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Demographic Crisis in Japan against the Background of Attempts to Build Family-friendly Social Policy Tools

Author(s): Jan Wiktor Tkaczyński,Joanna M. Guzik,Maciej Pletnia / Language(s): English Issue: 87/2023

Albite Japan has been experiencing unfavourable demographic changes for socioeconomic development for at least half a century, it is only in recent years that we have noted measures there aimed at no longer preventing the demographic crisis itself, but at mitigating its effects. All available statistical data confirm the demographic trend observed in the country, characterised on the one hand by an increase in life expectancy (which in itself is inherently a positive trend), and on the other by a low fertility rate (which reflects negatively on both the sustainability of the social fabric and the development of the national economy). In other words, it eventually leads to an extremely rapid ageing process in Japanese society. This rapidness can be judged when we contrast Japan’s natural change rate of -2 in 2007 with an alarming-609 per thousand population in 2021.1 The purpose of the article is therefore, firstly, to identify the sources of the demographic crisis in Japan, and secondly, based on them, to carry out a comparative analysis of the case in question to determine factors which have a decisive influence on the problem and to detect whether their occurrence is characteristic only for the Land of the Cherry Blossoms. All this can be referred here to Japan’s current social policy and constitute answer the question of whether it is, or not, overdue in the context of the titular issue.

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Многомерная демография: новый подход к оценке человеческих ресурсов российского Севера

Author(s): Viktor Vilgelmovich Fauzer,Andrey Vladimirovich Smirnov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2024

Over the past three decades, the population of the Russian North has decreased by almost a quarter. Simultaneously, an increasing share of pensioners may negatively affect the availability and quality of labour resources in northern regions. The article examines the dynamics and structure of human resources in 13 regions of the Russian North in the 21st century using multidimensional demography. This approach, along with the main demographic indicators (sex, age) varying in time and space, involves considering such additional characteristics as education and labour force participation. This view of demographic processes can reveal whether an increase in education or employment (qualitative characteristics) can help reduce negative trends in the quantitative characteristics of human resources. The average duration of education of the total and employed population was compared. Indicators of the total duration of education and education costs were used to assess the value of the accumulated educational potential. According to the calculations, in 2002–2010, the total duration of education of the employed population decreased only in 3 of the 13 northern regions and remained at the 2002 level in 3 regions. In 2010–2021, this indicator already decreased in seven constituent entities and remained at the 2010 level in three regions. The total loss of educational potential of human resources amounted to 4.1 million person years of education. To remedy the educational potential in 2020 prices, more than 600 billion roubles of budgetary funds would be needed. The occurred transformations are clearly demonstrated by sex-age-educational pyramids. The study showed that negative demographic trends in the Russian North almost cannot be reduced by improving qualitative characteristics. The findings can be applied to develop demographic, social and labour policies, and to construct demographic forecasts.

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DEPOPULATION IN RURAL AREAS OF THE WARMIA AND MAZURY VOIVODESHIP

Author(s): Wiesława Lizińska,Daniel Burakowski,Karolina Babuchowska / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

The aim of the article was to analyse and evaluate the situation of rural municipalities and rural areas located in urban-rural municipalities in the Warmia-Mazury voivodeship in terms of the phenomenon of depopulation in 2012-2022. The study uses the method of classification of territorial units created by J. W. Webb (1963). The phenomenon of depopulation intensified in rural municipalities and in rural areas in urban-rural municipalities. The element mainly influencing depopulation during these years was population emigration. The deterioration of the population situation in the study areas was also associated with a decline in natural increase. Considering the changes that took place in the years under study and their intensity, it can be concluded that in the coming years the phenomenon of depopulation will begin to develop with even greater force and dynamism.

