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Geographical Patterns in the Intra-European Migration before and after Eastern Enlargement: The Connectivity Approach

Author(s): Vladimír Baláž,Katarína Karasová / Language(s): English Issue: 01/2017

This paper analyses spatial patterns in intra-European migration flows in the periods 1997 – 2004 and 2005 – 2013. The paper uses network analysis, and regression and factor analysis in order to establish the major determinants of the spatial patterns exhibited by intra-European migrant stocks. The EU’s Eastern enlargement generated vast East-West migrant flows and prompted a particular reconfiguration of the migration network. The basic topology of the network, however, did not change across the two observed periods: The whole network remains dominated by a ‘rich club’ structure. The topology of the network was seen to rely on a complex and stable set of long-term institutions, such as culture and language structures, and/or established pathways of trade in goods and knowledge.

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Kto žije v kohabitáciách na Slovensku? Intenzita vytvárania a charakteristiky kohabitujúcich osôb podľa výsledkov Sčítania obyvateľov, domov a bytov 2011

Author(s): Roman Džambazovič,Branislav Šprocha / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 4/2017

The study identifies main characteristics of cohabitations by analyzing population and housing census from 2011. The results of the analysis confirmed existing differences in the structure and intensity of formation of cohabitations, depending on marital status, educational attainment, ethnicity, religion, place of residence, present and the number of births. Unmarried cohabitations in Slovakia are heterogeneous forms of partnerships and we can find them in different periods of life paths of individuals.

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Rodinné pomery v Uhorsku na konci stredoveku

Author(s): Enikő Csukovits / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2012

We have only very few sources from the medieval period which can be used for research and reconstruction of families. These are mostly tax registers which don't allow us to make exhaustive demographic analyses. The author uses published tax registers from Košice, Keresztúr, Alsónyék, Sziget and Bardejov to compare demographic situation in those localities. She analyzes differences and similarities and underlines problematic aspects of coefficients used for calculation. Using some less traditional source – parish register of the Fraternity of the Holy Ghost in Rome – she adds some other data to the mosaic of late medieval demographic picture. Summarizing those results she makes a conclusion that family of 3-5 members and therefore 1-3 children was typical for the late Middle Ages. There was a large disproportion between the number of boys and girls. The number of children in towns was lower then in villages, multigenerational households or households with multiple families were rare.

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Giving Ethnic Diversity its Spatial and Temporal Meaning – Examples from Slovakia

Author(s): Juraj Majo / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2018

Ethnic diversity represents one of the most accurate ways of exploring regional identity, with its temporal and spatial variations. In the methodological framework of emerging diversity studies, this paper approached the elementary forms of ethnic diversity change in regions of Slovakia in 1880 – 2011 using census data and simple, yet expressive and exact, diversification indices and intercensal change. The regions of Slovakia are shown in a broad time-space analysis, with data adapted to one regional structure. Although ethnic diversity is only a minor part of a superdiversity approach and, as such, is insufficient to express the identity of a region and its population, historical and spatial data can work to provide a useful overview for the broader social analysis of a region.Sociológia 2018, Vol. 50 (No. 6: 672-696)

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Prospective Dimension of Population Ageing and Potential Use in Pension Security in the V4 Countries

Author(s): Luděk Šídlo,Branislav Šprocha,Pavol Ďurček / Language(s): English Issue: 06/2020

The main aim of the paper is to highlight the importance of remaining years of life in relation to demographic ageing. We use the V4 countries as our case study and analyse demographic ageing using the concept of prospective age and the relevant indicators to consider whether statutory retirement age should be readdressed given the rise in remaining life expectancy among seniors. The classic indicators show ageing is increasing in the V4 countries. Using prospective indicators we can see that not only is the level of ageing significantly lower but that it is progressing more slowly, and in some cases reversing. The prospective approach could also be important in setting pension age as it reflects changes in life and the principle of equitability. The results also show that the way pension age is fixed in the V4 countries may pose a risk to the sustainability of pension systems.

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Fertility Postponement between Social Context and Biological Reality: The Case of Serbia

Author(s): Petar D. Vasić / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2021

Fertility Postponement between Social Context and Biological Reality: The Case of Serbia. This paper reflects some views on the biological background of fertility tempo and its demographic consequences. Assumptions are tested on Serbian fertility data, based on deductive conclusions and by applying the demographic method. Due to decreasing odds for conception as well as for a live birth pregnancy outcome with a woman’s age, the changing of the age-pattern of fertility in Serbia has led to fewer births, and has revealed the negative influence of a dispersion of births outside of an optimal reproductive age on fertility rates. This article summarizes findings about social context of fertility postponement and age-related infertility in women and clarifies the biologically driven demographic consequences of childbirth postponement on the total number of births and total fertility rate.

