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Amicitia a tyranobójstwo

Amicitia a tyranobójstwo

Author(s): Piotr Graczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2 (7)/2015

The text considers the relations between friendship and revolution. The author seeks inspiration for the understanding of these relations in St. Thomas’s opusculum, “On Kingship”, Negri’s and Hardt’s books and Jadwiga Staniszkis “Samoograniczająca się rewolucja” [“Self-limiting Revolution”]. Friendship helps to rebel against tyranny but the overpowering rebellion hinders the maintenance of friendship – St. Thomas suggests. The solution is a difficult art of the self-limiting of revolution, inspired by the Christian love of a neighbour and Mao Tse-Tung’s cultural revolution (within limits, of course).

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Društvo 21. stoljeća – ključna obilježja i problemi

Društvo 21. stoljeća – ključna obilježja i problemi

Author(s): Abdel Alibegović,Midhat Čaušević / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1/2016

The authors in the paper reflect sociological reality and substantiality on the level of meta-theoretical view of the substantiality itself and essential incline of sociology. If we put all phenomena that are encompassed by wider sociological interest, as Husserl says, between brackets, we still have question of crisis and reflection of (some) crisis imposed as a fundamental characteristic in every serious sociological approach. A question arises – whether a modern man, or a man in general, “likes“ to think, as Heidegger would say? Can the conceptual creator or the culprit of the western rationality be praised for thinking, for having learned to think? Of course, there is an immense difference between be able to think causes and being able/have to think consequences, results of your own actions. There is also an additional situation of not being able to think at all about self, the world, consequences of our actions, etc. Is the man’s faith ontological and ecological awareness, living and acting in accordance to “life sanctity“, or his destiny is a state of “dehumanization“, barbarism and false “-isms“of conscience and awareness? Following modern sociological approaches and authors, the authors tried to reflect, overview and solve the key substantiality of the epoch we live in/out, whatever this “live“means if we view it through prism of Bauman’s and Beck’s epoch of risk, liquidity of life, modernity and fear, through Konrad Paul’s meaningful scanning of catchword “society of knowledge“, to George Myerson’s revealing of range and delusions of ecologism.

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Long-term demographic change and local socio-cultural patterns: marriages and household structure in 18–20th century Hungary

Long-term demographic change and local socio-cultural patterns: marriages and household structure in 18–20th century Hungary

Author(s): Péter Őri / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2015

The paper tries to reconstruct the main contours of marriage customs and household formation by using and analysing the data of a region situated around Budapest and consisting of about two hundred settlements (on the territory of the historical county of Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kiskun). The analysis focuses on two periods: the first is the end of the 18th century, and the second is the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. Sources of the analysis are 18th century household lists (Conscriptiones Animarum) and 19–20th century censuses, the data of parish registers and vital statistics, and those of an 18th century cadastral survey, and 19th century statistics of food prices. All the data used in the course of the analysis are aggregated at least on settlement level, therefore the stress has been laid on the study of spatial differences and changes over time. Further more – by using settlement level data – the determinants of the age at marriage and household composition have been searched for. The analysis managed to reveal differing urban and rural patterns in this respect, and in the case of marriages and the age at first marriage the changes over time were also considerable. Age at marriage and household formation were determined not only by ethno-cultural norms as Hajnal supposed many years ago, but other economic and social factors (type of farming, social position, type of settlement, region) also affected these studied phenomena.

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Małżeństwa Żydów w Piotrkowie Trybunalskim w latach 1808–1870

Małżeństwa Żydów w Piotrkowie Trybunalskim w latach 1808–1870

Author(s): Tomasz M. Jankowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2015

The article is the first part of statistical analysis of marriage records of Jewish people from Piotrków Trybunalski for the period of 1808–1870. The author rises issues related to the age of entering into a marriage taking into consideration: social and economicfactors, permanent celibacy, prospective spouses’ origins, seasonality, and remarriage patterns. One of the most significant conclusions is the age of concluding a marriage which is the first one for both parties, it is assigned about 20 for women and 22 for men – distinctly lower than in non-Jewish urban communities in the 19th century, like in Piotrków Trybunalski. The author points out diversity in matrimonial customs among Jewish communities of Poland of that time. The statistical evidence from Piotrków Trybunalski does not provide full explanation of the observed differences. Both frequent marriages of widowers with single women, and the duration of widowhood among the group being studied fit into a model investigated in other (non-Jewish) communities, and are contrary to traditional Judaism recommendations.