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Morphology and morphometry of frontal sinuses as a tool in sex determination based on 17th–18th century skulls from Poland

Author(s): Kamil Mrożek,Justyna Marchewka,Beata Borowska,Alicja Budnik,Bartosz Leszczyński,Andrzej Wróbel,Iwona Wronka / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

Morphological analysis of the frontal sinuses (FS) is one of the methods used to assess the sex of human remains. Depending on the methods, the results indicate the effectiveness of using the FS in the assessment of sex at the level of 60–85.9%. Our goal was to determine whether the morphological and mor-phometric methods of sex assessment based on the FS can be used for examining historical populations in anthropological studies. We assessed FS both morphologically and morphometrically on a sample of 76 dry skulls (41 females and 35 males) from 17th–18th century form Poland to evaluate the potential of applying this method for sex estimation in human remains. A total of 76 X–rays were taken in both frontal and lat-eral views. The morphology and morphometry of the FS were assessed with ImageJ software. There were no significant differences between the sexes in assessing the outline of the upper border of the FS, as well as the number of partial septa. There was a statistically significant difference between the sexes in the width of the right FS, the height of the right and left FS, and the right and left area of the FS. The lateral view indicated a statistically significant difference between the sexes regarding the depth and area of the FS. The accuracy rate in classifying males and females using FS morphometry ranged from 59.09% to 69.57%. The FS in the lateral view (69.57%) and the height of the left FS in the frontal view (68.18%) are the most appropriate regressors for sex determination. Statistically significant differences in some FS measurements between the sexes do not appear to be a sufficient indicator of sex. Morphological and morphometrical characteristics of the FS should not be used as a guideline for sex assessment in the historical Polish population

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Association between normal weight obesity and lipids profile in Slovak women aged 38 to 59 years

Author(s): Daniela Ferjančeková,Petra Švábová,Alexandra Hozáková,Simona Sulis / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

Obesity and its associated health problems are an issue, especially when weight gain is not outwardly visible. Individuals with the same Body Mass Index (BMI) may differ in body fat percentage and may unknowingly suffer from normal weight obesity (NWO). Middle-aged women are at high risk if their body composition changes due to factors such as age, health status or reproductive history. This study investigated the relationship between NWO and lipid profile in middle-aged women. A sample of 122 women aged 38 to 59 years (47.17 ± 5.24) from Slovakia participated in this study. Using a questionnaire, participants answered questions about lifestyle, health background, sociodemographic classification, repro-ductive and menstrual history. The anthropometric parameters were determined using standard methods. Body composition was measured using a bioelectrical impedance analyzer. Biochemical parameters were determined from morning blood samples. Blood pressure was assessed in a sitting position using a digital sphygmomanometer. The primary aim of this study was to assess the differences in lipid profiles between NOW women and normal weight-lean (NWL) women. Our results showed statistically significantly higher values of uric acid in the women with NWO compared to NWL women (237.39 ± 54.11 μmol/l vs. 213.02 ± 52.64 μmol/l; p = 0.009). Moreover, significant differences were noted between NWO women and NWL women in body height, body weight, waist and hip circumference, WHR, BMI and fat mass (%, p < 0.05). Other biochemical variables showed no statistically significant differences between the study groups of women. Elevated uric acid levels in women diagnosed with NWO may serve as an indication of metabolic imbalance associated with undetected obesity. These results underscore the importance of implementing early detection and intervention methods for NWO to prevent related health issues. Further research is necessary to investigate the underlying factors contributing to these connections and evaluate the efficacy of customized interventions

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A review on association between menopausal symptoms and cardiovascular risk factors

Author(s): Debasmita Kar,Subho Roy / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

Menopausal transition and post-menopausal periods can have short-term and long- term effects on mid-life health of women. The short-term effects include the possibility of experiencing of menopausal symptoms, while the long-term effects include cardiovascular diseases (CVD) risk. The occurrence of men-opausal symptoms varies widely within and between populations. Studies indicate that the frequency and severity of menopausal symptoms are linked to CVD risk factors, but the existing literature is divergent and somewhat limited. Thus, women belonging to different populations are likely to be at a different risk of CVD, but the exact physiological mechanism behind this relationship remains unclear. The present narrative review aimed to synthesize the available evidence of menopausal symptoms in association with various conventional CVD risk factors such as blood pressure, total cholesterol and blood glucose levels and obesity, as well as to determine the potential link between these two processes. We undertook a rigorous data base search to identify, examine, and critically assess the existing literature on the associations be-tween menopausal symptoms and CVD risk factors. We applied inclusion and exclusion criteria to filter the retrieved articles and classified the literature into eight major categories. The risk of CVD is higher among women who experience vasomotor, psychological, and urogenital symptoms compared to those who do not experience these symptoms. Our review indicates that menopausal symptoms can be used as markers in assessing CVD risk factors during midlife. Thus there is a need for larger-scale research to support these findings and identify the potential mediators that are controlling this association.

