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Young people are society’s most mobile segment. For that reason the potential chance for migration among them is the exceptionally high. In that context, this article is researching the migration processes among young people in Bulgaria via analyzing the main factors which are determining internal and external migration.
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Modern society faces a problem – the loss of cultural and historical traditions and arts. Entrepreneurship provides an answer and can find a solution to this challenge. Using the full potential of the entrepreneurial process will keep Bulgarian folklore and make it attractive to the younger generation.
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Clarifying the demographic state of humankind during all periods of its historical development is an issue that has long been of interest to the scientific community. This paper traces the specifics and trends in the dynamics of the main demographic processes and structures of the population inhabiting Bulgaria during the Middle Ages. Their analysis allows us to establish that, during the period under review, the Bulgarian state’s characteristic demographic potential was formed with its establishment. The way it was created and the specifics of its subsequent development predetermined its sustainability, and allowed it to preserve its identity despite many negative processes.
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The article is dedicated to one of the most prominent representatives of geographical thought in Bulgaria – Prof. Marin Devedzhiev, Dr. Habil, whose 100th anniversary we celebrate in 2022. Prof. Devedzhiev is the founder and first head of the Department of Geography at the Faculty of History of St. Cyril and St. Methodius University of Veliko Tarnovo. His contribution as a scientist and administrative head of various educational, public, and administrative structures in Bulgaria is highlighted. Through the historico-geographical approach, the scientific research fields are distinguished in which Marin Devedzhiev has published over 800 studies. The sectoral ‘dissection’ of his scientific profile includes: geodemography and geourbanism, geography of transport and geopolitics, and geography of service, history, economics. Also, the scientist’s theoretical, methodological, and practical contributions to the socio-economic prosperity of Bulgaria are outlined.
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Contemporary analyses of the international reality allow it to be seen as more and more complex. Globalization, new wars and failed states are examples of challenges faced by individual actors and the entire international community. The interdependence of phenomena in their global scope necessitates the creation of international coalitions of states and organizations as part of creating resourcesin the global management of these problems. The steady growth of China’s power and the prospect of a return to global competition between superpowers complicates this picture even more. Heads of state and international organizations set ambitious goals for their organizations in the face of emergingchallenges. They assume the strengthening of unity, adaptation to the changing international reality and expansion of resources. Plans to meet the challenges of the present, go together with a demographic determinant. The low birth rate associated with the aging of the population is likely to increase social benefits in the general budget balance of countries. The article aims to analyze the development of the situation of EU and NATO countries from the perspective of the demographic challenges that they and the whole world will face in the first half of the 21st century. The text will take into account both the presentation of demographic changes from the past and in the present in the theoretical (Malthusianism, Neo-Malthusianism) and practical (population policy) dimensions.
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This paper explores the existence of son preference and gender-based fertility behavior among Southeast Asian mothers. Using census data of ten countries (Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam) over the years 1970-2014 and a sample of over 18 million observation, I show that having a first-born girl is associated with 0.16 more children in the household, equivalent to 7.2 percent rise from the mean. The marginal effects are quite robust across various specifications and subsamples. The effects are larger for countries with lower human development index and individuals with lower education. A birth cohort analysis show that the effects are significantly smaller for later cohorts implying that son preference fertility behavior has diminished over time.
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Particulate matter (PM 2.5), ozone, lead and radon are among the main sources of air pollution. The differences in mortality rates across the European Union due to their impact are very high, ranging from 4 to 16 times. Mortality from PM 2.5 particles is excreted 12.3 – fold compared to ozone, 4.6 – fold for lead and 10.6 – fold for radon. The state of economic development of countries and health expenditures have a significant impact on the rate of human mortality caused by air pollution. Their impact is uneven. Most of these depend on mortality from PM 2.5 particles, to a large extent from lead and ozone, and to a smaller extent to radon. All the countries of the European Union concerned pay considerable attention to health protection, since the level of the costs involved is closely linked to the per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP). On the other hand, the real situation is illustrated by the trend in population mortality from the sources of air pollution in question. Absolute positive changes in population mortality from particulate matter (PM 2.5) have been observed over the period 2009‒2018 (the situation has improved in all countries); significant positive changes in mortality due to lead air pollution (the situation has improved in 13 countries); moderate and negative changes due to ozone contamination (the situation improved in 11 countries) and very strong negative changes in mortality due to air pollution by ozone (the situation improved in only 8 countries).
