriers – high price and low accessibility. For elder people important are recommendations made by their acquaintances as well as promotion of luxurious products and dishes by way of culinary TV programmes. The main places for luxurious food products shopping are up-market delicatessen and supermarkets. The survey showed that elder people readily reach for the top-shelf products; hence they constitute an important segment in such market development. This is an important signal addressed to the business practice, representatives of distribution channels, and traders. This market segment should be treated as attractive for which it is worthwhile to prepare an adequate offer, communication channels and proper incentives. The article is of the research nature.

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Situation of People Aged 50+ in the Labour Market in Poland

Author(s): Urszula Kłosiewicz-Górecka / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2013

The aim of author’s deliberations is to present the situation of people aged 50+ being in a specific situation in the labour market in Poland. The subjects of analysis are: the level of economic activity of the selected group of individuals, level of their employment, scale and structure of unemployment as well as opportunities of economic activity. The analysis comprised the years 2005-2011 and the data available for the year 2012. An information base was, first of all, the figures provided by the Central Statistical Office (GUS), which in various materials cover different age groups, i.e. 45-54 years, 55-59/60 and 60/65 and more; 45-54 years and 55 and more; 50-69 years; 50 and more. Usage of numerous books, articles and papers the issues concerning the situation in the labour market of individuals aged 50+ allowed deepening the ratio analysis carried out in the article.

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Zašto su "namćori" otišli iz komšiluka? Predstavljanje starosti u domaćoj televizijskoj reklami – ponovljeno istraživanje

Author(s): Ljubica Milosavljević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2013

The paper represents an attempt to examine to what extent the way in which older members of society are represented in Serbian television commercials has changed in comparison to representations which were present in commercials during the three months in 2009 (Milosavljevic 2010a) when the first study was conducted. As was the case in the first study, the focus is on dominant societal attitudes toward old people and old age which were utilized in making the television commercials in question. This was accomplished through analyzing both the positive and the negative stereotypes used to convey meaning in the commercials which were analyzed, as well as through the analysis of the proportional representation of older characters in advertising. The commercials which were analyzed here were broadcasted during the second half of December 2012, January and the first half of February 2013.

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Konstrukcija starosti: štampa o domovima za stare (1945-1960)

Author(s): Ljubica Milosavljević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2010

Newspaper texts published in the period between the end of World War II and the late 1950s in the Belgrade dailies Borba and Politika have been analyzed for the purpose of studying the process of how old age, as a social issue, has repeatedly "appeared" and "disappeared" from the public eye. These texts illustrate one of the fundamental tenets of constructionism that leads to reality perceived as, and provide insight into the reasons that this social problem, which dates back to the emergence of a burgeois civil society in 19th century Serbia, was perceived in the period studied as just constructed. In this way, it is possible to explain how before becomes after, and why newspapers refer to an old people’s home built no earlier than 1959 as the "first" home of its kind in Belgrade.

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Pravo na starosnu mirovnu mobilnih radnika temeljem uredbi o koordinaciji sustava socijalne sigurnosti Europske unije

Author(s): Tomislav Sokol / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2015

European Union has from its inception been developing as a sectoral organisation focused on foundation of a common market among the member states. Since its inception in the form of European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), which was followed by European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM), the establishment of free trade zone and the customs union represented the crux of integration process. Against the backdrop of the previously described context, social security and redistribution, including pensions, remained within the area of primary jurisdiction of member states of the communities existing at the time. Irrespective of this distribution of jurisdiction between the European and the national level, pension systems in member states were affected by the European regulations. The reasons for this state of affairs is due to the fact that free movement of labour is considered one of the fundamental rights (in addition to free movement of goods, free provision of services, free business location, as well as free movement of capital) which have been the foundations for the European single market since the inception of integration. Against the backdrop of the previously described context, eligibility for retirement pension required regulation at the European level, in order to ensure that the workers who had exercised the right of free movement, or the right to work in other member states, are not placed in a more unfavorable position due to their mobility compared with the position they would have occupied had they not exercised the previously mentioned right to freedom of movement. This article is aiming to provide an overview of the European legal framework (currently the EU legal framework) for eligibility for retirement pension (paid by the member state) of workers who had exercised their right to free movement and work in a member state whose nationality they do not possess, with a special emphasis on regulations on social security system co-ordination. Consequently, in addition the entitlement of mobile workers to retirement pension, an overview has been provided also of the limits of regulatory autonomy of member states concerning the right to regulate the eligibility for retirement pension within their own pension systems in compliance with the EU laws. The previously mentioned issue is significant also in case of Croatia as the newest member state which hence needs to harmonise its legislation and legal practices with the EU directives. The article comprises of several parts in order to achieve the previously mentioned objective. In the first section, it analyses the primary law of the European Union (primarily the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union) which prescribes the distribution of jurisdiction of the Union and the member states in the area of the pension system and the possibility of regulation of the previously mentioned area by the Union. Subsequently, secondary law of the EU is analysed (focusing on regulations on social security system co-ordination) which comprehensively defines the eligibility for exercising the right to retirement pension of mobile workers in the EU, along with the relevant court reports by the European Court of Justice in this area.

