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The author reports the peculiarities of alternative (non-judicial) dispute resolution in the article. The influence of worldwide tendencies to widening and improvement of non-judicial forms of the rights protection on national legislations by way of the civil procedure reform of England and Wales example is researched. The development of alternative procedures on the international level is analyzed.
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The paper deals with research the level of physical activities and mindfulness and their cross correlation of high school and of university students. Mindfulness is defined as a specific mental state and competency with broad-spectrum positive impact. The results showed that young people are not sufficiently physical activity and have underdeveloped competence of mindfulness. In this research variable we found a statistically significant difference between the sexes, wherein the boys have more physical activities than girls, and they have a higher score of mindfulness. We found that there are a statistically significant relationship between mindfulness and physical activities, too. We think that these research findings may be related to a lack of institutional education.
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During the interwar period, the town of Prešov was responsible for the provision of medical care to the whole of the Šariš region. In the 1920s, three hospitals were operating in Prešov – the town's public hospital, the infectious diseases hospital, and the military hospital. In 1935, a brand new Prešov District Public Hospital was put into service. Just like other Slovak cities, Prešov was also affected by a post-war crisis; this became reflected in the welfare of the citizens. Poor social and hygienic conditions caused the spread of all sorts of diseases. The town's authorities had limited finances, yet still tried to improve medical and hygienic conditions within the town through the enforcement of various rules and regulations, which proved to be effective. This was also why the level of sickness did not significantly increase; on the contrary, both the population growth and birth rates rose. To maintain the relevant level of health care, the main support was provided with town, state or district finance or by private doctors, by nurses, and by the local branch of the Czechoslovak Red Cross.
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The research study examined perceptions of teachers upon the stress factors and the rate of burnout at the elementary teacher's work. A sample of 50 teachers of first and second grade of primary school completed the questionnaire by our provenance inspired by research of O. Clipa and A. Boghean (2015) , C. G. Hennig and Keller (1996) and a questionnaire by A. Pines and E. Aronson (Křivohlavý, 1998). It was found that most stressful in teachers work are pupils with special educational needs, frequent legislative changes and social evaluation of their work. They were considered physical exhaustion, mental exhaustion, susceptibility to diseases, headaches and internal tensions, such frequent consequences of the stress. The average rate of burnout among teachers was – Beginners (BM 2) lower than of teachers – Advanced (BM =2.7). Based on t-test was confirmed by the significant difference between beginners and advanced teachers (F = 2.75; p-value = 0.006). The average rate of burnout among teachers was in the teachers of first grade of primary school (BM = 2.72) higher than in teachers second grade of primary school (BM = 2.16). On the basis of the t-test was confirmed a significant difference between these groups of teachers (F = 1.12; p-value = 0.036).