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Przeliczniki demograficzne w szacunkach zaludnienia miast w Królestwie Polskim w drugiej połowie XVI wieku

Przeliczniki demograficzne w szacunkach zaludnienia miast w Królestwie Polskim w drugiej połowie XVI wieku

Author(s): Piotr Guzowski,Radosław Poniat / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2015

The article presents the methods of computing the size of urban population in the Kingdom of Poland in the second half of the 16th century. As there are no sources such as censuses the assessments of the population have had to be carried out on the basis of indirect sources, which cannot be precise. The most popular method of computing the size of urban population consists in counting the buildings situated in the town in question, which had been registered in inventory or tax sources. The authors analysing the date of the whole early modern period, especially the 18th-century Austrian registers have come to the conclusion that the value of the conversion factor should be related to the type of buildings. In the case of most Polish towns dominated by wooden buildings the conversion factor should be six people per one house. If we have the information on the number of houses, the calculations of the size of population should be carried out on the basis of the data contained in the land tax collection registers, which register the number of urban mansi and the heads of households of the population composed of craftsmen, tradesmen and landless tenants.

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„Spóźnieni przybysze” ery nacjonalizmów. Przyczynek do dyskursu na temat procesów narodowotwórczych w Azji

„Spóźnieni przybysze” ery nacjonalizmów. Przyczynek do dyskursu na temat procesów narodowotwórczych w Azji

Author(s): Adam W. Jelonek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2017

As Anthony Smith notes in his classic work on nationalism, the modern world order is inseparable from the institution of the nation-state. However, as he repeatedly emphasized, the nation-state was not always and not everywhere a basic political entity. While according to Gellner, the era of nationalism in Europe has come in the 19th century, the 20th century in the history of East Asia was the time of mass process of emerging nations. Shaping of the system of theoretically equal sovereign states, described in not very adequate way as a „Westphalian system”, lasted in Asia much longer than in Europe. The Western concept of territorial sovereignty, considering the state as a source of autonomous law and the subject of relations with other sovereign states, for many centuries was not so obvious. The rule of internal sovereignty - which in local conditions was lost in various networks of feudal dependencies and complex relations of patronage and clientelism- seemed to be not obvious to anyone. This text is devoted to the complexities of nation-building process in East Asia from the perspective of classical (Western) theories of nationalism.

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Знание и социална реалност

Знание и социална реалност

Author(s): Mario Marinov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2019

Review of Angel Tsvetkov's monograph” Sociology of knowledge.” (Tsvetkov, A. 2017. Sociology of Knowledge. Blagoevgrad: Neofit Rilski University Publishing House, ISBN 978-954-00-0144-9) 124 p.

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A Crusade for Social Anthropology: An Analysis of Politics in Post-Socialist Debates

A Crusade for Social Anthropology: An Analysis of Politics in Post-Socialist Debates

Author(s): Nikola Balaš / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

This article aims to apply critical scrutiny to post-socialist discourse, an ongoing series of debates concerning the relationship between sociocultural anthropology and ethnology in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). To achieve my goal, I single out Petr Skalník’s writings and subject them to twofold scrutiny. In the first part of my article, I offer factual criticism and point out the factual shortcomings of his work. The second part of the article puts the writings under sociological scrutiny, based on what I call a ‘political reading’, and proceeding from the sociology of science of Pierre Bourdieu. This perspective shows how scholars’ concrete utterances in their factual accounts are related to power struggles within the scholarly community. This approach demonstrates how Skalník’s concrete factual misrepresentations intrinsically relate to his objective of establishing sociocultural anthropology in post-socialist Czechia and the associated struggles between Czech anthropologists and ethnologists. The present analysis, by extension, allows us to better understand the post-socialist transformation of CEE academia and casts doubt on the veracity of post-socialist discourse itself.

