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APOLOGY: A should be for alphabet: the device I am resorting to in some desperation to structure m y thoughts on this subject: m y relations vis-e-vis two Yugoslavian wars. This is m y fourth attempt at organizing the material, the deadline looms and the only virtue of this catch-all structure is its transparency. An A BC . . . ?
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In this article, I will discuss discourses on defending “life” as a value that does not require justification and must be unconditionally protected. Using material collected during research on Polish public discourses and social movements (anti-abortion, environmental, and human rights movements), I reflect on how a life worth protecting is defined in individual cases, along with the conditions and tools connected with this protection. In my analysis, I refer to the concept of “fragile life,” relational ontologies, the ethics of care, and other ideas.
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The paper proposes using the sex ratio at birth (SRB) as a “population test” to study the impact of extreme exogenous shocks on demographic status of historical populations. 53,355 baptismal records from the years of 1801–1920 for Detva population, located in the Upper Hungary, contemporary Slovakia, were examined for the purpose of the study. The sex ratios at birth were calculated as the proportion of the number of male live births to the number of female live births. Our results show a decline in the values of SRB in the years when the population was exposed to wars, including Napoleonic wars, civil wars, and the First World War, and economic crises caused by natural disasters and crop failures. These events could have contributed to poverty, deterioration of living conditions, insecurity, social and psychological instability, loss of property and family members, and could have been the source of psychological stress to which pregnant mothers were exposed.
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For well over a century, the human and more-than-human of Central Appalachia have endured oppression and exploitation, primarily due to natural resource extraction. In spring 2008, the author led a dark tour to a mountaintop removal coalmining site in Southern West Virginia for colleagues, which included Dance Professor Deborah McLaughlin. As a result, the two collaborated on three evening-length dance/theater works highlighting social and environmental crises and injustices in the region. The performances incorporated contemporary dance, poetry, the spoken word, and the visual arts, as well as contemporary and traditional music. The first, Eating Appalachia: Selling Out to the Hungry Ghost, focused on mountaintop removal coalmining and its environmental and cultural destruction. With Sounds of Stories Dancing, the duo paid homage to millions of mountain residents forced to leave the region to find stable employment, despite longing to remain. In the final piece, The Shadow Waltz, they honored the lives of coalminers with black lung disease, as well as their families. This essay discusses the challenges of creating art that critiques socially constructed messages portrayed as given truths, as well as the educational and social successes of daring to dance truth to power.
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In its vast range of variants, the genre of the campus novel continues to thrive and be reinvented by contemporary writers. This essay focuses on a specific subgenre, the contemporary Black campus novel, and I intend to analyze compelling examples of the dualism of nostalgia and counter-nostalgia. While some of these campus-set stories are centered on, for example, murder mysteries and social satire, generally the Black campus novel has a more specific focus: the fictional and satirical representation of Black students and academics at university, constituting a window into the social-political events. With the support of literary and sociological works such as Derek C. Maus’s Post-Soul Satire and Elaine Showalter’s Faculty Towers, I scrutinize Paul Beatty’s The White Boy Shuffle (1996), Zadie Smith’s On Beauty (2005), and Brandon Taylor’s Real Life (2020). While Beatty’s novel creates a post-soul satire (Maus) of the contradictory aspects of US colleges and their effect on African American students, Smith’s On Beauty and Taylor’s Real Life are more centered on nostalgic elements of the coming-of-age process of students coming to terms with their sexuality, family, and their professional future. My article intends to navigate what Janice Rossen calls “a complicated web [that] can be discerned in the texture of university fiction.”
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Rape myths can be defined as prejudicial, stereotyped or false beliefs about rape, rape victims, and rapists, and they include common opinions whereby women mean “yes” when they say “no”; women provoke rape; if a woman does not want to be raped, she will just fight back at any cost. These pervasive social attitudes can have a detrimental effect on victims of sexual violence, especially when employed by authorities during official proceedings. As such, this article aims at analyzing to what extent rape myths affect the perception of victims of sexual violence during the official proceedings on the example of the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). Thus the first part explains the notion of rape myths, while the second part provides an analysis of the jurisprudence of the ECHR. Lastly, the final part suggests new approach to cases concerning sexual violence.