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To understand more complex neural systems, it is reasonable to start with analysing more simple ones. C. Elegans is a model organism for such analysis; both because of its mapped connectome and genome. Within C. Elegans, the simplest neural subsystem seems to be the thermosensory system. In this paper we analyse the neural pathway leading from thermosensory neurons down to locomotory neurons. Although rudimentary compared to mammals, neural system of nematode C. Elegans still remains to be elucidated by neuroscientific research. The Thermosensory system of the nematode is believed to have two major thermosensory neurons, AFDL and AFDR (that are also believed to have CO2-sensory function) and supportive sensory neurons involved in other modalities but also in thermosensation - AWCL, AWCR, ASIL and ASIR. A complete neural circuitry of the thermosensory circuit is not clear yet. Although the basic circuit is known, thermosensation in C. Elegans has many features and we do not know yet in detail how thermosensation works on the level of individual neurons and synapses. The thermosensory system of C. Elegans operates at several levels. Firstly, an animal remembers at what temperature it hatched and can adjust its thermotaxis accordingly. Secondly, the nematode exhibits three major forms of thermotaxis – moving from lower temperatures towards the preferred temperature, moving from higher temperatures towards the preferred temperature and isothermal tracking – remaining in the preferred temperature range. Thirdly, the preferred temperature is adaptable; if animals are starved at a certain temperature they will adjust their preferred temperature to a different level. Fourth ly, there seems to be different mechanism/circuit for extreme and for normal temperatures. Although C. Elegans is a relatively simple organism, its nervous system is still too complex for us to fully elucidate. By analysing one of the simplest C. Elegans subsystems - the thermosensory subsystem - we can still see several hurdles to be overcome before fully understanding this pathway. Researchers have been quite successful in identifying the neurons that contribute to the pathway (although there are still speculations that additional neurons may be temporarily recruited into the pathway). Although we know quite a lot about the thermosensory neurons (especially ADFL and ADFR) we are only beginning to learn about the function and the molecular underpinnings of interneurons in C. Elegans. And, at the same time, interneurons appear to be the part of the system where most of the neurocomputation happens. There are approximately 6000 synapses in the neural system of C. Elegans. Although the connectome of the worm has been mapped, we still do not know many features of individual neurons and their synapses. For example, it is still not clear what synapses are excitatory and which are inhibitory. Besides modelling studies, new experimental studies are necessary to establish the excitatory/inhibitory nature of interactions between respective neurotransmitters and their receptors.
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Review of: Hvizdová, Eva – Balogová, Beáta – Sedláková, Alena. "Marketing of social services with an emphasis on art therapy and art."; Prešov : Filozofická fakulta Prešovskej univerzity, 2015. 133 p. ISBN 9788055512716 by: Michaela Štefanová
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Place: Košice, Slovakia Date: 19th – 20th October 2017
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Typically, aid for the poor in Hungary was the responsibility of church representatives and social elites. However, Christian teachings only requested support for people in need in the form of alms, not permanent provisions. The level of care for the poor in the country adhered to this understanding until the second half of the 18th century when social support and health care became the agenda of the state. During the Enlightenment era, Hungarian elites started to address these issues under the guidance of the Emperor. The initiative was influenced, but not regulated by Maria Theresa. Joseph II considered assistance for the poor to be a political issue that needed to be thoroughly managed and checked by the official authorities. However, the care itself and its financing were the responsibility of towns and municipalities, primarily the inhabitants. The emperor expected that the generosity of the local elite would be a model for others and that they would personally participate in collecting and distributing financial contributions. Joseph II’s intentions concerning reform of the support systems remained more or less only a vision that could not be fulfilled in Hungary in the given era. What he did not manage to impose by top-down regulation was gradually accomplished by a bottom-up initiative in the first half of the 19th century. Charity organisations established and managed by the local elite became the most significant entity helping the poor and they made considerable contributions to the modernisation, professionalism, and specialisation in that field. Assistance was also provided by churches, self-governments and official authorities.