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Demographic Processes in Developmentally Peripheral Areas of Hungary

Author(s): János Pénzes,Istvan Zoltan Pastor,Patrik Tátrai / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

The current study investigates the demographic processes and challenges of the Hungarian peripheral settlements. Demographic challenges can be regarded as important consequences of the social and economic disadvantages in spatial terms. However, the interrelating negative demographic tendencies cause even more backward situation blocking or hindering the development. As a part of the analysis the peripheral settlements were delimited according to a previous complex and detailed study. Seven variables were chosen from this set after a systematic narrowing procedure requiring multiple steps. Eight different multivariate statistical methodologies were applied to create complex indicators as a kind of essence and to make spatial categories by the extent of peripherality. The objective of the current analysis is to discover the demographic characteristics of the peripheral settlements and to detect the spatial disparities. Additional important objective is to point out the correlation between backwardness and the investigated demographic phenomena. In order to detect the tendencies, the census databases between 1980 and 2011 were used and local datasets on Roma population were applied. Data aggregations and manipulations were used instead of difficult multivariate statistical methods. Depopulation is one of the greatest challenges in Hungary. Backward areas are primarily characterized by decreasing and dynamically decreasing population number, with striking disparities, but there were growing communities among them as well. In general, strong depopulation could be detected among these settlements (approximately 23 percent decrease between 1980 and 2011). Some small villages in Northern and Southwestern Hungary with enormous population decrease will foreseeably face complete depopulation within few years.The strongly peripheral group of settlements, primarily small sized villages, faced intense decrease in rate of natural change. But dynamic population growth was also detected, which is caused by natural increase that was typical almost in every peripheral settlement with Roma majority. Migration loss tends to correlate with the extent of peripherality, as increasing values of migration balance are accompanied by decreasing ratio of peripheral settlements in the area. The dynamic population aging of Hungary could be detected since the 1980s. The ratio of peripheral settlements represents one peak in the case of the group of settlements with more than 40 percent of elderly population. Even more prominent ratio of peripheral settlements could be detected in the juvenile groups of settlements. The most characteristic and extended areas with aging population could be found in the Zemplén area, in the Northern-Cserehát in Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County, in the Western Transdanubia (in Zala County) and in the Hungarian Great Plain – in mosaic-like pattern. The ratios of Roma population reflect the scale of peripherality. Every settlement having Roma majority (more than 130 villages) was in the peripheral categories. Extended ethnic change could be predicted in Northeastern and Southwestern Hungary and near the Middle Tisza valley. Presented demographic processes - in our opinion - will make the backwardness of most of the peripheral settlements stable.

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Factors Influencing the Provision of Social Welfare Services at the Level of Territorial Self-Government of the Slovak Republic

Author(s): Vladimíra Žofčinová / Language(s): English Issue: 29/2017

In the democratic countries with the prevailing social-oriented economy, the social assistance fulfills the basic function in the provision of the living standard of individuals, who are in a pressing social situation and they are not capable of handling that situation on its own and seek for an intervention from the part of the state. V Author thinks of the factors that influence the exercise of the right to benefit from the social welfare services through the legal principles. We pay our attention to the social welfare services provided to the senior citizens and present them via the example of Košice self-governing region, thus from the view of the territorial self-government. In present, it is expected that further development of social welfare services for senior citizens will continue particularly due to the aging population.