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Association between expression level of the miR-320, miR-182, miR-223 and miR-486 and body composition among young Polish female volleyball players

Author(s): Paulina Pruszkowska-Przybylska,Ireneusz Cichy,Zofia Ignasiak,Katarzyna Kochan,Marek Kociuba,Sławomir Kozieł,Anna Sebastjan,Marcin Ściślak,Elżbieta Żądzińska,Andrzej Rokita / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

The expression of circulating microRNAs appears to be a promising indicator of physical strength. The objective of this study was to determine whether there is an association between the expression level of four selected microRNAs and body composition over time among young female volleyball players. Blood samples and body composition measurements were taken from 7 females who are Polish volleyball players before and after 5 matches played out between the years 2017 and 2018. The blood spots were used to assess the expression of four microRNAs: miR-320, miR-182, miR-223, and miR-486. Fat mass, PFB% and BMI were positively correlated with expression level (exp.l) of miR-182. The miR-320 the exp.l was posi-tively correlated with muscle mass and TBW. There were inverse correlations between miR-486 exp.l and PBF%, as well as between miR-486 exp.l and body mass, muscle mass, TBW, FFM, and BMR. Conversely, there were positive correlations between miR-486 exp.l and body mass and fat mass. The miR-182 may be positively correlated with fat tissue, miR-320 was positively correlated with muscle mass, and miR-486 was negatively correlated with fat mass. Overall, our study shows that the expression of miR-182, miR-320, and miR-486 is associated with body composition. The results of our study also suggest that exercise may decrease the level of miR-486.

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DNA testing for investigative purposes: search for the perpetrator’s DNA profile and kinship analysis

Author(s): Wojciech Branicki / Language(s): English Issue: 137/2024

Almost 40 years have passed since Alec Jeffreys’ seminal publications on the use of repetitive DNA marker analysis for human identification. The analysis of STR markers using multiplex PCR methods that followed this discovery has become a standard test for human identification. These methods also have investigative value. They are useful in the search for an unknown perpetrator through mass DNA testing as well as through forensic DNA databases. Another breakthrough is the analysis of long-range relationships. The ability to establish long-range relationships has enabled investigators to find the perpetrator of a crime, even in the absence of investigative hypotheses, by analysing the genealogical links recorded in our genomes. Modern DNA analysis not only provides strong evidence to be presented in court, but can also provide useful investigative leads when the identity of the perpetrator is unknown to the authorities.

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$Messerer fracture: a comparison of the prevalence of the Messerer fracture between 1980–1984 and 2016–2020 based on materials from the Department of Forensic Medicine in Kraków$

Messerer fracture: a comparison of the prevalence of the Messerer fracture between 1980–1984 and 2016–2020 based on materials from the Department of Forensic Medicine in Kraków

Author(s): Gabriela Szypuła,Gabriela Kanclerz,Patrycja Szczepaniak,Maria Komisarz-Calik,Wojciech Koziołek,Tomasz Konopka / Language(s): English Issue: 137/2024

Aim: The aim of the study was to compare the incidence of Messerer fractures in the years 1980–1984 and 2016–2020 in the material of the Department of Forensic Medicine in Kraków and to equate it with the available literature.Material and methods: Section protocols collected at the Department of Forensic Medicine in Kraków from 1980–1984 and 2016–2020 were investigated. Cases of car-pedestrian traffic accidents were collected and analyzed.Results: In the 39 cases from 1980–1984, 47 Messerer fractures were present. These reports represented 8.35% of deaths related to car-pedestrian traffic accidents. Among 9 women, Messerer fracture was generally observed in the right femur (41.67%), and the base of the wedge was lateral (41.67%). Whereas among 30 men, it was mainly located in the right femur or tibia (25.71% each). Alcohol was detected among 17 people. While in the 34 postmortem reports from 2016–2020 (15.38% of fatal strikes by a car), 43 Messerer fractures were present. They were usually located in the right tibia (39.5%), then in the right fibula (20.9%) and in the left tibia (14%). The bases of the wedges were mostly lateral (51.2%) and anterior (14%). In contemporary protocols, alcohol was detected among 22 people.Conclusions: Contrary to the literature data Messerer fractures occur in modern times almost twice as often as in the 80’s. Some differences regarding localization in lower extremities or wedge orientation can be observed.