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THE FINANCIAL SITUATION OF HOUSEHOLDS HEADED BY INDIVIDUALS AGED 50+

Author(s): Beata Szczecińska / Language(s): English Issue: 125/2020

The article attempts to evaluate Poland’s households headed by an individual aged 50 or more. Four household groups were singled out according to the age of the head of the household. These groups corresponded to the old-age subgroups as defined by the World Health Organization. The research used selected parameters of structure and correlation measures. The results of the study showed that in each of the analyzed groups average monthly disposable income per capita exceeded average total expenditure. Approximately half of the respondents perceived the financial situation of their households as barely sufficient, a situation that had practically not changed over the previous year. The results of the research should represent a wake-up call for the authorities of both the state and social local governments to consider the problems of seniors. Ensuring a decent life should not depend on gender, beliefs, physical fitness, health, or age. Analyses, such as that presented here, are a valuable contribution to the development of any policy endeavouring to address the needs of the elderly.

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DIAGNOSING AND DEVELOPING THE E-BUSINESS COMPETENCIES OF THE "Z" GENERATION

Author(s): Katarzyna Czainska / Language(s): English Issue: 122/2019

The purpose of the article is to present an example of a diagnostic tool for identifying the competence gap of representatives of the “Z” generation who want to conduct business in the e-business model. The first part presents the characteristics of the “Z” generation (Gen-Z) based on studies of Polish and foreign literature. Groups of individual professional competences important for e-business owners were also identified, which were developed on the basis of the results of personal research carried out in 2018 by the CAWI method. The methodological part presents the construction and application of the "e_BIS" tool, which can be used to diagnose the current state and development of competences, broken down into competences: business (B), IT (I) and strategic leadership (S). Based on preliminary analyses, it was formulated that the presented tool can be useful both in education (secondary and higher) and on the labour market to properly shape the individual professional competences of representatives of the “Z” generation.

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FISCAL AND NON-FISCAL DETERMINANTS BEHIND THE CREATION OF NEW WORK PLACES IN THE PRIVATE SECTOR - A REVIEW OF CHOSEN AREAS

Author(s): Anna Milewska / Language(s): English Issue: 121/2019

The author of this article presents fiscal and non-fiscal factors that determine the creation of new work places in the private sector. To help explain this topic it was important to study the legal acts and available literature as well as use of other qualitative theoretical methods such as: analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization, deductive and inductive reasoning methods. This resulted in distinguishing public levies which are significant to determine the costs of employment. These costs mainly include contributions to the pension (retirement insurance, disability insurance premium and work accident insurance) as well as to the Labour Fund. In the following part the author presents the specifics of the human and social capital, employee’s competencies, globalisation and generational differences that impact the current job market. The outcome of this study concludes that employment costs have remained fairly stable for the last few years (the last major increase of employment contributions took place in 2012). Nonetheless, a growing scarcity of human resources, especially generation Y, has become the biggest challenge.

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ŚWIADCZENIE 500+ JAKO ELEMENT POLITYKI PRORODZINNEJ I DEMOGRAFICZNEJ PAŃSTWA

Author(s): Michał Krawczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 120/2019

Starting from April 2016, the legislator introduced a new type of social benefit – raising children & educational benefit. This allowance is for the second and subsequent child, and in the poorest families also for the first. The intention of the government is to provide a benefit helpful in bringing up children, by providing appropriate financial assistance in raising children, to reverse the drop in the number of births observed for many years and to further reduce the scale of poverty among families with the most difficult financial situation. However, after less than three years of application of the 500+ Program, it is difficult to determine unequivocally whether there has been a permanent reversal of the birth declining trend. Statistical data in this area can be interpreted in many ways and more time is needed to attempt a final summary. Certainly, the Program has improved the economic situation of the poorest families, especially those with large children.

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Active Ageing Index as a Tool for Country Assessment and Comparison: The Case of the Czech Republic and Slovakia

Author(s): Marcela Petrová Kafková / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

The Active Ageing Index was developed as a tool to monitor the potential for active and healthy ageing among European countries and to identify strengths and weaknesses in the country. It is used for policy setting in the ageing agenda. However broadly used, some methodological issues remain, and caution is necessary with its interpretation. Comparison of two countries is used for discussion of these issues. The Czech Republic and Slovakia shared a long history, joined in one state as Czechoslovakia. The current generations of older adults have spent most of their lives in that shared country. Yet, the now separate countries differ substantially in their positions in the Active Ageing Index, with Slovakia ranking much lower than the Czech Republic. In this article, the causes of the differences between the two countries are researched using a thorough comparison of survey indicator rankings, and explained with statistical data and the European Values Study survey 2017. Particular attention is paid to the indicators with the lowest and highest rankings. The results show surprisingly minor differences in most indicators. The most significant difference lay in older adults' employment and health situation, with Slovakia ranking lower. Together, these indicators are very powerful in the overall ranking of the Active Ageing Index.

