UNDP - HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2010 – KOSOVA.
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Instead of an Abstract/Summary here, please refer to the Introduction PDF-file, which includes the Executive Summary
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The past decade has seen rapid changes in the migration flows in, from and through the countries of the Western Balkans. Regular migration is very important for the country’s socio-economic and demographic development; however, irregular migration also deserves special attention by the competent authorities. It is an issue of both state security and human security and is usually connected with serious and organized crime and the infringement of human rights. Following visa liberalization for the Western Balkans counties, the region is usually seen as the origin of illegal migration into the European Union. During the last few years all eyes were focused on asylum seekers from the Western Balkans countries. However, it is becoming increasingly difficult to ignore the fact that the region is also a transit area for migrants towards the EU. So far there has been little discussion about this phenomenon among researchers and policy makers, although the national and regional media are becoming more interested in the issue, bringing it closer to citizens.
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The appointment of Dmitry Patrushev, the son of the Secretary of the Security Council of Russia, to a ministerial post is a symbol of the ongoing shift of power to a younger generation of Russian leaders. A growing group of so-called “Kremlin Kids” hold significant, even though not visible, positions in the power structures, enabling Russian elites to maintain influence and control through personal and family links. Such a controlled transition will augment a political system that has the features of a kleptocracy and clan-like organisation. For Western countries, it is a signal that Russia’s strategic goal of enforcing the change in the European security system will be continued.
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Autoarea analizează pe baza informaţiilor de arhivă schimbările demografice complexe care au loc la Dunărea de Jos (Bugeac) în contextul schimbării stăpânirii otomane cu cea rusă. Pornind de la cazul oraşului Ismail, sunt analizate originea locuitorilor stabiliţi în nordul braţului Chilia, structura socială şi familială, originea etnică, pe baza numelor păstrate în documente.
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Anexarea Basarabiei şi încadrarea acesteia Imperiului Rus a dus, pe lângă alte schimbări, şi la o modificare a structurii confesionale a acestui teritoriu. Ne referim la faptul că în această regiune, datorită politicii de colonizare şi altor factori, au apărut, pe de o parte, o serie de curente religioase necunoscute până în acel moment în ţinutul dintre Prut şi Nistru, iar, pe de altă parte, la creşterea artificială numerică a altor curente religioase convenabile Curţii Imperiale de la Sankt‑Petersburg.
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SOCIAL FOUNDATION FOR MIDDLE CLASS FORMATION IN UKRAINE: IDENTIFICATION CRITERIA, STRUCTURE, KEY FEATURES // MIDDLE CLASS IN UKRAINE: LIFE VALUES, READINESS FOR ASSOCIATION AND PROMOTION OF DEMOCRATIC NORMS AND STANDARDS // SECTION 1. MIDDLE CLASS: IDENTIFICATION CRITERIA AND DEFINITION OF STRUCTURE // SECTION 2. MIDDLE CLASS IN SOCIAL CLASS STRUCTURE OF UKRAINIAN SOCIETY: MAIN FEATURES // 2.1. SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC FEATURES // 2.2. SOCIAL BACKGROUND // 2.3. SOCIAL COMPOSITION // 2.4. GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION (REGIONAL PROFILE)AND REGIONAL DIFFERENCES // 2.5. FINANCIAL STANDING, POSSESSION OF PROPERTY // 2.6. WORK AND LEISURE TIME // 2.7. SOCIAL WELL-BEING // SECTION 3. MIDDLE CLASS: LIFE VALUES AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR // 3.1. LIFE VALUES // 3.2. SOCIO-POLITICAL VALUES // 3.3. SOCIAL BEHAVIOR // SECTION 4. MIDDLE CLASS: CIVIC ACTIVISM, READINESS FOR ASSOCIATION AND PROMOTION OF DEMOCRATIC STANDARDS // 4.1. TRUST IN SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT, SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS, GOVERNMENT AND SOCIETY // 4.2. TOLERANCE TO REPRESENTATIVES OF OTHER SOCIAL AND SOCIAL CLASS GROUPS // 4.3. PERCEPTION OF COMMON INTERESTS WITH OTHER SOCIAL GROUPS // 4.4. CIVIC ACTIVISM // 4.5. PROTEST ACTIVITY POTENTIAL // SECTION 5. CONCLUSIONS // POPULATION WITH MEDIUM INCOME AS THE BASIS FOR MIDDLE CLASS FORMATION IN UKRAINE // 1. POPULATION WITH MEDIUM INCOME // 2. SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC PORTRAIT OF A HOUSEHOLD WITH MEDIUM INCOME // 3. INCOME: LEVEL, SOURCES, FEATURES OF FORMATION // 4. POSSESSION OF PROPERTY IN MEDIUM INCOME HOUSEHOLDS // 5. CONSUMPTION IN HOUSEHOLDS // 6. EXPENSES OF HOUSEHOLDS FOR NON-FOOD GOODS AND SERVICES // 7. CERTAIN SUBJECTIVE EVALUATIONS OF REPRESENTATIVES OF MEDIUM INCOME POPULATION // 8. MOST IMPORTANT VALUES OF POPULATION WITH MEDIUM INCOME
