Valerijan Žujo, Doktor Karel Bayer
Review of: Valerijan Žujo, Doktor Karel Bayer, Narodna i univerzitetska biblioteka Bosne i Hercegovine, Sarajevo, 2020.
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Review of: Valerijan Žujo, Doktor Karel Bayer, Narodna i univerzitetska biblioteka Bosne i Hercegovine, Sarajevo, 2020.
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HIV/AIDS has become a threat to every individual, family, community, nation and the entire humankind in the contemporary modern world. Scientists, researchers, traditional healers and medical practitioners have not succeeded in their effort to get a cure for the scourge of HIV/AIDS. People in the developing countries, especially, those in rural communities, are less informed about the pandemic. The absence of the study of HIV/AIDS in the school curriculum has resulted in the fact that people do not formally learn to know more about the pandemic and this has resulted in myths regarding its causes and spread. In Edo state of Nigeria like many other parts of Africa victims of HIV/AIDS do not receive much support from their families because of the fear that they risk contracting the disease by drinking from the same cup, eating from the same bowls or touching the victims. Lack of education has been a single most serious cause of wrong perceptions and myths. One way to demystify HIV/AIDS is to integrate the study of the pandemic into the mainstream school curriculum as a teaching and learning subject. Public education through technological media does not reach a majority of the rural population in Edo State which is why the spread does not seem to abate. This paper explores the feasibility of introducing HIV/AIDS into the school curriculum in the Edo State of Nigeria. It is assumed that the teaching of HIV/AIDS in schools could assist in dispelling the myths surrounding the pandemic and that the knowledge gained from studying the disease might empower the people to live with it, manage it and reduce the infection and stigma attached to HIV/AIDS.
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The purpose of the article. The study aims to analyze how these special rules of financing during the pandemic affected the financial situation of hospitals in Poland. Methodology. We analyzed a sample of 86 Polish hospitals from 2019 to 2021. The financial condition is assessed based on financial ratios and the synthetic measure M1. We employ the Kruskall-Wallis test to confirm the differences between the values of financial ratios in the analyzed period. Results of the research. We confirm that due to the special rules and financing, combined with underperformance, the financial condition of Polish hospitals has slightly improved – especially in the case of operating margin, EAT to debt ratio and ROA.
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The text presents the origins of informed consent in medical practice and research, with a special focus on English-speaking countries. The introduction of anesthesia into medical practice resulted in the emergence of a new group of injured patients who operated in the unconscious state, have no control over medical intervention, and complain that they were subjected to procedures to which they did not agree. The second impulse is experimenting involving humans in the 18th and 19th centuries, some cases gain considerable publicity (e.g. infection with pathogens) and led to high-profile trials in which the argument of patients’ consent to participate in a non-therapeutic experiment appeared. In the case of therapeutic experiments, the principle of the patient’s benefit prevails over his autonomy. The third factor is a gradual transition from the individual approach of the doctor to the patient, based on virtue ethics, to understanding the relationship between the doctor and the patient in terms of a contract. Then, the transition from the contract to general rights and the formulation of general patient rights.
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The author considers to what extent “pathcenosis”, the concept of the Croatian- French historian of medicine Mirko Grmek (1924–2000), can provide a theoretical framework for contemporary and historical research on pandemics. This term denoted the set of diseases occurring in a given population at a given time and the relationships between them. The current COVID-19 pandemic is the impetus for contemporary research. Research on the scientific discourse in the reports of the COVID-19 Advisory Team at the President of the Polish Academy of Sciences allowed for the diagnosis of the theoretical usefulness of pathocoenosis. The area of these analyzes includes historical and medical interpretations, scientific myth and social myths about science, scientific consensus and the dissemination of science. These studies showed two dangerous tendencies: 1. discrepancies in the understanding of the strategy of fighting the pandemic between the multidisciplinary world of science and the state authorities; 2. slight social impact of scientific authorities on negationist social attitudes. Both trends have a real impact on the shaping of the pandemic situation. Prospects for the continuation of this research concern, among others searching for the possibility of modifying the concept of „pathocenosis” with the epidemiological consequences of globalization processes, the use of „pathocenosis” as a narrative structure in the historiography of medical sciences, the use of the concept of „pathocenosis” as an inspiration for theoretical approaches in studies on the history of social practices towards health and disease. The prospects for continuing the research carried out also take into account the presence of the socio-cultural context and the dynamics of changes in the pandemic in the scientific discourse. And also the great importance of the narrative of anti-science movements in Poland. All these factors influence the nature of the Polish pathocoenosis.