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Zespół apatii w chorobach neurologicznych – stan wiedzy i aktualne kierunki badań

Author(s): Magdalena Roessler-Górecka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2024

Objective: Apathy is sometimes indicated as a symptom in various diseases, including: in psychiatry, but for several decades it has also been distinguished as an independent syndrome accompanying many neurological diseases. Although still omitted in current medical classifications, apathy syndrome is the subject of numerous theoretical and clinical analyses. Dissemination of knowledge about it among clinicians - including the possibility of recognizing and differentiating it, especially from depression - is of fundamental importance for the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions. The paper presents the definitions and diagnostic criteria of apathy syndrome proposed in the literature. It presents data on its frequency in various diseases, relationships with brain pathology and a number of clinical variables.Theses: Modern concepts emphasize the syndromic nature, multidimensionality of the apathy syndrome and its connections with broadly understood functions of the frontal lobes. The domains of functioning in which symptoms of apathy may be revealed include the cognitive and emotional spheres, social interactions and behavior (initiating and maintaining any purposeful activity). The syndrome's relative independence from depression is pointed out, its importance as a prognostic factor in the development of dementia, its relationship with the quality of life, the effectiveness of rehabilitation and the psychological burden on caregivers are emphasized. When searching for the cerebral basis of apathy, a number of partially overlapping processes and the significant role of the basal ganglia and selected areas of the prefrontal cortex are considered.Conclusion: Dysfunction of any link in complex prefrontal-subcortical circuits may be crucial for the occurrence of apathy symptoms, which explains the high frequency of the discussed syndrome in brain diseases, especially those involving damage to the basal ganglia and/or prefrontal cortex. The differences in the intensity of symptoms in individual domains and the repeatability of abnormality profiles observed depending on the analyzed disease entity and/or the location of brain pathology lead to the search for subtypes of the apathy syndrome.

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Между осознанностью и незаконностью: молодежные культуры потребления психоактивных веществ в санкт-петербурге

Author(s): Natalia Chernyshyova,Elizaveta Balatsyuk / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2023

This article discusses the practice of using psychoactive substances (PAS) by young people as a process regulated by the norms of participants in the culture of consumption. We seek to make a contribution to the theoretical debate about normalization, since the creation of cultures of PSA use involves a number of normalizing techniques: safety requirements, separation from other cultures of drug use, the use of a normalizing discourse in narratives about PSA. Our study is based on 20 in-depth interviews with young people aged 18–30 who have experience using several types of psychoactive substances on a regular basis. We distinguish three main elements in the culture of substance consumption that demonstrate the diversity of drug use practices and values: the level of desired control over consumption, the approach to the choice of space where drug consumption happens, and attitudes toward physicality. The participants of the study perceive the culture of PAS consumption with which they identify as one of the social spheres of life where their life goals can be realized.

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Устойчивая динамика нейронных связей: новая концепция появления когнитивности

Author(s): Victor Maratovich Trofimov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2024

Introduction. The problem of describing cognition as a result of the biological evolution of neural processes in the brain is especially difficult due to the need to involve a whole range of sciences and the competencies accumulated in them. The aim of this work is to identify and substantiate such dynamics of interaction processes in the neural network of the brain which explains their high intensity and maximum stability in the band of physical limitations of the existence of protein bodies. An important aspect of this goal is the need to substantiate the stages of biological evolution leading to the emergence of cognition (mind). Materials and Methods. The work mainly used heuristic methods: analogy, hypotheticaldeductive method, modeling and thought experiment. The analogy involved the exact results of the theory of turbulence obtained from the variation principle. The modeling used the ideas of the similarity and dimensionality method, as well as the hydrodynamic laminar-turbulent transition. The hypothetical-deductive method used the ideas of the evolutionary method of the origin of species. Results. The author formulated and substantiated the concept of dynamics of high-intensity and maximally sustainable processes of interaction of neurons of the brain. The main results include the following: the analogy is revealed between information processes in living and inanimate nature with a reasonable common key for their understanding; within the framework of hydrodynamic analogy, a continuum model of the environment of neural interactions is proposed for the first time and the stages of the evolution of the nervous network are substantiated; the hypothesis of the transition to cognition as a consequence of the biological evolution of the neural network is formulated. Conclusions. The principle of sustainable dynamics allows us to consider cognitive processes from elementary acts of cognition to the emergence of reflection as a whole as an act of consciousness from a single point of view.