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Air pollution often represents a key factor of emigration from highly damaged regions. As the propensity to migrate increases with the achieved level of education and income, the regions with a huge ecological issues may experience „brain drain„ affecting their future perspective. Therefore, this paper focuses on differences in perception of environment in Ostrava city among „brains„ with different migration plans. Data on 2,203 employed people with university degree, who lives in Ostrava city, were used for this purpose. The results show that individuals planning to move out of Ostrava are significantly less satisfied with the quality of the environment.
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The paper presents the results of a sociological study conducted in a multi-confessional community situated in the central area of Moldova, Romania. Its main aim was to establish the way in which social distance is perceived and affirmed in this rural community. We used the scale of social distance, starting from the model developed by Bogardus (1925), which has become the most frequently used method of emphasizing the acceptance or isolation of social groups. We calculated the Social Distance Index (SDI), the Social Contact Index (SCI), and the Qualitative Index of Social Contacts (QISC). Results are focused on inter-confessional issues, and conclusions reveal a community open to what is close and known, but reluctant to what is distant and less known.
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A widely publicized IPBES report from 2019 warns that close to one million species currently on Earth will soon be extinct. In addition to debates in the media and among professionals about the factual value of that number, a larger problem remains—we do not know how many species are on Earth. According to extensive studies and statistical modelling, there are at least six million species in existence that have not yet been described. The term “described species” means that the animal or plant has received a unique scientific name that confirms its identity and relation to other organisms. A question thus remains about how we value species that are not yet named, known, or discovered. The most common practice is to value only creatures that are directly related to human existence, yet there is growing concern that we should value animals for the sake of their existence, for their intrinsic value. In this respect, the anthropocentric concepts of “pest” and “invasive species” need to be re-considered.
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The aim of this study was; to define the anxiety and anxiety-related factors experienced by children/adolescents during the Covid-19 pandemic on a global scale. Study data were collected between 15.04.2021 and 30.04.2021 by using keywords (child, children, adolescents, adolescents, mental health, anxiety, anxiety and stress) in Turkish and English. The data sources of this study are PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar t. As a result of the evaluations, a total of n=6185 articles were reached from all databases. After the evaluation of the full texts, the study was completed with n=31 articles. Eleven of the articles evaluated in this study were published in China. The anxiety prevalence of children and adolescents varies between 1.84-45.0%. As a result of the evaluated studies; It has been observed that women, those with chronic-psychiatric diseases, those who are older, separated from family members, migrant children and adolescents are more likely to experience anxiety. Some of the anxiety symptoms of children and adolescents are nervousness, irritability, anxiety, and suicidal ideation. In conclusion, anxiety levels and anxiety-related factors of children and adolescents living in various countries of the world during the Covid-19 pandemic were determined.
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The article analyses the lists of the top 10 baby names in Bulgaria and in a number of countries in Western Europe and in the USA at the end of the second decade of the twenty-first century. Common names are sought.
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The studies on Polish francophone literature put an emphasis on a selected group of authors (Potocki, Mickiewicz, Krasiński) and on some literary genres (diary and travelogue). The aim of this paper is to study the work of a lesser-known feminine writer, Anna Nakwaska, member of cosmopolitan literary milieu and author of several short stories and novels, written in French. Applying selected concepts of spatial literary studies, the first part of the article proposes to perceive the publishing strategies of Nakwaska as a tool for introducing Polish feminine literature in a broader European context. In the second place, the study of some Nakwaska’s short stories show her interest for a literary presentation of several geographical problems, including demography (put in the context of antisemitism) and regional ecology. The use of Polish toponymy brings a foreignization of the francophone fiction.
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Gender ideology has long been a discussed issue in the field of social science, particularly gender studies. This study aims to explore the category of people's gender ideology toward their family and societal responsibilities in rural Bangladesh. Following a mixed-methods approach, this study interviewed 400 rural people (200 men and 200 women, between 18 and 50 years) and conducted two FGDs from eight cluster villages at Paba Upazila of Rajshahi District in Bangladesh. The result shows that people were liberal in the context of household chores and decisions (strongly agreed to share taking care of an infant, housekeeping/cooking, and freedom of choice in taking matrimonial decisions) but traditional and transitional in acceptance of male privilege and preferences for female privilege respectively. This study argues that patriarchal adherence is reflected in people’s gender ideology. Our study results suggest better awareness of rural people to transform their traditional gender ideology in the family and societal responsibilities in Bangladesh. These findings add new knowledge about the gender ideology of rural people and contribute as a prior field to promote liberal attitudes among both men and women in Bangladesh.
