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4.50 €

КУЛТУРНОТО НАСЛЕДСТВО КАТО РЕСУРС В ИКОНОМИКАТА. ПРИМЕРЪТ НА МАЛКИ ХЛЕБОПЕКАРНИ В БЪЛГАРИЯ

Author(s): Ivanka Petrova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The trends of healthy nutrition spreading worldwide can be observed by the example of the extending consumer niche, oriented to the demand for bread, made by hand and baked in small bakeries. The entrepreneurs, owners of such bakeries I investigated in 2015, claim that in the process of their professional work and by its results they have been endeavoring to fit in that niche oriented to healthy and nature-conforming nutrition. Apart from laying emphasis on the use of maximum high quality products in bread-making, they also apply cultural approaches in order to construct the image of bread as a cultural value, inherited from the past, and to conceptualize the ways and technologies of its production as social actions marking “a return to traditions”. The entrepreneurs display the production and marketing of a product of a very high symbolic value, exceeding and even incomparable with its market value. In this way small bread-makers practically become part in the generation of cultural heritage. The article presents some cultural approaches of small bread-makers in Bulgaria, whereby bread-making has been constructed as cultural heritage. I identified these approaches in the self-presentation of the members of the branch organization “Bulgarian Guild of Bakers” (constituted in 2014) during their participation in the Crafts Fair in Plovdiv in April 2015. For the theoretical framework of my research I rely on the concepts of cultural heritage and its construction and instrumentalization, developed by Barbara Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, David Lowenthal, Herman Bausinger, Ingo Schneider and Robert Pekham.

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Dřevěné a polodřevěné drobné sakrální objekty ve fotosbírkách Etnologického ústavu Akademie věd v Praze

Author(s): Dana Motyčková,Kateřina Sedlická / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Wooden and half-wooden sacral buildings, including small sacral constructions, can be found in more funds in the photo-archives at the Institute of Ethnology AS CR, v.v.i. The focus of the contribution is on the funds titled Listing Research of the Czechoslovak Ethnographic Society, which is a result of a large field research made by the Ethnographic Society between 1952 and 1962 under the organization of Karel Chotek and Vilém Pražák. Originally, the research was aimed at the study of the Czech folk culture as a whole; later on, for the time and financial reasons, it focused mainly on the documentation of folk architecture, especially that in the borderlands or regions endangered by mining, hydraulic structures etc.

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Проституцията в Древен Рим

Author(s): Ivanka Doncheva / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The practice of prostitution in ancient Rome reflected the ambivalent attitudes of Romans toward pleasure and sexuality. Prostitution was legal and licensed. Even Roman men of the highest social status were free to engage prostitutes of either sex without incurring moral disapproval, as long as they demonstrated self-control and moderation in the frequency and enjoyment of sex. At the same time, the prostitutes themselves were considered shameful: most were either slaves or former slaves, or if free by birth relegated to the infames, people utterly lacking in social standing and deprived of most protections accorded to citizens under Roman law, a status they shared with actors and gladiators, all of whom, however, exerted sexual allure. Latin literature makes frequent reference to prostitutes. Historians such as Livy and Tacitus mention prostitutes who had acquired some degree of respectability through patriotic, law-biding, or euergetic behavior. The highclass “call girl” (meretrix) is a stock character in Plautus’s comedies, which were influenced by Greek models. The poems of Catullus, Horace, Ovid, Martial, and Juvenal, as well the Satyricon of Petronius, offer fictional or satiric glimpses of prostitutes. Real-world practices are documented by provisions of Roman law that regulate prostitution, and by inscriptions, especially graffiti from Pompeii. Erotic art in Pompeii and Herculaneum from sites presumed to be brothels has also contributed to scholarly views on prostitution.

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Author(s): Mariana Șora,Adriana Babeți,Cornel Ungureanu,Nicolae Breban,Tinu Pârvulescu,Daniel Chirot,Ioana Copil-Popovici,Mihai Șora / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Our magazine offers you some exclusive interviews: "Third Europe" in conversation with Mariana Șora, Mihai Șora, Nicolae Breban, Daniel Chirot.