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Euskol incense briquettes were produced in Lubostroń. Their factory was found- ed in 1909 by Witold Skórzewski. It was still operating under the German oc- cupation, in the 1940s. Euskol was used mainly for prophylactic and therapeutic purposes in veterinary and medicine. Enjoyed great and unflagging popularity, and was exported to Western Europe. The manufacturer explained the character- istics of Euskol using bacteriological arguments. However he situated diseases in one semantic field with rot. The medical context of the use of Euskol (and other incense) in the post-Pasteur period indicates a strong attachment to the miasmatic narrative.
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The article contributed to the history of translational medicine and presents the transfer of elements of the Ayurvedic treatment of cholera to the medical practice in Poland in the 19th century, carried out through Western European doctors. Special attention is paid to the role played in this process by foreign physicians and surgeons working in Warsaw hospitals during the November Uprising. Their education, medical experience and competence as regards cholera treatment were described, as well as the scientific research they carried out in Warsaw and their preferences for cholera treatment. It was demonstrated that the Hindu treatment regimen was accepted by colonial doctors and after some modifications disseminated in Europe. To assess the persistence of the treatment in Poland, the medications used in 1831 in Warsaw hospitals were compared with those administered to patients in the Poznan lazarette in 1866. The article is based on foreign doctors reports on the fight against cholera in 1831 in the Kingdom of Poland, as well as a unique report on the treatment of cholera at the Sisters of Charity Hospital in Poznan in 1866.
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Renata Elżbieta Paliga’s book is a negative example of writing in the history of medicine, written under the influence of the coronavirus pandemic and the war. It was written in a hurry, on the wave of current epidemiological and military events, without a painstaking search for sources. Its author summarised Tadeusz Srogosz findings, sometimes only indirectly using other bibliographical sources. The interpretations contained in the book are either logically flawed or outright false.
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This article discusses the contemporary discourse of justifying the abandonment of the pro- tection of rights by a higher necessity, which is presented as resulting both from the indications of science and from the structural features of modern society. Such ideas are proclaimed, among others, on the occasion of the phenomena referred to as the COVID-19 pandemic and the green- house effect and climate crisis, and are in turn addressed by institutional and political actions. The aim of the article is to analyze this discourse and its effects on the way of understanding politics and law, and in particular the totalitarian tendencies it generates. The author adopts a hermen- eutical perspective as a methodological starting point and refers to a certain understanding of politics and law as based on practical reason, which is established in the Western philosophical tradition. This then serves to outline an ideal type of discourse of structural necessity as a rejection of this type of rationality. In doing so, the author refers to the interpretation of commonly known ideological tendencies and institutional facts. The presentation of the less obvious feature of this discourse, i.e. the identification of natural and political necessity, is supported by the author with references to contemporary philosophical and political concepts dealing with the relationship be- tween the social and natural spheres. The conclusion is that this discourse eliminates the idea of the subject, politics understood as the sphere of manifestation of subjectivity, law as an art based on practical rationality, and finally the separation of science and power.
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Health is considered an important determinant of economic growth and competitiveness. The health of the elderly population determines its need for resources and care. Investing in healthy aging contributes to economic and social well-being. This study reviews literature on the social and economic aspects of healthy aging. It summarizes alternative approaches in literature to ease pressures of a rapidly growing aging population. Literature refers to China’s aging population as a ‘ticking time bomb’ which is paradoxically both a challenge and an opportunity for the country. This study’s main focus is on strategies for healthy aging, policy practices, organizations and resources for promoting healthy aging in China. It uses up-to-date theories and methods applied to household surveys and population statistics to quantify the problem generate an idea of the resource requirements and possible benefits of specific policies and measures aimed at healthy aging. It draws conclusions with respect to the conditions of healthy aging in China and what the state policy for this is.