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Conference report: -800. Výročie prvej písomnej zmienky o meste Skalica / 800th anniversary of the first written membership of Skalica -Konferencia z dejín podnikateľských rodín / Conference on history of family business -VIII. kongres osemsto rokov srbskej medicíny / 8th Congress on 800 years of Serbian medicine -Medzinárodná interdisciplinárna konferencia národy – mestá – ľudia – slávnosti / International interdisciplinary national conference - city – people – facilities -Libri speculum vitae
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In the past, patient safety has attracted attention. However, little of it has been focused on the social skills necessary for paramedics. The aim of this article is to both highlight this deficiency, as well as the importance of examining such social skills which are necessary for crews in the emergency medical services. In this review, we present different terms described in the literature, and also the two most prevalent approaches: a non-technical skills approach and a competency approach. The non-technical skills approach has its origin in aviation. Flin et al. (2003) defined non-technical skills as the cognitive and social skills that complement technical skills, and contribute to safe and efficient task performance. Non-technical skills are divided into three main categories: cognitive (decision-making and situational awareness), personal awareness (coping with fatigue and stress) and social skills (leadership, communication and teamwork). Each category includes basic elements and behavioral markers – examples of effective and non-effective behaviors. The competency approach defines competencies as knowledge, skills, abilities and other characteristics or as a cluster of two or more these attributes (Marrelli, Tondora, & Hoge, 2005). Each competency is composed of behavioral indicators – specific descriptions of effective behavior (Calhoun et al., 2008). The literature describes three clusters of competencies: 1. cognitive competencies (system thinking and pattern recognition), 2. emotional competencies (self-awareness, self-management, emotional self-awareness, emotional self-control), 3. social competencies (social awareness, relationship management such as empathy and teamwork) (Boyatzis & Boyatzis, 2008). In this article, we discuss the differences and similarities of both approaches and we focus on their critique. Nestel et al. (2011) criticized the term of non-technical skills and recommended using the term human factors because human factors positively define skills or behavior. According to the authors, while the term of non-technical skills is simplistic and inaccurate, human factors stem from a richer academic tradition. The model of non-technical skills can contribute to the development of negative attitudes and devaluation in that these skills cannot be learned, and the spread of attitudes that there are two broad, independent categories. The critique of competency models is based on theoretical ambiguities. Some definitions describe competencies as a combination of knowledge, skills, ability and other characteristics (Campion & Odman, 2011) or as a summary of beliefs, motives, and attitudes needed for successful work (Chen & Naquin, 2006). Another critique is based on the lack of methodological rigour, and according to some authors (Ashworth & Saxton, 2006), the term of competence ignores wider human qualities and focus on the measurement of performance according to predetermined standards. Despite the advantages and disadvantages of both approaches, the urgency of this topic in Slovakia is emphasized by the increasing number of publicized cases of medical failure. While there are general categories of nontechnical skills and competency models for healthcare professionals (such as nurses and doctors), there is a lack of studies which focus on paramedics. According to Glavin and Maran (2003), specific methods cannot always be transferred from one culture to another. It is not possible to take a specific training package and replace the word nurse or physician with the word paramedic. It is necessary to develop a theory of human skills (or competencies) and to identify job-specific skills for the position, and related behavioral markers. Additionally, the knowledge of social skills in emergency medical services is important for preventing errors and dealing with critical situations.
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The COVID-19 pandemic is often associated with the phrase coronavirus crisis. A crisis can be defined by three characteristics: a specific, unexpected event that creates a high level of uncertainty, and involves a (perceived) threat to important goals (Seeger et al., 1998). A crisis experienced at the individual level may be linked with the concept of stress (Doka, 2013; Eastham et al., 1970; Elmer et al., 2020; Hickman & Knouse, 2020). The transactional theory of stress and coping defines the experience of stress based on the interaction between a person and the environment. The impact of a particular stressor depends on, firstly, the extent to which the individual evaluates it as stressful and, secondly, the extent to which the individual copes with it or the extent to which he or she will be able to involve resources to combat stress (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984). The aim of this research is to examine more deeply how the "coronavirus crisis" manifested itself at an individual level in the most vulnerable groups of the population, the elderly (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020; Public