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Populaciona politika u Srbiji: stanje i očekivanja

Author(s): Mirjana M. Rašević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2009

Population policy is a requirement and demand of the times we are living in. Serbia’s response to the problems of demographic development is based on numerous adopted documents of strategic type regarding the policy towards population fertility, mortality and population ageing. Their adoption, however, represents only the first step. A good first step, it seems. All important resources of the population policy are recognized in the strategies. Numerous measures and activities have been stated, many worked out. A multi-sector approach has been accepted, defined and coordinated in their realization. However, the realization of expected results will greatly depend on the operationalization of proposed measures and activities and of course, their putting into effect. On the contrary, in the strategic document which the state adopted towards migrations, there has not even been an attempt to find solutions regarding a more complete political response towards internal and external migrations. What is the least necessary is carrying out measures and activities in order to mitigate problems which arise from a disturbed spatial population distribution and population drain. The time factor in population policy is especially important because, on the one hand, accomplishment of positive effects and mitigation of demographic disturbances requires time and, on the other hand, any delay of changes worsens the demographic basis and increases the strength of its inertness.

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Reviews

Author(s): Paweł Koza,Ida Daszczyńska,Anna Kasperczyk / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2017

The review of: - Maull F., Dharma in Hell: The Prison Writings of Fleet Maull. Prison Dharma Network, Boulder 2005, 125 pp. ISBN: 0-9718143-1-7. - Parker J., Social work with refugees and asylum seekers: A rationale for developing practice. “Practice: Social Work in Action”, 2000, 12 (3): 61–76. - McLaine S., Bibliotherapy: Reading for Wellbeing in Old Age. Alzheimer’s Australia Dementia Forum (unpublished paper), 14 August 2012.

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Rewitalizacja a polityka senioralna

Author(s): Jerzy Krzyszkowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3.3/2018

The main goal of the article is the analysis of relations between the programs of revitalization that are already underway in many local governments in Poland and local senior policy that has been developed in some local governments. Senior policy is defined as the improvement of living standards to ensure wellbeing, security and independence of the old population in Poland. After the introduction where the goal, the main thesis and the used methodology are presented there are chapters focused on the description of demographic situation and the old people’s needs and senior policy and on presentation of the definition and practical meaning of revitalization. The second part of the article is the presentation of the study based on the analysis of revitalization with the use of contents analysis of local programs of revitalization in the Lodz Voivodship.

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Czynniki demograficzne, społeczno-kulturowe oraz formalno-prawne modeli biznesowych prywatnych domów seniora w Polsce

Author(s): Anna Staszewska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2.2/2017

The article analyzes factors that should be considered when the business model of a private nursing senior is design. The author characterizes selected common and important features of business models for projects that are already run. Those factors also should determine the shape and profile of its operations, including demographic factors, socio-cultural and formal-legal determinates. Analysis was carried out on the basis of available literature, business plans form nursing homes, and other documents revealing elements which can contribute to slowing down development and management of the nursing private homes in Poland.

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The Aging Human Body as a Biological or Sociocultural Reality: A Study Based on the Writings of Select Christian Philosophers and Research on the Elderly

Author(s): Emilia Kramkowska / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

Because the topic is complex, the representatives of various scientific disciples have taken up the question of the corporeality of the human person. For example, biological and medical science researchers analyze the human body as a biological phenomenon, while those in the humanities, philosophy, or the social sciences consider the socio-cultural dimensions of corporeality. This article takes the latter approach both by considering the thoughts of select Christian philosophers and analyzing results obtained from a study carried out among people aged 60 years and older in order to answer the following questions: Do the elderly perceive the human body as a biological or as a sociocultural reality? How does this same population understand the aging body? According to the results of this study, seniors perceive the human body at any age primarily as a biological reality. The way that the study participants experience the drama of aging, as St. Augustine calls it in his writings, could have influenced why they rarely consider the sociocultural dimension of aging.