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ВЛИЯНИЕ РЕПРОДУКТИВНОГО ОПЫТА РОДИТЕЛЬСКИХ СЕМЕЙ НА ВЕРОЯТНОСТЬ ВЫБОРА МНОГОДЕТНОЙ СТРАТЕГИИ РОДИТЕЛЬСТВА

Author(s): Aleksandr Borisovich Sinelnikov,Vera M. Karpova,Sofia V. Lyalikova,Anatoly Ivanovich Antonov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/2023

According to a study conducted by the Department of Family Sociology and Demography (Faculty of Sociology) at Lomonosov Moscow State University, men who grew up in families with three or more children create families with the same number of children more often than women whose parents had large families. However, the majority of men and women who were born and raised in large families do not become fathers and mothers of many children. Intergenerational continuity is important, but is not the leading factor contributing to the formation of large families. Research data show that the most favorable conditions for creating a family with three or more children are possible when both spouses are oriented not only to this number of children, but also to the family lifestyle in general. It is very important that fathers not only earn enough money to provide the family with everything they need, but also actively participate in the care and upbringing of their children. Of great importance is the mothers’ willingness to either devote themselves entirely to household chores for a long time or earn money in such a way that it does not interfere with taking care of their husbands and children. The birth rate in Russia has been too low for six decades, that is, it does not ensure complete replacement of generations. Most men and women who are now of reproductive age were born and raised in families with one or two children. The transmission of the values of a large family should be supported. However, it is even more important to instill these values in people who grew up in one- and two-child families. The second of these problems is more difficult to solve than the first. However, this is necessary in order to increase the birth rate to a level that ensures complete replacement of generations, that is, to stop depopulation in Russia. The opinion of husbands and fathers matters more when it comes not to the birth of the first or second child, but about the third and fourth children. Family and demographic policy aimed at increasing the birth rate should create incentives for the creation of large families and favorable conditions for their future life. These incentives are necessary, and the conditions must be sufficient for both parents.

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ÇALIŞAN YOKSULLARIN SOSYAL DIŞLAMA DÜZEYLERİNİN SOSYODEMOGRAFİK DEĞİŞKENLER AÇISINDAN İNCELENMESİ: BİNGÖL İLİ ÖRNEĞİ

Author(s): Abdülkadir İnak,Bedrettin Kesgin / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 26/2023

Purpose: While the problem of poverty is still continuing, it is possible to encounter new types of poverty today. The main problem of the research is that individuals are exposed to poverty and live with the risk of social exclusion despite the act of working. The scarcity of research on working poverty in Turkey in the literature adds importance to the study. The aim of this study is to determine the statistical differentiation of social exclusion levels of working poor participants according to demographic variables. Method: The population of this study, which is based on quantitative research design, is the working poor individuals in Bingöl province. The research was conducted with the voluntary participation of 550 working poor individuals using criterion sampling. Results: It was determined that the social exclusion levels of the participants were high in general (2.79±0.45) and on the basis of sub-dimensions. Social exclusion levels of the working poor differ statistically according to gender, education, age, occupation, income, sector and monthly income variables (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Gender, education, age, occupation, income, sector and monthly income variables can decrease or increase the social exclusion levels of working poor individuals.

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VIGNETA FERTILITĂȚII FAMILIEI. STUDIU DE CAZ: ARBORELE DECIZIONAL PRIVIND FERTILITATEA

Author(s): Sorana MOCANU / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2022

This paper aims to provide an interdisciplinary approach to fertility analysis. The main objective is the use of a psychotherapeutic tool in fertility decision analysis. We used the genogram, a tool frequently utilized in systemic psychotherapy. By borrowing and using the genogram in the context of fertility decision analysis, it facilitates our understanding of the fertility decision in terms of individual and family factors, as well as cultural, economic and social factors. This article aims to study fertility decision as a process resulting from the overlapping of several determinants. Thus fertility decisions appear as the result of a biological process influenced by social factors, conditioned by cultural norms and subject to intra familial laws that seem to determine both structurally and functionally individual decisions to have children. The assessment of all these factors influencing family fertility decision-making can also be analysed intergenerationally with the help of the genogram. The introduction of the genogram as a tool for analysing the different forces determining fertility and fertility decisions may overcame some of the challenges of measuring the influence of different functional and structural aspects of the family, which may technically hamper the scientific approach, given the changes to which the family as a system has been subjected in recent years.