Health Authority of the Slovak Republic, 2020), during the first wave of the disease in Slovakia. In particular, the aim is to examine which specific stressors are perceived as stressful (which are sources of stress) and which coping strategies are preferred by the elderly, as well as how these sources of stress and coping strategies relate to the demographic characteristics of the elderly (both in gender and age). Using the snowball method, 607 people over the age of 62 from all over Slovakia participated in the online research. They answered open-ended questions about perceived stressors and coping strategies and also completed the Perceived Stress Scale (Cohen et al., 1983) and the Anxiety Measurement Questionnaire (Spielberger et al., 1983). Subsequently, a combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches was used. Through the content analysis of the answers to the open-ended questions, 11 categories of stress sources and 22 categories of coping strategies, with different levels of prevalence, were identified. The most common sources of stress (with a prevalence of about 25% to 10%) for the elderly were social isolation, various measures and restrictions, uncertainty, fear for loved ones, but also the "other" stressors, which were only minimally or indirectly related to the current pandemic situation (e. g. domestic stress). To a lesser extent (with a prevalence below 10%), the elderly perceived as stressful various media information (information about infection numbers and the COVID 19 disease, ambiguity, or confusion over this information, and the behavior of politicians), concern for themselves, the irresponsible behavior of others, and going shopping. For almost 10% of the elderly, nothing was stressful. The most common coping strategies (with a prevalence of approximately 50% to 15%) were various forms of work (most often in the garden and/or in household), hobbies, social contact, and distracting activities (most often, watching television, less often, listening to music or playing various games) or physical exercise (most often, walking outside, less often, doing exercises). To a lesser extent reported (with a prevalence below 15%) were compliance with the measures, focusing on (caring for) others (either as direct care for loved ones or pets, and/or sewing face masks for others), focusing on themselves (either as learning something new and/or taking care of physical health or relaxing), then also searching for information (to a lesser extent, avoiding it), their faith, and, to a minimum extent, the regime of the day, optimism or "other" strategies were presented. Only less than 2% of elderly did not state any strategy. Women more often reported social isolation as stressful, men reported a lack of clarity and confusion in media information about the disease, and the behavior of politicians. Women reported quantitatively more coping strategies that helped them cope with the current coronavirus situation, and more often reported 9 strategies compared to men (hobbies; housework; social contact; distraction by watching TV or/and listening to music or playing games; exercise; learning something new, sewing face masks for others and their faith). Men reported more often only compliance with the measures. Age was less relevant to potential differences. For the older elderly, only the behavior of politicians as a source of stress, watching TV, and searching for information about the disease were more often reported as coping strategies when compared to the younger elderly. Although the overall levels of perceived stress and anxiety were rather low in the elderly, by comparing the relevance of the different categories of stressors and coping strategies to them, it was found that 2 stressors (uncertainty and self-esteem) were related to higher perceived stress and anxiety. A further 3 coping strategies (care for physical health and relaxing, care for pets and sewing face masks for others) were related to less perceived stress and 5 coping strategies (the same as in the previous case together with hobbies and walks) were related to less anxiety. One’s faith as a coping strategy related to higher anxiety. The findings point to the need to perceive the stress experience of each elderly person as unique. Research findings can be useful for the elderly themselves, but also for those who work with elderly and/or implement interventions.
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The subject of the analysis is the novel Leben (Life, 2013) by the German author David Wagner. In fact, although designed as a novel, the book is more precisely an autopathography, which presents a personal and authentically reflective look at the experience of one’ s ownillness and describes the medical intervention, the surgical transplantation of a new liver. The medical specialist discourse plays an essential role in this context. Medical knowledge and personal reflections overlap like those areas of meaning from which analogies often emergeand in which metaphors have their origin. In the following, it is a matter of uncovering those areas that are combined to create analogies in order to describe their communicative functionon the basis of their possible implementation in the form of metaphors (also known as between-domain analogies). Particular consideration is given to the role of the medical specialist discourse and the question of how it shapes the analogization and metaphorization of one’ sown experience of illness and the experience of organ transplantation. In doing so, we rely largely on the analytical model based on the theory of figurative language by Hans Georg Coenen.