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ЛИНГВОМЕТОДИЧЕСКИЙ ПОТЕНЦИАЛ ФОЛЬКЛОРНЫХ ТЕКСТОВ В ПРАКТИКЕ ПРЕПОДАВАНИЯ РУССКОГО ЯЗЫКА КАК ИНОСТРАННОГО

Author(s): Nina Agapova / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The presentation shows how to use folk texts (including those having regional features) during the lessons of Russian language with foreign learners. It contains the analysis of difficulties which the learners encounter during the process of adaptation to the culture and the language of other country. It includes examples of methodical techniques for minimization of such difficulties. It presents the value of folk texts for learning Russian foreign language and interpretation of other linguoculture. The author uses her experience of teaching Russian to foreign students of Faculty of Philology of Tomsk State University.

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Pazarlamada Tüketim Ritüellerine İlişkin Kavramsal Bir Çalışma

Author(s): Özlem Şenlik / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Culture is the most basic building block that connects individuals living in groups. Customs, customs, weddings, holidays, funerals... contain many behaviors that are realized and passed on from generation to generation thanks to this bond. These behaviors are defined as rituals. Even if the individual lives alone or with the community, he has many behaviors that come from the past, sometimes he cannot make sense of it, and there is no cause and effect relationship, but still repeats. Behaviors in the form of celebration, commemoration, commemoration and blessing necessitate consumption. Whether the consumer is an individual or a society, these behaviors show consumption behaviors shaped by reasons such as offerings, presentations and showing off. Consistent consumption behaviors are expressed as consumption rituals. Consumption rituals can be the ongoing behavior of the existing society, or they can be transferred by being influenced by other geographies. It is predicted that the goods and services used as consumption instruments while performing consumption rituals will increase the efficiency of businesses in understanding the consumer and responding to their expectations. The fact that the effect of consumption rituals is not sufficiently included in studies related to consumer behavior and purchasing in the literature constitutes the purpose of researching this subject. The subject will be discussed conceptually and it is expected to shed light on both the literature and the businesses that want to consider consumption rituals in their marketing activities.

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Türk Halk Giyim Kuşamında Kullanılan Suzeni Tekniği ile İşlenmiş Uçkur Örnekleri

Author(s): Şerife Doğan / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

İnsanların örtünme hissinin insan üzerinde büyük etkisi olmuştur. Hem insanların estetik değerlere olan bakış açısını değiştirmiş hem de süsleme kültürünü ortaya çıkarmıştır. Asıl maksadı bedeni muhafaza etmek olan giyim, toplumun kültürel değerlerini, sosyo-ekonomik yapısını, yaşadığı coğrafyayı, kullanılan malzemeleri, iklimi, inançları vb. yansıtır. Zamanla faktörlere göre şekillenmiş ve biçim, malzeme, kullanım ve süsleme özellikleri bakımından çeşitlenmiştir

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Погребалните ритуали в Древен Рим (според античните автори и пластичното изкуство)

Author(s): Ivanka Doncheva / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The study of burial practices in Rome is both a religious and a legal issue, as there is a special regulation for organizing and conducting the funeral ceremony that was strictly observed. In Rome, as in Greece, caring for the dead was a sacred duty. To leave the dead unburied means to condemn his soul to perpetual wandering, and therefore to create a real threat to the living as the “tortured soul” was filled with malice. Two features distinguish Roman burials: the first is the importance that the Romans give to the deceased being buried and the solemnity with which the funeral ceremony is held, and the second – the lack of representatives of the public cult. Both the one and the other feature relate to the Romans’ beliefs about death. The funeral ceremony in ancient Rome is commonly referred to as the 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑢𝑠. In a broader sense, this term encompasses the set of rituals observed from the onset of death to the funeral. From the moment of death, the home and family of the deceased become 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑒 and stop being such after the funeral. The rituals that preceded the funeral were different from those accompanying the funeral itself. In this report we will try to trace funeral rituals carried out before and after the funeral, based on the testimonies left by ancient authors, archaeological data, and plastic art.