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Purpose: The aim of the study is to determine the costs of maintaining a dwelling by retirees and disability pensioners compared to other households in the years 1993–2019. Design/methodology/approach: In order to determine the amount of housing costs for retirees and disability pensioners as well as for other households, the author has collected data on the costs between 1993 and 2019 based on the publication of the Central Statistical Office (now known as Statistics Poland) entitled “Budżety gospodarstw domowych” (Household budget survey). Findings: The costs related to the maintenance of a dwelling constitute the second largest group of expenses following consumption. The cost analysis in the period between 1993 and 2019 showed a constant increase in housing costs, with the largest group of costs being those related to heating. On the other hand, the highest cost growth dynamics was related to water expenditures. The housing expenditure of retirees and disability pensioners was the highest or one of the highest among all the surveyed groups of households, which results, among other things, from the lack of adjustment of the living conditions of seniors to their needs (in terms of the number of rooms, flat area or architectural solutions), as well as from the poor technical condition of the dwellings, which also translates into higher maintenance costs. Originality and value: The issue of the cost of maintaining a dwelling by seniors is not frequently discussed in the scientific literature. The main areas of research concerning the elderly in the context of housing resources are most often related to architectural maladjustments. However, the topic of increasing housing costs in senior households is an important social problem and should be the subject of more research and analysis.
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Purpose: The aim of the study is to present the concept of the silver economy and basic solutions in the field of gerontechnology utilised in senior housing, as well as to depict the situation in commercial retirement homes in Poland in terms of the use of devices related to gerontechnology. Design/methodology/approach: The author has conducted literature studies in the field of demography, the concept of the silver economy and gerontechnology. Additionally, an empirical study has been carried out with the use of a standardised questionnaire. The research population consisted of institutions providing round-the-clock care for disabled, chronically ill or elderly people. These institutions operate as part of business activity or paid statutory activity from at least January 1, 2017, with minimum 75% of the total population being people aged 65 and older. Findings: The sector of private retirement homes in Poland takes advantage of technological solutions to improve the quality of life of residents and the level of services provided. However, the catalogue of existing solutions is significantly limited and used primarily to support and monitor health. Solutions for the automation and control of the home environment are applied to a small extent, and the use of solutions for the exchange of information and recreation is marginal. Originality and value: The demographic changes taking place in Poland, as well as the growing costs of supporting older population groups and meeting their diverse needs may raise concerns about the productivity of the economy, its competitiveness and the condition of public finances. However, the existing scientific studies and foreign experience allow to conclude that if the silver economy is considered as a field of strategic activities, the existing threats can be perceived as opportunities. Gerontechnology is a vital element of this economy, and modern technological solutions aimed at seniors are an inherent and increasingly popular element of senior housing and will become one of the basic directions for improving the real estate market.