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This article examines the migrations to Bulgaria of representatives of the historical Bulgarian diaspora before and after the Covid-19 crisis and during the military conflict in Ukraine in 2022. For the group as a whole, it is found that at this time, due to the short distances, the preference is for seasonal, weekly and, among the population residing along border areas, for daily job commutes. Although Ukrainian Bulgarians account for 9.25 % of the total number of Ukrainian refugees in Bulgaria, the majority of the community remains at home. However, the planned land reform in Ukraine could alter the migration model and increase the number of those who wish to settle in Bulgaria for a longer period of time and remain permanently. For this reason, Bulgaria should develop a special program to aid the returning Bulgarian migrations from Ukraine.
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A stable social group is forming in the Bulgarian society, which has no chances for realization fulfilment on the labour market due to illiteracy or lack of education and/or qualifications. At the same time, changes in the labour market place higher requirements on labour force’s the educational and qualification level of the. Thirdlyhand, the social stratification of society results in linking coupling access of to education to with the socio-economic status of families. The question arises whether it is possible for the scarcity of economic and cultural capital to be influenced by the of social capital’s resources for the purposes of education? Under what circumstances social capital could increase or decrease the likelihood of educational achievements of students in the Bulgarian education system? The This work examines the problem of with the relationship between social capital and educational achievements is through the prism lens of theories of James Colman, Pier Bourdieu, Alejandro Portes and Nan Lin and Raymond Boudon’s the theory of primary and secondary effects of social origins further developed by Robert Erikson, Jan Jonsson, John Goldthorpe and Hartmut Esser.
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The meeting of the Executive Committee of the Central Committee of the Romanian Communist Party, on August 2d, 1966, debated a demographic study drawn up by a commission led by the Minister of Health, Voinea Marinescu. Alexandru Drăghici supported the idea that the Decree no. 463 of September 30, 1957, in force and legalizing abortion on demand, encouraged debauchery and opposed traditional family values. In order to stimulate the birth rate, it was proposed to increase the number of places in nurseries. Nicolae Ceaușescu, more radical, stated that the said law promoted prostitution and a high rate of divorces. This article displays a presentation of the women’s situation in communist Romania, within the context of the Ceausescu regime’s pro-natality policy and also before this period of time. We do compare the women’s real situation with the presentation of the official discourse in antithesis with the everyday reality. The research includes the period 1966-1989 when the Decree 770/1966 was applied and there are also references to the period before 1966, for a more accurate picture regarding the pro-natality issue, the evolution of the birth rate, the family planning.
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Budget expenditures have a significant role in the sustainable development of states, with the aim of facilitating the satisfaction of collective needs of national and local interest felt differently by the citizens of each country. Also, the state must consider maintaining a balance between the wishes of citizens, of society and the environmental context in which they are found. The implementation of the sustainable development strategy of Romania requires a significant volume of resources allocated from the public budgets, a fact that will be observed in the level of budget expenditures that the state makes to implement these objectives, presented in Agenda 2030, through an adequate budget policy and focused on citizens. As a result, the paper presents the results of the analysis of budget expenditures in the period 1995-2021, in the case of Romania, highlighting their dynamics, including in relation to the situation of other countries in the European Union, as well as the impact of the population as a determining factor.
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The article reviews the manuscripts of medical content (fundamental works - Medical Book ("Thsigni Saakimoi"), "Yadigar Daud", "Incomparable Qarabadin" (“Ustsoro Karabadini”), collections, separate works, qarabadins), the chronological framework of which includes the 10th-19th centuries, they reflect information about infectious diseases and their treatment; also, medical references in the memoirs with a focus on the public perceptions, causes, and management of these diseases. The article presents the material in terms of belonging to the chronological, sectoral and cultural environment: the role of the authors or translators of the works in terms of knowledge about epidemiological diseases, the establishment of special terminology, the introduction of Eastern and European traditions. The Georgian manuscripts reflect the diagnosis of some infectious diseases - plague, cholera, leprosy, smallpox, typhoid - the influence of regional and social characteristics of the infected on the spread and course of diseases, traditional, folk, and contemporary scientific methods of treatment, including vaccination, isolation/lockdown, and escaping tactics, other anti-epidemic measures. These manuscripts contain references to Eastern, Muslim, and European, as well as Russian physicians and scientists (Galen, Jenner, and others); To some extent, it presents the details of society's approach to infectious diseases, in general, the general knowledge and picture of the development of medicine in a specific historical context.
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