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This text addresses the process of improving computer literacy in Hospital Jihlava which is a non-profit organization situated in the middle of the Vysočina Region in the central Czech Republic serving 150,000 inhabitants and consisting of 18 medical departments. In 2020 there were over 1,500 employees, including around 200 doctors and 600 nurses. Every year on average number of 430,000 patients are treated there, with over 25,000 patients being hospitalized, and around 7,500 undergoing a surgery. The main aim of this text is to find out how the improvement in information technology skills can be dependent on the given training and the offered help with these basic skills. Since not all health-care professionals are capable of working with information technology, due to the fast development in the area, they must be continually educated in it, because the ability to work with the computers and software is far from being innate. In 2007, in connection with the growing need for a continual development in hospital employee’s IT skills and abilities in work with information technologies, a computer literacy survey was carried out. 652 respondents took part in it, out of who there were 555 women and 97 men. The highest level of computer knowledge amongst respondents was working with the Internet, while the lowest knowledge was found working with spreadsheets. Overall level of knowledge corresponded with the required skills of a given work position. The highest achieved level of formal education played a part, as did their age. This was why the position of ICT Lecturer was created in 2020 in order to improve the computer literacy of the staff. Computer literacy here is understood as a set of knowledge, skills and abilities that will enable individuals to use computer technology for their professional and personal life to the extent that they would not feel computer-handicapped or behind a "digital wall", while their personal and professional development with the help of computer would be voluntary. This step was preceded by a unification of the crumbled software environment, which caused a lot of compatibility issues. In 2018 it was unified; Microsoft Office 365 was chosen because it has only one version and there is no need for upgrades to newer ones. With Office 365 a lot of other applications came, all the hospital, employees can use any of them, each employee owns a version of Office 365. They can use it locally on any computer in Hospital Jihlava or at their mobile devices, they can work remotely. Then the training courses in Hospital Jihlava started. They were aimed at all employees of the facility, though mainly at those afraid of computers due to the lack of basic computer literacy. The training programs were offered between May 2020 and April 2021, though the participation was not obligatory, the number of trained people rose to 872. The training method was a monological lecture for the group of 1-12 people, combined with the practical demonstration of the program functions, which the participants were able to test with the help of the lecturer. The training topics were divided in two main categories: a - basic work with computer and the main rules of cyber security; and b - office and communication platforms and applications. Group a/ consisted of the trainings meant to cover the fears of work with the computer systems, its topics were: Work with PC, Computer for Beginners, and basic rules of cybersecurity. The b/ group expected to cover the basic office and communication platforms and applications, it consisted of these trainings: MS Word, MS Excel, MS PowerPoint, MS OneNote, MS Outlook and E-Mail Security, MS OneDrive, MS Teams, MS Forms, MS Stream. The training courses were supplemented by video courses aimed to help retain the gained skills which could be immediately applied at everyday work. The trainings turned out to be an immense investment into potential capacity of the employees, which in turn can be used to the overall organisation development. Its best visible result was in the readiness for the implementation of a new Hospital Information System in March 2021, but there was a measurable increase in the number of the active usage of the main trained applications. The limits of the conducted training process are addressed in the conclusion. At the first place, with motivation being the greatest issue. Although the IT training does not improve the primary qualification of the medical staff, the employees are eager to train their skills and learn to operate the apps to develop skills considered essential in current society. Yet, some of them are hindered from learning to work with information technologies through lacking confidence. Therefore, the necessity to motivate people to undergo training and develop their own knowledge and skills is a future challenge for the IT department of Hospital Jihlava.
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Populism and the post-truth: two concepts often used simultaneously or interchangeably to explain current developments in contemporary politics, yet the demarcation line between them remains blurry. Building on definitions of populism that describe it as a style of political communication, ‘post-truth populism’ can be regarded as a specific type of populist communication which shares the characteristics of post-truth politics. How the two phenomena intertwine, and how the aesthetic transformation of the public sphere and the rise of social media had a role in their appearance will be discussed. The theoretical framework is illustrated by two cases during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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This paper examines the impact of news regarding the spread of the corona-virus on stock market returns. We investigate this impact across different geo-graphical regions and behavioral aspects through regression analysis. Specifically, we explore the relationship between stock returns and factors such as investors’ attention, the number of new positive COVID-19 cases and deaths, and government measures implemented during the pandemic. Our findings reveal that news concerning new deaths associated with the virus and attention towards the vaccine significantly affected stock markets in Europe, the United States, and globally. Notably, these effects were observed prior to the approval of the first vaccine. However, our analysis does not confirm these results for the Japanese and Chinese stock markets. As a result, we argue that the Japanese stock market presents an opportunity for diversification during similar shocks. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the dynamics between public health crises and financial markets.