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Lidová píseň v současné školní praxi: dílčí výsledky výzkumu o využití lidové písně a folkloru pohledem učitelů hudební výchovy základních a středních škol

Author(s): Tomáš Chloupek,Vilma Polmanová,Pavel Ostrý / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Folk music is undoubtedly an essential cultural asset with great didactic potential. The content of the paper are the ongoing results of a research survey focusing on the teachers’ usage of folk songs in music education at primary and selected secondary schools. The main ways of using this topic in the context of four fundamental teaching areas (set out in the FEP) and in other musical or interdisciplinary topics and activities are presented here. A specific group of respondents who reported to folklore activities in the questionnaire is then examined. Their answers regarding preference and especially the use of folk music in music lessons are evaluated. Everything is simultaneously compared with the answers of the remaining respondents who did not report to folklore.

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Antropologia wojny i powojnia w perspektywie oddolnej. Wprowadzenie

Author(s): Magdalena Lubańska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The introductory chapter discusses the background and methodology of the ethnographic fieldwork research conducted by the authors of this volume under the supervision of its editor. The researchers conducted in-depth interviews mostly with the members of Ukrainian-Polish families, who escaped resettlement to the so-called Recovered Territories in 1944–1947. Drawing on the anthropological literature on the specificity of cultural borderlands as well as memory and trauma studies, Lubańska clarifies why the authors avoid ethnocentric perspective in their analyses. Instead, inspired by Judith Butler’s reflections on precarious lives, the researchers sought to recognize the emic points of views on what determined belonging to the protected ‘we’, and what caused someone’s life to be considered less valuable. Focusing on situational analysis, Lubańska points out that the picture of the war and the postwar period that emerges from the interviewees’ accounts differs significantly from the content imposed by the historical policy aimed at creating national myths and overseeing what should be remembered, and how. Black-and-white, teleologically structured historical narratives are replaced by dramatic, axiologically complex human stories. The witnesses’ memory of past events continues to amaze us and, although it deprives us of landmarks, it also invalidates petrified forms of interpreting the past.

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„To mam na oczach…” – dziecięce świadkowanie (po)wojennym wydarzeniom

Author(s): Zuzanna Newbery / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The text focuses on the childhood aspect of the memories of people who grew up during World War II and the postwar period in Subcarpathian villages. Already during my first interviews with the oldest inhabitants of Subcarpathia, it was impossible to ignore the fact that, for most of the interviewees, recollections of the war were childhood memories. The specific perspective of these witnesses, marked by the memory of a child, was for a long time ignored, and the leading voices in the narrative about the war were the elders who had participated in wartime events as adults. Undoubtedly, however, reminiscences of a childhood in the shadow of an armed conflict still linger in the minds of people living in the villages of the Subcarpathian region, and their generation is now the only one able to recount that period from their own experience. The last witnesses are passing away, so listening to them, recording their recollections and analysing these particular narratives are matters of ‘urgent anthropology’. The topic of childhood memory is therefore particularly important and evokes a number of cognitively interesting issues. The article explores how interviewees remember and evaluate their childhood experiences. It discusses the issue of childhood witnessing, focusing on the memories of individuals who, as children, witnessed difficult events such as violence and murders. On the basis of ethnographic interviews conducted in the areas of Manasterz, Nielepkowice, Zapałów, Surmaczówka, Czerc, Dobra and Pełkiń, the text analyses the statements of witnesses, the content appearing in their narratives and the bodily practices accompanying them. It reflects on the categories that fit the description of a child witness and discusses the phenomenon of ‘upbringing to silence’, which seems to be a characteristic strategy of upbringing applied during the war and the post-war period in the villages of the Subcarpathian region.