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Influence of Demographic and Social Factors over Voluntary Pension and Life Insurance in Romania

Author(s): Andreea Claudia Urean / Language(s): English Issue: 10/2016

The European Union faces major demographic changes on medium and long term, the elderly population increasing in contrast to the young generation [17]. Demographic trends presented in the Ageing Report [7] look unpromising for the next decades. In the context of the pressure which demographic aging puts upon social protection systems, pension systems’ management is a challenge even for the developed countries. Another challenge is the low penetration of life insurances in emerging economies, although life insurance has become an effective tool to encourage savings, and compete with other forms of saving. This paper is a comparative analysis on how the residence environment of respondents, the development region, education and income level influence the possession of a voluntary pension and life insurance in Romania. Our study uses the descriptive analysis as research methodology, and the practical documentation is based on data provided by a representative survey among Romania's active population (aged 18-65 years).

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Does Demography Matters in Growth of Government Expenditure? A Case Study of Jammu and Kashmir (India) With Co-Integration Approach

Author(s): Samir Ul Hassan,Biswhambara Mishra / Language(s): English Issue: 11/2017

The paper investigates the behavior of demographic dimension on the growth of aggregate Government expenditure in the state of Jammu and Kashmir (India) in long and short run. Demographic dimensions, anywhere, are related to different aspects of population which pushes the government expenditure to higher level. The state of Jammu and Kashmir is not the exception, the increasing trend in different aspects of population, rising needs and aspirations of the growing population forces the government to increase expenditure on that count, which result in increase in aggregate government expenditure. Using multivariate co-integration technique followed by VAR model on annual time series data for the period 1984-2013, the study found that demographic dimensions do not have long run association with government expenditure. The demographic variables affect government expenditure only in short run. Our study found that population above 65 and rate of urbanization are significant demographic factors which produce positive change in government expenditure while increase in total population is insignificant to produce change in government expenditure.

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Uloga vlasti u aktivnom starenju stanovništva

Author(s): Sena Družić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 3/2013

Older population of people is a specific social group whose needs emerge in the field of social politics, as an organized engagement of social community in provision of life conditions, i.e. social security of people. Older people are faced with a number of unresolved issues in nearly all aspects of life. What needs to be emphasized is their frequent exclusion from the society and very difficult financial situation. However, older people are the beneficiaries of social rights, and therefore the intervention of the government towards them needs to be qualitative and fast. That intervention includes issuance of laws, provision of assets for pension and disability insurance, qualitative health care, etc. The role of government is very important in inclusion of older persons in the social community, because government representatives are able to set the paths and define the programs for resolution of numerous problems that older population has. Due to the above mentioned reasons it is important to identify positions of old persons in the local community, and establish the possibilities for their active aging.

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"Nisu dali gospodaru 'z ruk...“. Starost u prigorskim i zagorskim selima između dva svjetska rata

Author(s): Suzana Leček / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 23/2000

The paper deals with the position of the elderly in the complex families of the Prigorje and Hrvatsko Zagorje regions in the time period between the World War I and the World War II. It aims at answering the questions until what age do people maintained the power within their families, how was this power expressed, and how their work and ownership over land influenced their maintenance of authority. The paper also warns about the differences between the widowers and widows, shown through the differences in the land ownership.

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Uz problem "davanja na komenciju" na vinkovačkom području

Author(s): Ljubica Gligorević / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 8/1985

Contractual maintenance relations have existed in the Vinkovci area and larger Slavonia for a long time. Such a relationship is established by a contract according to which an owner of land makes someone his/her legal heir in exchange for lifelong sustenance and proper funeral arrangements (dohrana i sahrana). This phenomenon can be traced back to the turn of the century when last large zadruge derided and nuclear families became predominant. Older people have been frequently left alone, without legal heirs, on estates which they are no longer able to farm. Or their children, ^uninterested in farm-work, abandon the village. Hence, old people must often establish contractual maintenance relationships with relatives, neighbors or persons recommended to them. In the village of Nuštar near Vinkovci, a retirement home for the villagers has been founded. Rather than paying monthly alimonies, old rural people can grant their property to the home in exchange for lifelong sustenance. This is a new, socialized form of care for old persons, but it rests on the principles which people experience as traditional.

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