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The vast majority of Poles have modern smartphones or smartwatches. These devices are equipped with a number of sensors that can provide a lot of information interesting from a biomedical point of view. According to the concept of Marc Lalond, the most important factor affecting human health is their lifestyle. The purpose of this article is to present widely available and easy-to-use mobile tools that can be utilised to monitor health and the level of physical activity. Dedicated applications tracking physical activity, diet and the calorie intake, sleep patterns or helping to control or stop using stimulants should be an important element of health promotion. The authors postulate the deliberate use of devices owned by majority of the society to improve habits, the general condition of the body and their self-awareness.
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Zimbabwe continues to struggle to eliminate malaria despite the availability of several global health1 initiatives to manage the disease. There is little empirical evidence on how to achieve the integration of community-level interventions in the context of malaria prevention and management, and public health in general. This monograph traverses the dangers posed by malaria as a disease within the Zimbabwean context. It proposes and encourages the conducting of theory-based research to generate appropriate data that can be used in the implementation of strategies aimed at eventual eradication of malaria and management and control of other diseases.
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Audit fee serves not only as a compensation for external audit firms to ensure the accuracy and reliability of a company’s financial statements, but it also plays a role in the financial market, by simultaneously reflecting the accounting quality and overall standing of the auditee. This exploratory study aims to identify the factors determining the audit fees of Central and Eastern European companies taking into account periods before and during COVID-19 pandemic. Our findings indicate an upward trend in audit fees for CEE companies during COVID-19, with total assets of auditee and affiliation with Big Four auditors being positive determinants in both periods. / Audito mokestis parodo ne tik kompensaciją išorės auditoriams už įmonės finansinių ataskaitų tikslumo ir patikimumo užtikrinimą, bet ir atlieka svarbų vaidmenį finansų rinkoje – atspindi audituojamos įmonės apskaitos kokybę ir bendrą įmonės būklę. Šiuo tyrimu siekiama nustatyti veiksnius, nulemiančius Vidurio ir Rytų Europos įmonių audito mokesčio dydį, atsižvelgiant į laikotarpius iki COVID-19 pandemijos ir jos metu. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad COVID-19 pandemijos laikotarpiu audito mokesčiai padidėjo, o audituojamos įmonės turtas ir auditorių priklausymas Didžiojo ketverto įmonėms buvo reikšmingi audito mokesčius abiem laikotarpiais didinantys veiksniai.
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A proper approach to a healthy lifestyle and personal hygiene habits bought in the early years of a child's life has greater lasting value. Preschool teachers' knowledge of children's oral health and care is important to reduce the number of oral health problems now and in the future. It is therefore important to develop good oral hygiene habits in children from an early age. Children of preschool age spend a lot of time in kindergartens, so it is important that not only parents set a good example for their children, but also educators contribute to this. This study aims to evaluate the participation of preschool teachers in strengthening children's oral health and imparting knowledge about individual oral hygiene and prevention of oral diseases. A quantitative research method is applied - a questionnaire survey. The results show that a considerable proportion of pre-school teachers organize oral health activities for children, but children do not brush their teeth in kindergarten. In addition, professionals working with children show that they have sufficient knowledge about oral health but express a need to acquire new knowledge. Conclusions: Children in pre-school educational institutions are motivated to take care of their oral health, it is discussed at least once a year in most institutions, and teachers are interested in this topic and are looking for new knowledge.