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Lagier. Wspomnienia o zamieszkiwaniu w sąsiedztwie ludobójstwa

Author(s): Paweł Godziuk / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

This chapter delves into the memories of people who lived in the vicinity of both the Nazi camp for Soviet prisoners of war (Stalag 327) in Wólka Pełkińska and the Niechciałka Forest – the location of the mass graves of the camp’s victims and the site of executions of local Jews and Romani that German soldiers carried out there as part of Operation Reinhardt in 1942–1943. The main research material consists of ethnographic interviews with the oldest residents of Wólka Pełkińska, Wola Buchowska and Jagiełła, which I conducted in 2019 and 2020, as well as witness interview protocols sourced from the archives of the Institute of National Remembrance (IPN), together with photographs and reports on the inspection of the area, drawn up in May 1948 by the Chief Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation. By employing a multifaceted analytical lens drawing from cultural memory studies, anthropology of violence, and genocide studies, this study sheds light on the local collective memory surrounding the still inadequately documented World War II atrocities, notably the systematic extermination of Soviet prisoners of war. Emphasizing the nuanced experiences and ambiguous positions of bystanders residing in proximity to the genocide, the chapter raises pertinent questions regarding the role of cultural frames of recognition in precipitating specific acts of mass violence. Consequently, based on witnesses’ memories, the text offers an anticipatory understanding of mass violence in relation to its cultural conditions.

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Sąsiedztwo, relacje wzajemności i granice wspólnoty w okresie II wojny światowej i powojnia na przykładzie wsi Manasterz

Author(s): Zuzanna Weronika Deptuła / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The subject of this article is the memory of neighbourly relations in the village of Manasterz during World War II and the postwar period. The anthropological analysis is aimed at identifying various factors influencing the dynamics of these relations. In-depth ethnographic interviews conducted in a small area among local residents helped to understand what neighbourhood means to my interlocutors and how they perceive it. I was primarily interested in how the changing relations of the authorities, nationality and the accompanying socio-political context influenced neighbourly relations. By analyzing the collected material and the reflections of the interviewees themselves related to the issue that interests me, I try to find turning points in the discussed relationships.

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Życie religijne społeczności mieszanych obrządkowo we wspomnieniach mieszkańców powiatów jarosławskiego i przeworskiego

Author(s): Zofia Brola / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The subject of this article is the memory of religious life in bi-ritual communities. Its basis is ethnographic fieldwork conducted in 2019–2020 in the districts of Jarosław and Przeworsk. This area was ethnically diverse before 1947. The oldest residents of this region of Poland still recall in their accounts the religious life as being shared between Greek Catholic and Roman Catholic churches. Participation in religious practices other than those associated with formal rite affiliation was determined primarily by neighbourhood and family ties, but also by the greater availability of Greek Catholic churches. This indicates the ambiguity of the links between ethnic identity, rite affiliation and the role of participation in religious ceremonies. This ambiguity is the main focus of my interest. I am interested in whether interviewees remember religious practices as distinctly Greek or Roman Catholic or as transcending rigid ritual divisions, and also how these practices are perceived today, how my interviewees talk about them, and what factors influence how the memory of the borderland is created. The memories of religious life in the 1930s and 1940s presented in the article are recalled by interviewees in the context of the inter-ethnic borderland neighbourhood and the events of World War II and the postwar period. My interlocutors mention particularly often the double celebration of religious holidays, such as Christmas and Easter, which was cited as an example of good neighbourly relations. This also testifies to the dual religious competencies characteristic of borderlands, and the existence of a strategy of coexistence. However, the ambiguity of the relationship between ethnic identity, formal religious affiliation and the role of participation in religious practices is most clearly seen in the recollections of the attendance of those described as Poles and Roman Catholics in Sunday services at the Greek Catholic church. During the fieldwork, these categories and their interrelationships seemed, on the one hand, very ambiguous, while on the other hand, their present-day emic understanding made them somewhat related. The article is an anthropological attempt to clarify the complexity of the described phenomena, which is related not only to the complicated social relations in the borderland; it also aims to describe them from today’s perspective. In addition to the key categories of memory and borderland in interpreting the field material, it is important to look at interreligious relations in a diachronic perspective. The religious life and neighbourly relations in the borderland described by the interviewees had their origins in the centuries-old processes of shaping borderland interethnic or interreligious relations. Historical processes also affect how my interviewees’ memories are formed.