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In the period of 2001–2017 Croatian Ottomanists (nine, but really seven more productive authors) had produced a fairly large number of innovative works dealing with Bosnia-Herzegovina, or, more precisely, the eyalet of Bosnia in the early modern period (roughly 1500–1800) which for a certain time was including about half of present-day Croatia. The parts of Croatia in the Adriatic hinterland were belonging to the Bosnian eyalet until the end of the 17th century, as well as western most part of the land between the Sava and Drava rivers, while the rest of that territory, that is, central and eastern Slavonia was attached to the new eyalet of Kanizsa in 1600, yet it had mostly remained under Bosnian control in financial matters. This was the reason why the history of the whole space was outlined as one and the same larger unit. A wide range of subjects featuring new methods, advanced and original was discussed, from social and economic issues, to religion and culture. The most interesting findings and achievements had been made in the matters of analyzing the intricacies of Ottoman taxation. It turned out that the tax assessment must not be apprehended at the first glance, but that the historian has to include the rather hardly visible practices on the ground, influenced by local realities, with a huge impact on the land regime, and even more so, on demographic estimations. Concerning the high rates of conversion to Islam, special attention was made to the hitherto neglected factor, that is, to the financial stimuli. It was found that, due to the specific situation of the economic position of the peasantry, in Bosnia, or its central parts together with northern Herzegovina, embracing Islam brought more substantial easements than in much of the rest in the Balkans. As for the military issues, ocaklık timars and autonomy fresh interpretations were also offered. To the history of towns, culture, relations between the eyalet and Dubrovnik and particularly ecohistorical subjects due respect was paid with remarkable success. Last but not least, the new reading of Evliya Çelebi’s travelogue had resulted in many new insights. Much of this work was performed in a manner like looking for a needle in a haystack, but in my opinion it was quite rewarding.
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Zakon o zabrani diskriminacije Bosne i Hercegovine izmijenjen je i dopunjen 2016. godine, a starosno doba je dodato kao lično svojstvo na osnovu kojeg je diskriminacija zabranjena. Zakon sadrži izuzetke od principa jednakog postupanja, odnosno, propisano je da se zakonske mjere i radnje neće smatrati diskriminatornim kada se svode na nepovoljno razlikovanje ili različito postupanje ako su zasnovane na objektivnoj i razumnoj opravdanosti, kao i ukoliko se time ostvaruje legitiman cilj i ako postoji razuman odnos proporcionalnosti između sredstava koja se koriste i cilja koji se nastoji realizovati. Između ostalog, propisano je da se određivanje maksimalnog starosnog doba najprimjerenijeg za prekid radnog odnosa i određivanje starosnog doba kao uslova za penzionisanje neće smatrati diskriminatornim. Ipak, ova problematika je znatno kompleksnija i u nastavku teksta se rasvjetljavaju neki od njenih ključnih aspekata.
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Zakon o zabrani diskriminacije Bosne i Hercegovine je izmijenjen i dopunjen 2016. godine tako što je eksplicitno propisano, pored ostalog, da je invaliditet jedno od ličnih svojstava na osnovu kojeg je diskriminacija zabranjena. Za razumijevanje diskriminacije lica sa invaliditetom i posljedično bolju zaštitu od diskriminacije važna je i dopuna koja se odnosi na krug lica koja su zaštićena od diskriminatornog postupanja. Definicija diskriminacije je dopunjena tako da je sada zabranjeno svako različito postupanje utemeljeno na stvarnim ili pretpostavljenim osnovama prema bilo kojem licu ili grupi lica i onima koji su sa njima u rodbinskoj ili drugoj vezi [...]. Ova dopuna je posebno važna za lica sa invaliditetom i njihove porodice jer nije rijetka situacija da su članovi porodice i druge bliske osobe lica sa invaliditetom izloženi tzv. asocijativnoj diskriminaciji, odnosno diskriminatornom postupanju ne na osnovu svog ličnog svojstva, već na osnovu ličnog svojstva druge osobe.