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The article offers an analysis of the fate of an Upper Silesian child in the totalitarian period (Nazi occupation, Stalinist period). Physically kidnapped by the occupier and taken over by his family or indoctrinated at school or other educational institutions, it was most often subjected to excluding models of teaching in the Polish or German spirit. Often the methods of formation were sophisticated – children were bribed, tempted, and seduced. The analysis of this situation is based on the interpretation of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe’s poem Erlkönig, in which the dominant feature is the struggle for the soul of a child between a natural ally (parent) and an adversary who comes from the outside (king); the vision of the elven kingdom is juxtaposed with the totalitarian utopia of a society – racially strong and perfect, or with the vision of Poland – a society devoid of differences, and at the same time perfectly anti-German. Various kinds of texts were taken into consideration documentary (R. Hrabar, A. Malinowska, G. Gruschka), quasi-documentary (J. Durski, F. Netz, A. Lysko) and literary (A. Dziewit-Meller, L. Libera, I. Villqist).
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After 360 days of war (as of February 24, 2023)- the biggest war of the 21st century, called by the Russians "Special Military Operation" against Ukraine, more than 10 million Ukrainians crossed the border, took refuge, migrated to other countries of the world. Cities are bombed, towns and rural settlements are burned and destroyed, hundreds of Russian missiles have destroyed the infrastructure, the Ukrainian economy. Many Ukrainian and Russian men,have been forcibly herded into trenches. More than 200,000 soldiers and civilians were killed on both sides.It is a long-running war that may turn into a global conflagration involving more than 40 countries of the world.
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Iosif Chișinevschi (1905-1963) is born in Bessarabia, of the Jewish origin. Member at Communist Romanian Party in illegality at 1928, imprisoned at Galatzi and Doftana. After 1945 possessed several positions in Romanian establishment. Chișinevschi to became after the Second World War gray eminence in apparatchiks and ideological problems. In 1952 prepared, cooperatively by Miron Constantinescu and Alexandru Moghioroș, accusation against Ana Pauker-Vasile Luca group. Entering in conflict by Gheorghiu-Dej, Chișinevschi is replaced from political positions in Plenary meeting P.S.M. (June 28-29, 1957), together by Miron Constantinescu. Professor Mihai Ralea was a typical ally of the Romanian communist regime of the first years. Despite his “bourgeois” origins and his collaboration with King Carol II, whose minister has been during the rbyal dictatorship, Ralea was appointed ambassador to Washington between 1946 and 1948. Losing this position, he led various cultural institutions dealing with foreign cultural exchange. Historian, former general of the Romanian Army, Radu R. Rosetti had important contribution to Romanian historiography, concerning the military past. Member of the Romanian Academy, director of the largest library in Romania, Library of the Romanian Academy and founder of the National Army’s Museum, Radu R. Rosetti was arrested for his collaboration with Marshall Antonescu’s regime as a Minister for Education. He died in prison. Mihail Ștefanescu was military prosecutor during the World War II. During this time he prosecuted several political prisoners. After the war, he managed to escape from the accusation of war crimes and continued his job successfully under communist as military judge. In the late forties he condemned thousand of “enemy of the people”, many of them being executed. In 1950 he was arrested and convicted to 6 years imprisonment. After 5 he was excused.
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So far it has been impossible to define terrorism. Some believe the definition to be unattainable, while others (e.g. Laquer) write long boocks on „terrorism” without even attempting to determine the subject of their research. In the United Nations and other international organizations representatives of member states have hotly discussed terrorism since 1967 showing quite clearly that they think of different phenomena. The principal explanation is, probably, the impossibility of walue-free discussion of terrorism, which, in turn, breeds hypocrisy. While, in previous times, some political activists admitted that they were at least considering „terrorist” means, in the recent past, with the hounourable exception of Carlos Marighella, „terrorism” is a pejorative, which .cannot be accepted as a label for oneself or one’s friends. It seems to be generally accepted that, „terrorism” is something bad or wrong. This has been an explicit or implicit part of all