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The job satisfaction of middle healthcare managers affects organizational results of healthcare facilities. Purpose of the paper is to explore the relationship between competent leadership and work conditions with the job satisfaction of middle healthcare managers and the role of job autonomy and social support as mediators of this relationship, and to verify the influence of moderators – evaluation and ability of psychological detachment on strength of this relationship. The sample of quantitative questionnaire research consisted of 225 mid-level managers of healthcare facilities in Slovakia. The data were processed using the SPSS 24 software package. The findings show that managerially competent leadership is directly related to the job satisfaction of middle healthcare management. This effect can be strengthened by evaluation of work; psychological detachment has the opposite effect on the researched relationship. Social support and job autonomy act as mediators, the influence of social support is particularly important.
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In contrast to the pre-Covid-19 pandemic and post-Great Recession periods, when a significant part of mainly advanced economies experienced a low-growth, low-inflation macroeconomic landscape, the post-Covid-19 pandemic period has seen a dramatic shift, with notable increases in the inflation rate while economic growth has remained largely sluggish. In this study, we estimate the underlying causes of the recent inflation spikes and quantify the contributions of individual factors such as production costs, imported consumption and corporate profits to consumer price inflation in Slovakia over the period 2021 – 2023. This is done by using the methodology of the adjusted input-output (IO) price model, which was adopted from Dhingra (2023). The results suggest that excessive corporate mark-ups and profits, input prices and imported inflation have played the most profound role in the overall rising trend of consumer price inflation in the recent period.
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The formation of perceptions and expectations regarding the availability of external financing is a critical area of research for monetary policy, particularly in light of the Covid-19 pandemic and the ongoing energy crisis. This study utilizes data from the semi-annually conducted Survey on the Access to Finance of Enterprises (SAFE). The data covers the time period from April 2014 to September 2022. Our aim is to investigate how SMEs perceive and expect the availability of bank loans, credit lines, and trade credits. Our findings highlight that past experiences and changing demands for financing are significant drivers in shaping both past perceptions and future expectations. Behavioral factors such as loss aversion and rational inattention play a crucial role in influencing managerial decisions. These insights help explain the persistent low credit dynamics observed since the financial crisis and suggest similar trends may follow the current economic disruptions. Our results underscore the importance of considering behavioral elements and past experiences in designing effective monetary policies to support SMEs’ access to finance.
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During the 2020 Spring lockdown, here was an increase in working from home incidence. For many it was a premiere, others have had previous experience with the phenomena, but all needed to manage post/during pandemic work recovery and micro-breaks. The latter were particularly important, as typical communication points that increase permeability of work-life boundaries. We inspect changes in taking within-day work-breaks while working from home, by comparing web surveys collected in 2018 and during 2020 lockdowns in Romania. We argue that frequency of taking breaks was dependent on work-related constraints including total working time, and life-related agents, such as the presence of children. The findings indicate moderating effects of number of children, time spent working, and education. The main changes refer to the type of breaks, not their frequency.
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This paper aims to review the controversial issues in the field of human rights: the status of the human embryo. Since the moment the creation of human embryos in laboratory condition became available, ethical questions continued to arise and emphasize it’s irascible status. During pregnancy, the embryo is part of another human being’s body lacking a legal status distinct from that of his mother’s. Defining the right to life and its prime beneficiaries is an important step in gaining a unitary position on a special status of the human embryo. This special legal status derives from the embryo’s recognized potential to become a human being.
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