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Roma Health Mediators: A Neocolonial Tool for the Reinforcement of Epistemic Violence?

Roma Health Mediators: A Neocolonial Tool for the Reinforcement of Epistemic Violence?

Author(s): Ioanna Petraki / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

Scientific articles in medical journals regarding Roma have produced a type of problematic consensus narrative that is reinforced through its formulaic repetition. Roma health mediator(RHM) programs seem to have evolved from and currently be part of this consensus narrative. In this article I examine the potential use of RHMs, even if unintended, as a neocolonial tool for the reinforcement of epistemic violence against Roma, using a critical analysis of four empirical stories from the field. I explore the above hypothesis through critical reflexive anthropology, and postcolonial and intersectional studies, as well as by using elements of the self-ethnographic approach. I argue that the epistemic violence can be seen as resulting from the interplay between the Subject (i.e., health professional or researcher), the Object (i.e.,Roma as “Other”), and the practices that result (i.e., discourse or consensus narrative production through the interpretation of the scientific data). I conclude with tools that could help reduce the epistemic violence against Roma within the health sector, such as cross-disciplinary collaboration, participatory action research(PAR), (self-)reflection, critical theory, and the dialogic creation of scientific knowledge.

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Vývoj empirického sociologického výzkumu na území Československa

Vývoj empirického sociologického výzkumu na území Československa

Author(s): Zdeněk R. Nešpor / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2024

Review of: Vávra, Martin – Čížek, Tomáš (eds.): Vývoj empirického sociologického výzkumu na území Československa. Karolinum a Sociologický ústav AV ČR, Praha, 2023, 298 pages, ISBN 978-80-246-5422-5 This team-based study describes and analyses the history of empirical sociological research in the Czech lands and Slovakia up to 1989, and highlights both its importance and the historical context required to understand its variousaspects. With respect to less recent time periods and the eastern part of Czechoslovakia, the book provides a high-quality summary of existing knowledge and a number of new findings. However, the reviewer paradoxically rates thetreatment of the period that produced the most fundamentally important research, i.e. from the 1960s to the 1980s, as the weakest part of the study: the authors failed to mention a number of important themes, and even the contextual and ethodological reflection of the themes analysed is not always up to the required standard.

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The Emergence of Lesbian Theory of Law: Why and How the Lesbian Theory of Law Has Been Developed

The Emergence of Lesbian Theory of Law: Why and How the Lesbian Theory of Law Has Been Developed

Author(s): Dominik Šoltys / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

In the late eighties of the 20th century, the methodological reflection of lesbian identity arose within the framework of feminist jurisprudence. Although the original intention was to include lesbian identity in a woman's identity, in a relatively short period there was a sudden break. Lesbian identity became a distinct identity considered to be the central position of lesbian jurisprudence. This study presents the peculiar features of lesbian legal theory. It tries to point out the historical and ideological determinants that led lesbianism to enter (legal) feminism. Lesbian separatism also took part in this development. It turned out to be the main reason for the separation of lesbian legal scholars from the feminist jurisprudence. The study presents the core ideological assumptions that constitute the theoretical nature of the lesbian theory of law, which is based on lesbian (legal) experiences.

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CHILDREN WORKING IN RURAL FAMILY FARMS: AN OVERVIEW

CHILDREN WORKING IN RURAL FAMILY FARMS: AN OVERVIEW

Author(s): Gavril Flora,Florica Fernea / Language(s): English Issue: 38/2024

Today sociological literature allocates a wide space to the mutual interactions within the family and their effects on parent-child relationship. Studies explore how the daily life of children is carried out and how children participate in institutions that are themselves shaped by their family relationships. However, the work engagement of children in family farms, which is a widely spread practice in many rural families, is receiving comparatively less attention from researchers. This paper aims to offers a systematic overview, analysis and interpretation of the international sociological literature concerning the topic of children working in rural family farms. The paper is discussing the main contemporary theoretical concepts, methodological directions and empirical research results concerning the work of children in the context of rural family socialization. The proposed outlook on the rural children work in family farms takes into account the similarities and differences emerging from the variety of social-economic and social-cultural contexts.