definitions adopted by diverse legislators. Criminal law definitions of terrorism cannot serve as a useful guidance because they are too narrow in comparison with the „ordinary” meaning of the word and cover only such acts that are directed against a given state or its interests.. International treaties generaly do not refer to „terrorism” at all and tend to suppress certain behaviour, be it „terrorist” or not (e.g. skyjacking). One can therefore refer only to some elements of terrorism, widely believed to be its main ingredients. A terrorist act is intended to provoke 'fear or other psychological reactions. A terrorist act is an act of violence. The target of violence (the victim) is as a rule a human being or a group of them, but it can be a symbolic lifeless object. The psychological reaction is created, not in the mind of the victim, but in the minds of other people, in order to make them passive or more active, as the case may be (the real target of terrorism). An act of terrorism has a political aim. The result in the -minds of the target should bring about some change or preserve the political status quo. It must be noted that a number of serious scholars and representatives of Third World governments have challenged this proposition. The former question the clarity of the concept of the „political” and give examples of non-political terrorism (e.g. „narco-terrorism”), whereas the latter have attempted to show that non-political terrorism is more heinous then politically motivated violent deeds. The most elusive element of terrorism is its „extra-normal” (Thornton) character. It is, namely, an unusual, shocking act. It would be easy to say that it was „illegal”, but for the sad fact that many states may legitimize or criminalize whatever they see fit. Finally, there have been two types of terrorists. The first, classical, or maybe „old-fashioned”, was moved by moral outrage and attempted to justify or „legalize” their acts. Since Nechaev there has been a more „modem” approach to terrorist practice, based on the most effective use of limited violence. For the former group the victim has to be somehow „guilty” (Vera Zasulich and general Trepnev), while for -the latter the victim has either to be the ablest enemy leader (e.g. Aldo Moro) or the symbolic head of the adversary, whose suffering has the highest capacity to inspire fear with people in similar position (Schleyer as the „chief capitalist”). Since, in the eye of the public opinion, terrorists have always been most vulnerable to moralist objections -they try to counter them by the relativization of the concept of „innocence”, which has often been combined with some forensic masquerade („people’s courts”, „people’s prisons” etc.) This is where terrorism of the individuals and non-state groups emulates terror by the government. The use of the syntagm „state terrorism” does not seem to be advisable, for it covers only a small range of acts where the state acts behind, or instead of, non-state terrorists. State terror is a separate theme and in many respects (not the least the number of victims), a much more dangerous phenomenon.
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Reviews of: 1. Întreaga noastră viață. Memoriile Galinei Ivanova Levinson și povestiri scrise de ea, “Memorial” Moscova, 1996 2. Jean-Jacques Marie, Les peuples déportés d’Union Soviétique, Editions Complexe, Bruxelles, , 1995,205 p. 3. François Fejtö, La fin des démocraties populaires. Les chemins du post-communisme, Edition du Seuil, Paris, 1997, 590p. 4. Franz Halder, Jurnal, Editura Elit, lași 1998, 592p. 5. La securité européene après la chute du pacte de Varsovie (The European Security After the Fall of the Warsaw Pact)
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The documents included in this book show the heterogeneous composition of the Resistance Movement in the Banat region, led by colonel loan Utză. They prove at the same time the way the Securitate (secret political police) infiltrated its agents within.
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Reviews of: 1. Smaranda Vultur, Istorie trăită - Istorie povestită. Deportarea în Bărăgan (1951-1956), Editura Amarcord, Timișoara, 1997. 2. P. COŞELI, Istoria pedepselor în Rusia. Istoria terorismului rusesc (П.Кошель, История наказаний в России, История российского терроризма), Moscova “Golos”, 1995. 3. Gheorghe Tătărescu, Mărturii pentru istorie, Ediție îngrijită de Sanda Tătărescu-Negropontes, Cuvânt înainte de Nicolae-Șerban Tanașoca, Editura Enciclopedică, București, 1996. 4. Stephen Koch, Sfârșitul inocenței. Intelectualii din Occident și tentația stalinistă. 30 ani de război secret, Editura AIbatros, București, 1997, 558 p. 5. Vitalie Văratec, Gheorghe Buzatu, Cezar Ardeleanu, Dana Beldiman, Radu Dan Vlad, Evenimentele din ianuarie 1941 în arhivele române și germane, studiu introductiv de Gheorghe Buzatu, Editura Majadahonda, București, 1998.