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Current Challenges in the European Youth Policy

Author(s): Ruxandra-Andreea Țuțuianu / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

This article aims to focus on the current challenges of the European Youth policy, relying on data from the two most recent European Youth Strategies: The European Union Youth Strategy 2019-2027 and the Council of Europe Youth Sector Strategy 2030. Both strategies, which build on earlier initiatives and are intended to serve different priorities and purposes, emphasize the needs and issues facing young people. The article focuses on whether these policies are efficient enough to support young people to achieve their rights. Considering the youth’s current challenges, the analysis reveals what can be done and who can help achieve a coherent framework which can be integrated with national policies? Furthermore, it is important to acknowledge the significant repercussions of the COVID-19 crisis, which has affected every sector of a society, including the young generation sector, especially in the following areas: technological, social, civic, political, and personal. For a multitude of reasons, it is time for the European Union to raise awareness about the implications of the pandemic, to review the priorities for the future, and to focus on the new challenges that arise, based on the developments over the last 24 months. The European Union must focus on implementing the bottom-up approach and participatory vision when it comes to addressing the needs and issues of youth and their situation in the future of Europe. It is crucial for the sustainable development of the European Union that youth receive long-term solutions and comprehensive strategies, where young people are the main subject of European policies and an active part of the decision-making processes, at all levels.

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DETERMINANTS OF NEET (NOT IN EMPLOYMENT, EDUCATION OR TRAINING) ON THE POLISH LABOUR MARKET

Author(s): Anna M. Rak / Language(s): English Issue: 129/2021

The principal purpose of the study is to identify the individual risk factors of young people becoming the NEET generation on the Polish labour market. The first part of the paper comprises a literature-based overview of definitions of the NEET category based and a presentation of the risk factors of young people becoming NEET. The second part presents the results of empirical analyses conducted employing a questionnaire on a group of 120 individuals, aged 15 through 30, who met all criteria of the NEET definition set forth by the Employment Committee of the EU. The research demonstrates that among the major determinants of young people becoming NEET are financial hardship of their households, low motivation to continue formal education or change professional qualifications, and low level of job-seeking activity.

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United in Diversity. Labor Markets in the CEE Countries

Author(s): Michal Benčík / Language(s): English Issue: 04/2022

We study supply side factors of the labor market in the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia. The common economic history of these Central European economies suggests that long-run relationships should have similar patterns. While we find that for the Czech Republic and Hungary there exists a long-run relation of equilibrium unemployment rate to real wages, capital stock and terms of trade, such relationship does not hold for Poland and Slovakia. Instead, labor market trends are better described by the relationship of equilibrium real wages. This finding uncovers structural differences within the Visegrad countries. These differences relate to the extent to which labor supply can adapt to shocks. In practice this would suggest that it was more efficient for Slovakia to conduct supply-oriented policies to stabilize labor market conditions. On the contrary, the more efficient tools for the Czech Republic are wage-oriented policies, connected to the demand side.

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The Fatherhood Premium or the Fatherhood Penalty? It Depends on the Type of Marriage You’re in: The Case of Slovakia 2009 through 2018

Author(s): Drahomíra Zajíčková,Miroslav Zajíček / Language(s): English Issue: 07-08/2022

The study provides estimates of the fatherhood premium for Slovakia from 2009 through 2018 using data from the EU SILC survey. We found that a raw fatherhood premium amounted to 22.26% from 2009 through 2018. However, when controlling for demographic and human capital characteristics, the premium declines to 4.90%. When accounting for the effects of partnership, the premium turns into the fatherhood penalty of 7.31%. We also show that the fatherhood premium depends on the household division of labour. For dual-earner families, fatherhood results in a penalty on fathers’ incomes that amounts to 9.23% (7.87% when controlled for demographic and human capital characteristics). However, this outcome is driven by two lowest deciles of male income distribution. The effect of fatherhood on men’s incomes in the male-breadwinner model when the wife fully cares for the home and parental duties (as well as high income fathers in dual-earners families) is exactly the opposite. The fatherhood premium amounts to 21.79% (7.22% when controlled for demographic and human capital characteristics).