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Sluch má dějiny: obrat ke zvuku a případ hluché reformace

Sluch má dějiny: obrat ke zvuku a případ hluché reformace

Author(s): Anna Kvíčalová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2024

The paper introduces sound studies as a field of interdisciplinary historical research and demonstrates how the history of sound and hearing can be explored in the historical record, using the example of the early Calvinist Reformation in Geneva. It argues that hearing difficulties were the central theme of early Calvinism that significantly shaped the character of its religious and material culture, and proposes to study the Reformation as a process of systematically creating a new culture of attentive listening. It shows that the Calvinist Reformation played an active role in constructing historical categories such as deafness as well as in defining distinctions between good and bad hearing and sound, contributing to the broadly defined history of acoustics.

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Paměti a vzpomínky jako neopomenutelný historický pramen? Emil Kellner a jeho „železničářské“ vzpomínky

Paměti a vzpomínky jako neopomenutelný historický pramen? Emil Kellner a jeho „železničářské“ vzpomínky

Author(s): Klára Fabianková,Ivan Jakubec / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2024

The paper focuses on a hitherto untapped source of a subjective nature, which is on the borderline between private and institutionally requested provenance. Two manuscript memoirs of Emil Kellner, a long-time railway employee, can be found in the State Regional Archive in Prague within the fund of České dráhy, a. s., Prague [Czech Railways, JSC]. They were written in 1954 and 1955 at the instigation of the Railway Archive and the Ministry of Railways. They cover the period from the last third of the 19th century with gaps until 1941. The memoirs provide some interesting facts that were not previously known or, on the contrary, confirm some things already known. The memoirs give an insight into the (everyday), routine life on the railway. The characteristics of the employees and their fates, not excluding the social dimension, are extremely interesting. The memoirs also provide details of dealings with superiors (requests, personal presentations, interventions, patronage, visits to railway management in Vienna or Prague) and transcribed documents (correspondence) depicting railway administration during the monarchy.

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Posun interpretačních rámcov problematiky dejin motorizmu v českej a slovenskej historiografii

Posun interpretačních rámcov problematiky dejin motorizmu v českej a slovenskej historiografii

Author(s): Mikuláš Jančura / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2024

The phenomenon of motoring represents one of the most significant developments of the 20th century. As a research challenge for historians, it offers a wealth of potential avenues for investigation. The automobile has been shaped by dynamic interactions with broader economic, social, and cultural structures. In the historical sciences in the Czech Republic and Slovakia, motoring has been a marginalized subject for an extended period. At the outset, Czech historiography commenced an investigation into the phenomenon in question. Prior to 1989, however, it was perceived primarily as a technical artefact with its own internal genesis. Over time, the prevailing trends shifted in favour of a more comprehensive integration of the motoring sector within broader socioeconomic, cultural, legislative and political structures. In Slovakia, historical scholarship has gradually begun to address these trends, yet the research into this particular issue remains the exclusive domain of a relatively limited number of scholars. Consequently, a considerable imbalance existed between Czech and Slovak historiography, and this remains the case to this day. The objective of this study is to analyse the initial state and the subsequent shift in the interpretive frameworks of research into the history of motoring in Czech and Slovak historiography. Another objective is to identify and illustrate the aforementioned shifts in the perception and interpretation of motoring, utilising illustrative examples of key works in the Czech-Slovak comparative context.