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Reviews of: 1. François Furet, Trecutul unei iluzii. Eseu despre ideea comunistă în secolul XX, traducere de Emanoil Marcu și Vlad Russo, Editura Humanitas, București, 1996. 2. loan Hudiță, Jurnal politic (1 ianuarie - 24 august 1944), studiu introductiv și note de Acad. Dan Berindei, Editura “Roza Vânturilor”, București, 1997. 3. Vadim Ștefan Pirogan, Cu gândul la tine, Basarabia mea. Din mărturiile unui vinovat fără vină, Editura Enciclopedică "Gheorghe Asachi", Chișinău, 1995. 4. Françoise Thom, Sfârșiturile comunismului, prefață de Liviu Antonesei, traducere de Gabriela Gavril, Editura Polirom, lași, 1996. 5. Stelian Bălănescu, Ion Solacolu, Inconsistența miturilor. Cazul Mișcării Legionare, Editura I Polirom, lași, 1995. 6. Doina Jela, Cazul Nichita Dumitru. Încercare de reconstituire a unui proces comunist 29 august -1 septembrie 1952, Editura Humanitas, București, 1995. 7. Memorialul Ororii. Documente ale procesului reeducării din închisorile Pitești, Gherla, coordonat de Silvia Colfescu, Nicolae Henegariu, Angela Dumitru, Cristina Cantacuzino, Editura Vremea, București, 1995. 8. Mărturisitori de după gratii. Slujitori ai Bisericii în temnițele comuniste, coordonat de Paul Caravia, Virgiliu Șt. Constantinescu, Diac Ștefan lloaie, Cuvânt înainte de Î.P.S. Bartolomeu al Clujului, Arhidiecezana Cluj, Cluj-Napoca, 1995. 9. Ion, Rațiu, Moscova sfidează lumea, Editura Signata, Timișoara, 1990. 10. MiIovan Djilas, Întîlniri cu Stalin, Traducere și postfață de I Dorin Gămulescu, Editura Europa, Craiova, f.a. 11. Alarmă în Piața Roșie!, Evenimentele de la Kremlin privite, pas cu pas, prin ochii agențiilor de presă, Vol. I-III, Agenția Națională de presă ÇROMPRES,” București, 1991. 12. Roy Medvedev, Despre Stalin și stalinism, Traducere din limba rusă de Margareta Sipoș, Editura Humanitas, București, 1991. 13. Boris Bajanov, Kremlinul anilor ’20, Memoriile fostului secretar al lui Stalin, Traducere din limba rusă de Mihai Coruț, Editura . Cogito, Oradea, 1991. 14. Alain Besançon, Anatomia unui spectru, Economia politică a socialismului real, Traducere de Mona Antohi și Sorin Antohi, Editura Humanitas, București, 1992. 15. Hélène Carrère d’Encause Triumful națiunilor sau sfârșitul imperiului sovietic, Editura Remember, București, 1993. 16. Roy Medvedev, Oamenii lui Stalin, Traducere, note și glosar de G.G. Potra și Delia Razdolescu, Editura Meridiane, București, 1993. 17. Hélène Carrère d’Encause, Imperiul spulberat. Revolta națiunilor în U. R. S. S., în românește de Alina Ungureanu, Editura Remember - SIC Press Group, 1993. 18. Gerd Ruge, Mihail Gorbaciov Biografie, traducere de Honoria I Pohrib și Magdalena Georgescu, Editura Doina, 1993. 19. Michael Lynch, Stalin și 'N Hrușciov. U.R.S.S. 1924-1964, Traducere de Roxana Aura Duma, Editura ALL, București, 1994. 20. Mihail Gorbaciov, Memorii, Traducere de Radu Pontbriand, Ediție îngrijită, note și anexe de Petre Dan, Editura Nemira, București, 1994 21. Christopher Andrew & Oleg Gordievski, KGß - Istoria secretă a operațiunilor sale de la Lenin la Gorbaciov, Editura ALL, București, 1994.
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This is a list of the persons who died during the criminal investigation stage, while serving their sentence, and who were sentenced to death and executed in 1945-1946.
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The volume presents the state of higher education in Romania, particularly in the academic centre in Iasi, under the communist regime. Fresh information is supplied on the part played by the political report and the personnel department, on the purge and student expelling policy applied, on the nepotism practiced by the governing bodies, and on arbitrary governmental ruling.
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The author presents a document containing the list of the prisoners who died between 1945 and 1964, in the penitentiaries of Jilava, Cluj, Galati, Sighet, Timisoara, Pitești, Baia Mare, Constanta and in the forced labour camps of the Danube-Black Sea channel. The document belongs to the archives of the Romanian Service for Information.
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The collection of documents is centered around the involvement of the Securitate in the policy of assassinations conceived to achieve the objective of forced collectivization of the niral population. Ten pristine documents in the S.R.I. (The Romanian Intelligence Service) archives are introduced. Among them: Testimony of Col. Mihail Patriciu on the execution of some land owners in the village of Bistra, county of Turda, October 5, 1950. Testimony of Lt. Mr. Gavril Otvös on the execution of three land owners in the village of Bistra. county of Turda, October 9, 1950.
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