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The Republic of Macedonia is a landlocked country in Southeast Europe. According to the 2002 census the country has just above 2 million inhabitants, the majority being ethnic Macedonians (64%) and ethnic Albanians (25%), and the rest (11%) belonging to other ethnic groups such as Roma, Turks, Serbs, Vlachs, Bosniaks etc. Politically, it is a parliamentary democracy with an executive government, a unicameral legislator and a largely ceremonial president. Macedonia is a member of the United Nations, the Council of Europe and a candidate country of the European Union. In international relations the country is referred to as the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYR of Macedonia) because of an unresolved dispute over the name with Greece, which has a region called Greek Macedonia bordering on the south of the country, and negates the right of Macedonia to name itself as such. In view of recent history, Macedonia is a successor state of the multi-ethnic Yugoslav Federation from which it declared its independence in 1991. Macedonia was not affected by the armed conflicts in the early 1990s when Yugoslavia fell apart but experienced unrest as a fallout from the Kosovo crisis after Albanian refugees from Kosovo fled to Macedonia. In the early 2000s, a short-lived armed conflict ensued between Macedonian forces and Albanians who sought autonomy for the mainly Albanian-populated area of Macedonia. The Ohrid Framework Agreement facilitated by the United States and the European Union reestablished peace and laid the foundations for a better representation of minorities and their rights in Macedonian politics.
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MIKSER, Jelena Veljić i Emil Kovač: Ima li opozicije ubijanju i zašto ne; ŠTRAFTA, Aleksandra Sekulić: Distorzija; VREME SMRTI I RAZONODE, Dead Ideas: War Games; ZID, Vesna Vesić: Putanjom dalekom, usamljeni šum se zapleo u travu
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Analiza potreba mladih je dio implementacije projekta „Inicijativa za kreativni dijalog i edukaciju“ koji provodi TPO Fondacija. Cilj projekta je osnaživanje mladih i žena u lokalnim zajednicama, te njihovo učenje i usavršavanje tema o liderstvu, miru i ljudskim pravima kako bi se mogli zalagati za bolju socijalnu uključenost i ravnopravnost spolova. Učešće mladih u javnom životu predstavlja jedno od ključnih pitanja na kojem se radi u različitim institucijama i organizacijama na nivou Evrope. Posljednjih godina u Evropi su posebno intenzivirane aktivnosti u vezi s aktivnim građanstvom mladih upravo zato što mladi predstavljaju vrlo važan društveni kapital i resurs koji nije dovoljno aktiviran i uključen u planiranje i implementaciju važnih programa u toj oblasti kako na lokalnom tako i na globalnom nivou. U Bosni i Hercegovini se također već dugi niz godina odvija čitav niz programa za mlade u okviru različitih nevladinih organizacija, ali i dalje veliki broj mladih koji završavaju univerzitetsko obrazovanje nema priliku steći dodatna znanja i vještine potrebne na ekonomskom tržištu koje se velikom brzinom mijenja i postavlja nove zahtjeve pred mlade ljude. U nastojanju da prati potrebe zajednice, ali i pojedinaca, TPO Fondacija osigurava odgovarajuće edukativne materijale i treninge koji mogu pomoći mladim ženama i muškarcima da se što aktivnije uključe u društveno-politički rad u svojim lokalnim zajednicama, a i šire. Cilj analize potreba mladih je ispitivanje stavova, mišljenja i potreba mladih u vezi s liderstvom, komunikacijom, zapošljavanjem i radom, položajem mladih u društvu te drugim pitanjima, kako bi se stvorila osnova za izradu edukativnih materijala za mlade. Svrha izrade edukativnih materijala je poticanje mladih na aktivnije učešće u javnom životu zajednica i poboljšanje kvalitete njihovog