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ADECVAREA POLITICILOR PUBLICE LA TENDINȚELE DEMOGRAFICE ACTUALE

Author(s): Daniel Arpinte / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2024

About most of types of crises we have got very few details about how they are starting, how they are developing or about their impact on immediate or long term. Either is the COVID-19 pandemic (nobody was able to anticipate the start of the pandemic, although such risk was known as probable, as well as the predictions about its evolution were extremely diverse), about the Ukrainian war or about the economic crisis which already is made visible by an increasing inflation and employment, but particularly about the cumulative effect of these crises, we are confronted with a high degree of uncertainty and with the difficulty to plan and implement a response. The article brings into discussion another type of crises, the family and child policy crisis, of which beginning was known (or rather ignored) but of which effects on long term are clearly identifiable. An important consequence, the demographic crisis, strongly tied to the child and family deficit protection, has built during a three decade period, the National Institute of Statistics (2021) showing that in 2060 the Romanian population will fall to 14.54 million people, because of significant fertility decline and because of an increasing emigration. Basically, the population of Romania was in 2021 slightly below to the population registered in 1966, although during the last over three decades of the communist regime was implemented an aggressive pro-natalist policies. The article aims to identify the main features of the family policies and those targeting the elderlies into the context of a sharp demographic decline.

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Demograficzne uwarunkowania rynku pracy w województwie dolnośląskim

Author(s): Paweł Brezdeń,Stanisława Górecka,Agnieszka Lisowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2017

The article analyses changes in total population and population in working age, as opposed to changes in the number of the employed and the scale of unemployment in Lower Silesian Voivodeship. Changes in demographic structures and the level of both employment and unemployment were also analysed in consideration of spatial context, in reference to gminas of the voivodeship. What is more, the article aims at determining the correlation/interdependency between demographic changes resulting from depopulation process and changes in the scope of number of employed and unemployed in the local labour markets.

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Depopulacja aglomeracji wałbrzyskiej

Author(s): Mateusz DŁUGOSZ / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2017

Political transformations of Poland since 1990 resulted in the economic crisis of the Walbrzych agglomeration, which previous economic profile, was based on black coal mining – and the considerable loss of population number. In 1994 the depopulation was initiated and actually is caused both by negative values of birth rate and migration balance. Young people mainly emigrate from the analysed area, therefore, the percentage of older people in the age structure of population is increasing deepening the demographic ageing process.

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Zróżnicowanie depopulacji wynikającej z migracji na przykładzie Trójmiasta

Author(s): Marcin Turzyński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2017

Depopulation has various causes which affect the importance of this phenomenon for cities. The basic ones are: migrations, negative birth rate, wars and natural disasters. While the last two reasons may have a definitive effect on the city, migrations depending on the direction are not so obvious. They can only have a formal, administrative effect – in the case of migrations just outside the city border to the neighborhoods which are in a different communities, but in fact they are a continuation of the city (adurban) or migrations can have a definitive effect – in case of outflow of population to further suburban areas or to other cities and regions.

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Przemiany demograficzne w gminach miejskich i wiejskich powiatu opoczyńskiego w latach 1995–2018

Author(s): Angelika Jasion / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2018

The main objective of the article was to identify demographic changes in urban and rural communes of the Opoczno district in 1995–2018. The article traces changes in the population, including natural increase and migration balance using the Webb typology, discusses changes in the population structure by age and gender, as well as the issue of demographic ageing. The Opoczno district mainly undergoes negative demographic processes. There has been a continuous decrease of the population due to both natural and migration loss. There are visible changes in the age structure of the population that indicate the ageing of society. The demographic situation varies across villages and cities as well as individual communes of the Opoczno district. The depopulation in rural and peripheral areas as well as the development of the Opoczno suburban area have become significant.

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