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The time of the pandemic caused changes in current habits, but also consumer expectations. Polish companies faced the challenge of adapting to the new
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Sarah Moss’s novel The Fell (2021) is a fictional reflection upon the second UK lockdown in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic. Due to its topicality, the novel is likely to be read as a “time capsule,” preserving the unprecedented experience of social isolation, anxiety and domestic incarceration. Starting with the assumption that living in a time of pestilence may be characterised as a borderline experience, this article argues that The Fell revolves around the paradigm of liminality. For the characters portrayed in the book the threshold is social, psychological and existential. Nevertheless, for the main protagonist the metaphorical and the literal merge when, driven to the limit of endurance, she falls off the edge of a cliff while taking a walk on the fells of the Peak District, in defiance of the quarantine restrictions. The article analyses various meanings of liminality in Moss’s novel.
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Whatever the type of food intolerance and allergy, with the correct adherence to a moderate diet, there are additional costs. It’s no secret, because with daily shopping, anyone can find that the price of gluten-free products is higher than that of non-gluten-free foods. For a conscious shopper, this can be 20%, but for a family it can be as much as 30 or 50% if the whole family wants to eat gluten-free. However, it is also worth examining what is the reason for the larger-than-usual price difference, in which case people need to understand the production process and sourcing to get an answer. It is usually made from less commonly grown raw materials, which are more difficult to obtain and more expensive. These plants often require more manual labour, which can result in higher prices. Care must be taken to avoid cross-contamination at the processing plant as well as during transport - this can also lead to additional costs. Not to mention that it should also be prepared separately in restaurants to rule out the possibility of cross-contamination.
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The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, began in China in December 2019. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared it a pandemic on March 11, 2020. In Mexico, the first cases were registered in February 2020. On December 31st, 2021, three epidemic waves or peaks were registered, when some cases and deaths had a differentiated space-time behavior in the national territory, in which comorbidities, as one of the socio-spatial conditioning factors, also had an influence. The objective of this work is to analyze morbidity and mortality due to SARS-CoV-2, caused by the COVID-19 disease, with obesity comorbidities: high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease, accumulated from the years 2020 and 2021. Methodology. For this research, a literature review was carried out on the role of comorbidities in deaths from COVID-19. The universe of study is Mexico. The spatial disaggregation scale is atthe level ofthe federal entity or state-owned, with 32 spots. The sources of information are the Daily Technical Communications of the COVID-19 from the Government of Mexico; the Ministry of Health; the General Directorate of Epidemiology (DGE); information from the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEG), as well as information from the Geosalud México site. The analysis methods are the implementation of a geographic database, at the state-owned level, from which tables, maps and the generation of indicators (absolute values, percentages and ratio) were prepared, as well as thematic cartography using GIS software.
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The aim of the current research is to determine the difference in the number of days of paid sick leave for viral infection among patients coded by General Practitioners (GPs), based on the practice’s characteristics. We used the data of the National Health Insurance Fund of Hungary for our research. The B300 report on GP practices, the data of the 18-64 age group encoded with a viral infection (J1000-J1180 or B2500-B3490), the number of days of paid sick leave and the characteristics of the practice (gender, age and of the GP, vacancy of GP's position) were used. The regional distribution of the number of days of paid sick leave and the practice characteristics were assessed through indirect standardization by age and gender. The relative proportion of days of paid sick leave per case was significantly higher than the national average in practices with female GPs, vacant practices, and where the GP was over 65 years of age. Based on these findings, decision makers should pay attention to decrease the number of vacant practices, and it would be important to find incentives for more young doctors to choose this field.
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This article explores several key strategies in order to reach the goal of enabling home care for as long as possible for the elderly. Some of these strategies include: preventing falls and injuries, providing preventative medical care, promoting exercise and physical activity, ensuring proper nutrition, fostering social and familial support, and promoting financial preparedness. The research confirms that these strategies are effective in allowing elderly individuals to live out the remaining years of their lives in their own homes and avoid nursing care. Consistent medical examinations, regular treatment and physical activities allow for healthy and independent living. Fall prevention can improve the health and independence of elderly individuals because falls are a major cause of injury and death. Social support by family members, friends and professionals also contribute significantly to the mental and physical health of these individuals. In addition, improving and maintaining cognitive capabilities and emotional regulation have shown to have a strong connection to the overall health and well-being of the elderly.
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