života, kao i pružanje podrške mladima u razvoju njihovog znanja, vještina i stavova kako bi se mogli prilagoditi zahtjevima tržišta rada koji se neprestano mijenjaju te tako iskoristiti mogućnosti za zapošljavanje. U provedbi ovog ispitivanja su nam pomogle Lejla Mušić, docentica na Fakultetu političkih nauka Univerziteta u Sarajevu, docentica Merima Osmankadić i asistentica Amina Isanović Hadžiomerović s Filozofskog fakulteta Univerziteta u Sarajevu te Bojana Tomašević i drugi članovi Vijeća mladih općine Novo Sarajevo. Koristimo ovu priliku da im se zahvalimo na podršci i izdvojenom vremenu. Za ispitivanje stavova i potreba mladih, korištene su kvantitativna i kvalitativna istraživačka metoda. Uz upitnik, obavljeni su i grupni razgovori s mladima koji su popunili upitnik da se pobliže ispita kako razumiju određena pitanja, te da im se da mogućnost da iskažu svoje nedoumice i potrebe. Upitnik sadrži 17 pitanja kombiniranog tipa (otvorena i zatvorena pitanja). Prvi dio upitnika odnosio se na strukturiranje uzorka, pri čemu se vodilo računa o starosnoj strukturi ispitanika/ca, spolnoj strukturi, te o tome koja godina studija su ispitanici/ce odnosno da li su završili fakultet i koji. Razgovori s mladima su provedeni u grupama, neposredno nakon popunjavanja upitnika. Analiza je provedena u periodu od januara do marta 2014. godine. Svaki dio ove publikacije sačinjava tekstualni, tabelarni i grafički prikaz rezultata.
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Ni nakon više od dvije decenije u Srebrenici, ali manje-više i u svim povratničkim mjestima, ne samo da nije izrađen i primijenjen održivi model ekonomskog oporavka i razvoja već je ostao nerazjašnjen sam koncept postratni/genocidni ekonomskog oporavka. I pored zvanično promoviranog i izdašno donacijski podržanog procesa ekonomske obnove, na sceni su krajnje nepovoljna demografska, socijalna i ekonomska kretanja u ukupnom postratnom periodu. Naravno da se zbog toga otvaraju brojna pitanja ovakvog neuspjeha – od ponovnog preispitivanja samog pojma ekonomske obnove do niza „nenaučenih lekcija” iz dvadesetogodišnjeg procesa ekonomske obnove u ovoj općini.
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Općina Srebrenica nalazi se u istočnom dijelu Bosne i Hercegovine. Graniči s općinama: Bratunac na sjeveru i sjeveroistoku, Višegrad i Rogatica na jugozapadu, općinom Milići (dio bivše općine Vlasenica) na zapadu, a na jugu granica ide rijekom Drinom u dužini od 40 km koja je i međunarodna granica između Bosne i Hercegovine i Republike Srbije. Površina teritorije općine Srebrenica je 529,83 km2. Prema popisu stanovništva 1991. godine na prostoru općine Srebrenice živjelo je ukupno 36.666 stanovnika ili 0,84% od ukupnog stanovništva Bosne i Hercegovine. Bošnjaka je bilo 27.572 ili 75,20%, Srba 8.315 ili 22,70% i ostalih 779 ili 2,12%1. Gustina naseljenosti u općini iznosila je 69,6 st/km2 (u Bosni i Hercegovini 85,6 st/km2). U političko-administrativnom pogledu 1991. godine Srebrenica je imala 19 mjesnih zajednica u kojima se nalazilo 80 naselja od kojih je jedno pripadalo gradskom, a 79 seoskom tipu naselja. Prema prirodnom priraštaju koji je iznosio 13,2‰ 1991. godine, općina Srebrenica bila je na petom mjestu u Bosni i Hercegovini i to poslije općina Žepče, Velika Kladuša, Živinice i Kalesija. U periodu 1992‒1995. godine na području općine Srebrenica, kao i na prostoru cijele Bosne i Hercegovine, dogodile su se krupne demografske promjene. Masovni zločini koje su nad nedužnim bošnjačkim stanovništ-vom vršile tzv. Vojska RS i policija RS, pod vojnom komandom ratnog zločinca Ratka Mladića i političke direktive ratnog zločinca Radova-na Karadžića, dostigle su vrhunac u općini Srebrenica kada su srpske oružane formacije okupirale “sigurnu zonu UN-a” Srebrenicu, jula 1995. godine, i počinile genocid nad nedužnim bošnjačkim stanovništvom.