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Efficiency Analysis of EU Member States in the Context of Population Aging

Author(s): Nikola Soukupová,Markéta Kocourková,Jana Klicnarová / Language(s): English Issue: 10/2023

The population aging might threaten the economic development and efficiency of EU Member States. Based on the demographic projections, the EU’s old-age dependency ratio (as proxies of population aging) will be almost double – from 31% in 2019 to 57% in 2100. This study focuses on the efficiency analysis of European Union Member States in the context of population aging. Utilizing Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and the Malmquist Productivity Index, we evaluated how demographic changes affect the economic efficiency of various EU countries. Our findings reveal that some states, such as the Czech Republic, Germany, and Luxembourg, demonstrate high-efficiency levels when considering demographic factors. The results suggest that technological advancement and innovation are crucial in addressing the challenges associated with population aging.

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Globalization and Migration(s) – A View from Southeast Europe

Author(s): Pavlin Atanasov / Language(s): English Issue: 82/2024

Migration as a quest for better living is a never-ending phenomenon, and millions of migrants, even today, are still on their way to the more developed parts of the world. On the one hand, the question arises whether the phenomenon seems to be slowly changing its former characteristics in the era of the latest globalization processes. On the other hand, migrations for a long time used to be heading from the South to the North and from the East to the West, at least for the last couple of centuries, something that is not the only case anymore. In this paper, the main goal is to analyze: first, the current process and what is new about globalization; second, the latest phenomena of migrations and the individualization of migration; third, the connectedness and interdependence between the two categories, including some of the gains and losses; and fourth, shed more light on migration in Southeast Europe and consequences for the migrant-sending and migrant-receiving countries.

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STUDENTS’ DEMOGRAPHY EFFECT ON HYBRID LEARNING IN INFORMATICS

Author(s): Chaman Verma,Zoltán Illés,Viktoria Bákonyi / Language(s): English Issue: 02/2022

Since 2019, the students have been facing a Covid pandemic. Significantly, the students of informatics in our faculty have suffered a lot. This paper has evaluated 103 primary samples of the students gathered from our faculty using a google form. There are thirty variables, from which ten variables belong to difficulties faced during hybrid learning, ten variables relate to benefits of hybrid learning, and ten variables belong to satisfaction with hybrid learning. The Cronbach's Alpha reliability of 31 variables towards 101 samples is 0.823. We have applied a parametric t-test at a 95% confidence interval to explore the impact of study course, gender, and age group on the difficulties, benefits, and satisfaction of Hybrid learning. The critical assumptions (outliers, independence, homogeneity, normality) of the t-test have been taken care of. The statistical t-test proved no effect of study course, gender, and age group on difficulties, benefits, and satisfaction of the Hybrid learning (p > 0.05). Also, the paper's findings explored that students are delighted and gain benefits caused of hybrid learning in their study. The statistical results might be helpful for the informatics faculty and students to be aware of the no discrimination in gender, age group, and course of study towards hybrid learning.

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DATA EXTRACTION USING KINOVEA FOR ACCESSIBLE ON-SITE BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS

Author(s): Vlad Popa,Iosif Sandor,Dumitru Rareş Ciocoi-Pop,Emanuele Isidori,Irina Leonova / Language(s): English Issue: 02/2023

It is fairly difficult to talk about performance when, if we were to talk about assessment regarding human movement, we are lacking in accessible means of infrastructure, yet to also be valuable enough to make its difference. Of course, this would be a discussion about biomechanics, and even this can be split into two: data extraction and data analysis. This study will be concerned with the extraction of objective data from specific individuals, having only the most accessible means, and to be able to do this on-site. The equipment needed would be two mid-level cameras of at least 50 FPS capacity and white tapes to contrast the black marker as the passive attached markers on the subjects. The software used is Kinovea 9.5 and the extracted data is collected in Microsoft Excel. Once we have collected the data, the analysis can commence and it can be done a a wide variety of manners. To make everything more efficient, all the raw date can be introduced directly within a template created with various programing languages, like let’s mention Python for one, and everything can be done directly through it. In this day and age, if we want to keep pace with the speed of how everything is done, we specialists must adapt too and learn new ways of how to improve our professional skill set.

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NUTRITION BY AGE CATEGORIES

Author(s): Delia Borza / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2023

This is an informative article about the food rules specific to each age group, starting from primary school to finishing high school. The topics covered by this article are the following: the definition of nutrition, the importance of nutrition, the nutritional needs of the young schoolchild, the nutritional needs of secondary school students, adolescent nutrition, and the conclusion.

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