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Antropologiczny wgląd w narracje o kobiecym doświadczeniu wojny i powojnia na podkarpackich wsiach

Author(s): Iga Kondraciuk / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article aims to present a picture of women’s experiences from the time of World War II and the postwar period in rural Subcarpathia. The work illustrates the diversity of these experiences. On the one hand, it describes some representative phenomena, on the other hand, it strongly emphasizes individual voices. The focus is primarily on the lives of women from poor peasant families. The text gives the floor to the voices of individuals, and outlines fragments of the image of social conditions of the war and postwar times directly related to women’s lives. The themes covered are violence, fear, family life, farm work, sexuality, health and hygiene, analyzed on the basis of ethnographic research conducted in the districts of Jarosław and Przeworsk in 2019–2020, and the source of the presented knowledge is the memory of my interlocutors.

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„Tacy właśnie nocni ludzie” – działalność partyzantów i jej reperkusje w pamięci mieszkańców Surmaczówki i Zapałowa

Author(s): Piotr Przybysz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

This article is an attempt to anthropologically analyze the memories of the activities of partisan groups in the Jarosław District in the postwar period. I am primarily interested in the perspective of ordinary people and their childhood memories of life in the shadow of the activities of partisans and the Polish Army (WP). Using evoked sources – ethnographic interviews conducted with residents of Surmaczówka and Zapałów, and found sources – documents from the archives of the Institute of National Remembrance (IPN), I seek to understand the situation in which the residents of the Polish-Ukrainian borderland found themselves in 1944–1947. I try to describe and explain the social conditions of the activities of partisans and the Polish Army (WP) and the relationship between these forces and the local population. At the same time, I consider the broader socio-cultural context specific to the postwar period, in which I am helped by the latest works of historians dealing with this poorly studied period of Polish history.

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„No niech tak będzie – no tera już jestem Polka, ale byłam Ukrainką”. Społeczne konteksty kształtowania tożsamości narodowej na Podkarpaciu w okresie PRL

Author(s): Olga Załęska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

This article discusses the mid-20th century changes that caused the once unstable identity of the mixed (Polish and Ukrainian) population born in the Subcarpathia before World War II to bifurcate, then solidify, and unify. Special emphasis is placed on the significance of the authorities of People’s Republic of Poland (PRL) in this process, who through their actions – political, social, and educational – led to profound social transformations. The article highlights the crucial role of the class aspect in the process of nationalization. Before World War II, nationality in the rural areas of today’s Jarosław and Przeworsk Districts was strongly linked to affiliation with the Greek Catholic or Roman Catholic Church. It had a more performative than essential character, and with little effort, it could be changed. The low attachment of rural residents to “Polishness” or “Ukrainianness” was closely related to their socio-economic situation. The lives of peasants in Poland before World War II were filled with work, so identity issues took a back seat. Most importantly, educational institutions – places of effective national indoctrination – operated poorly. There were too few schools, with short education cycles, and peasant children often skipped lessons due to the need to work. With the outbreak of World War II, and especially during the partisan activities, national identity began to gain importance. To avoid death, peasants had to start clearly defining their nationality. However, in the article, I argue that the threat from nationalist combatants was not crucial for the formation of stable national identities. I find the actions – both coercive and persuasive – taken by the authorities of the PRL after 1947 to have been more important. The first was the implementation of Akcja “Wisła” (Operation Vistula), as a result of which individuals recognized as Ukrainians were deported to the north-west Poland while those identified as Poles remained in Subcarpathia. This forced people who managed to avoid resettlement to adopt a clearly Polish identity. Those resettled, contrary to the intentions of the Communist Party (PZPR) leadership, consolidated and became more Ukrainian. Another action of the regime was the establishment of a functioning system of universal education and the improvement of living standards. Once peasant children started receiving primary education, and then mostly technical education, a nationality policy through schooling became possible. The improvement in the standard of living of the peasantry made them open to national ideas.