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Elimination of animal-based products, often related to a vegetarian or vegan diet, is one of the most popular nutritional trends observed around the world. This chapter provides an overview of the assortment, market and consumption of various meat alternatives. Products replacing meat are made of various types of (mostly) plant-based raw materials including pulses/legumes, cereal proteins (mainly gluten), oilseeds, fungi (edible mushrooms) and algae; however, cultured meat and edible insects are also described. The market of meat alternatives was estimated at USD 10,11 billion in 2022 and is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of minimum 15% by 2030. Europe has the largest share (52%) of the global market followed by North America (27%), Asia Pacific (12%), Latin America (6%) and Middle East and Africa (4%). The top producers are Beyond Meat, Boulder Brands, Hain Celestia, Nestlé, Garden Protein International, Vivera, Lightlife Foods, Woolworths, Naturli’ Foods and Sainsbury’s. Despite the fact that vegetarians and vegans constitute 6.4% and 6% of global consumers, respectively, more and more people are willing to either reduce the consumption of meat (62%) or animal-origin (42%) products. This is due to the fact that the consumption of meat-free products plays a role in sustainable development considering multiple health, economic and environmental issues.
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The report presents the changes in the military-political environment and the emergence of new threats to the North Atlantic alliance that have not existed since the Cold War. It examines NATO’s position on the conflict in Ukraine and the possibility of comprehensive assistance to the country, NATO’s response to the threat, position of Bulgaria. The existing options and order for Ukraine’s accession to the Alliance are discussed. The support provided by Bulgaria, as a member of NATO, through its military-industrial complexes.
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In this chapter, a comprehensive presentation of the situation of European Union countries regarding the aging process of societies has been provided. Its aim was to present, in a synthesized form, the current state along with indicating developmental trends, discussing causes, and potential consequences. Based on Eurostat data, the state of the discussed process was identified as advanced, mainly due to demographic processes occurring in the past, but also contemporary attitudes of inhabitants, particularly in the reproductive sphere. Possible effects of the aging phenomenon were outlined, encompassing both negative aspects (such as issues in the job market or within the social security system) and positive ones (the development of the so-called silver economy). The situation of EU countries appears challenging, given the pace at which the aging process of societies is progressing, which may primarily result in a decline in the quality of life for seniors. Among the opportunities lies technological advancement and medical services development, enabling older individuals to function more easily during their post-productive years.
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In the last decades, Serbia has been facing serious demographical challenges. The low rates of natural increase in population combined with the negative net migrations caused depopulation at the state level. This trend is the strongest in rural areas and less developed regions. Circular migration (repeated legal migration of the same person between two or more countries), whose importance has been increasing both globally and in Serbia in the past decade, could lead the way out of this problem. Although today, it is much easier to emigrate from Serbia than it used to be in the past – primarily due to the termination of sanctions and the democratisation process, and later, visa liberalisation and bilateral agreements with some European Union (EU) countries on the facilitated movement of labour, Serbia hopes for further procedure simplification, especially in the context of EU integration. As an EU candidate, Serbia should be ready for all the upcoming changes.
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