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Cerkiew zapamiętana. Wyobrażenia o dziedzictwie i tożsamości wśród mieszkańców Leżachowa

Author(s): Igor Fedorowicz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

This work refers to the narratives found among members of the community of Leżachów, a village located in the Przeworsk District in south-eastern Poland, concerning their local identities and their perception of the importance of commemorating and preserving their experiences of both the Polish-Ukrainian and the Roman Catholic-Greek Catholic frontier. Data on different notions and imaginaries were collected through fieldwork: participant observation and individual and group interviews. Local discourse concerning ethnic boundaries between the inhabitants of Subcarpathia and different claims regarding their national identity (for example, Polish, Ukrainian or perhaps mixed) are viewed through the stories of the survivors of the Second World War and the postwar period – or their descendants. The main focus of the study was on the current renovation of the previous Greek Catholic Church of St. Nikita (and now the Catholic Church of the Sacred Heart of Jesus) in Leżachów, and how the overall local politics of managing public spaces – including secular ones – have impacted the community. The case of the Leżachów church serves as an example of how an ethnically-differentiated community inhabiting a liminal space of Polish-Ukrainian frontier views itself, and its place in Poland, a country (supposedly) uniform in terms of nationality and ethnicity of its people.

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„Ziemia jest jedna”. Antropologiczne studium procesów tworzących idiomy leżachowskiego cmentarza

Author(s): Mikołaj Jan Witkowski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The text is a look at the village cemetery in Leżachów (Jarosław District, Subcarpathian Voivodeship) from the perspective of the Braudelian long, medium and short terms. The aim, however, is not to reconstruct its history, but to show – in these overlapping temporal planes – the shifting roles that the cemetery has played in the life of the Leżachów community. The author considers the cemetery as ‘a multi-temporal field in which the past has accumulated’. Using Holbraad and Pedersen’s method ("Thinking Through Things"), he traces the relationship between the matter that makes up the cemetery and the meanings that are given to that place. He reveals a fundamental shift in thinking and performing what a grave and a cemetery is, which took place in the second half of the 20th century. At that time, earthen graves (mogiły) surrounded by spontaneously growing plants were replaced by gravestones, set in a fully human-controlled ‘pure’ space. He also presents the subtle and often non-obvious (or even contradictory) links between these transformations and the events of the war and the postwar period, recorded in collective memory as the Polish-Ukrainian conflict. On a theoretical level, this article is a voice in the debate between today’s very expansive ontologies of ‘relational non-dualism’ and the receding old approaches of ‘Cartesian dualism’. The author’s aim is to identify the planes on which this opposition becomes troublesome and to propose a formula within which the coexistence of both perspectives seems possible and cognitively advantageous.

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Romantyzm a narodziny wyobraźni populistycznej – przypadek Mickiewicza

Author(s): Jens Herlth / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

This article examines the development of the aesthetic and political functionalization of the concept of the “people” in Adam Mickiewicz’s work. On the basis of current research on the rhetorical practice and the political imaginary of populism, the article shows that figures of argumentation, discursive strategies, and ideological posi- tions that we today associate with the political phenomenon of populism can be found in Mickiewicz. In this respect, a development can be discerned. The early Ballads and Romances are inspired by the fascination with folk culture generally rampant in Europe at the time. After Mickiewicz’s arrival in Paris in the early 1830s, one can detect an increas- ing political concretization of the concept of the people, which is also expressed in the activist rhetoric of his Paris Lectures. In the late journalism from The Tribune of the Peoples, we can detect a strategy of domesticating the rebellious impulses of the “people” by tying it back to the “nation.”

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