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Historická sociologie genocidy: teorie vzniku genocidy podle Siniši Maleševiče

Historická sociologie genocidy: teorie vzniku genocidy podle Siniši Maleševiče

Author(s): Karel Bauer / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2024

The paper focuses on the work of historical sociology professor Siniša Maleševič and his findings in the field of organised violence, especially genocide. Maleševič identified three main long-term historical processes responsible for emergence of special societal conditions that enabled a rise of genocides. The article discusses Maleševič’s approach to the study of violence, the role of the long-term historical processes triad in relation to the most extreme form of organised violence – genocide, and finally offers a detailed explanation of Maleševič’s theory supplemented by a graphic scheme. The article also compares the author’s claims with the arguments of other leading researchers in the field of violence and genocide research.

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PROPOSITIONS FOR AN UNDERSTANDING OF URBAN SHRINKAGE UNDER PLANETARY URBANIZATION

PROPOSITIONS FOR AN UNDERSTANDING OF URBAN SHRINKAGE UNDER PLANETARY URBANIZATION

Author(s): Giorgian Guțoiu / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2022

This theoretical essay reflects on the conceptual underpinnings of research in the literature of urban shrinkage. It builds upon criticisms of the literature, mainly on the lack of urban theoretical reasoning, and it argues for a recalibration of both theoretical and empirical urban shrinkage literature based on advancements in the literature of planetary urbanization. Problems associated with the city-centric vision dominant within the literature of urban shrinkage or its usage mainly of demographic indicators, which also represent some of the common criticism employed within the planetary urbanization and critical urban theory, are debated for a reconsideration. Three propositions underpinned by theoretical and empirical developments in planetary urbanization are put forth: geohistorical contextualized urban shrinkage; urban shrinkage through moments of urbanization; multidimensional socio-spatial urban shrinkage.

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За социалната и хуманистична перспектива на младежката работа

За социалната и хуманистична перспектива на младежката работа

Author(s): Iliyan S. Rizov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2024

Youth work has always been in the shadow of large and highly regulated sectors, such as education, health, social services, etc. It is often considered “non-serious work”, even in societies and times in which it flourished. Today, researchers and practitioners from many countries worry for the weakened power of youth work. Many people think that limitation of social youth work is one of the reasons for the deepening of social problems, the marginalization and radicalization of significant parts of societies. This report briefly presents key ideas with which contemporary youth work is associated, and which determine its social and humanistic perspective

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ДОСИТЕЈЕВИМ СТОПАМА: ОД ПАРАДИГМЕ МОДЕРНОГ ДО КОНТРОВЕРЗЕ О ПОСТМОДЕРНОМ СРПСКОМ ИДЕНТИТЕТУ

ДОСИТЕЈЕВИМ СТОПАМА: ОД ПАРАДИГМЕ МОДЕРНОГ ДО КОНТРОВЕРЗЕ О ПОСТМОДЕРНОМ СРПСКОМ ИДЕНТИТЕТУ

Author(s): Marinko V. Lolić / Language(s): English,Serbian Issue: 4/2024

The text is dedicated to the consideration of the stage of the life path and the literary philosophical area of Dositej Obradović, about which there are many quite opposing conceptual interpretations. Dositej’s concept of enlightenment is emphasized by some authors not only as sharp criticism of the monastic life at that time, but also a radical break with religion and Serbian Saint Sava’s tradition. The paper presents the reasons why Dositej’s “travel”, “walking”, “wandering”, “vagrancy”, “staying abroad”, narrated in the first person in his works, should be evaluated as a key place in his overall literary and philosophical opus, as an authentic narrative of his early production and later career as a philosopher and educator. Contrary to the views that Dositej’s early works already represent a radical break with the medieval Serbian tradition, in this paper I develop arguments for the opposite point of view – that the principle of subjectivity of literary modernity is what enables us to consider Dositej’s early works not as the result of a break with tradition, but as an autonomous act of literature and philosophy from the very principle of reflection and storytelling, which just opens the road to the acquisition of the modern identity of Serbian culture in strong theoretical terms.

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Sociologické bitvy o Varnu aneb česká/československá účast na VII. světovém sociologickém kongresu

Sociologické bitvy o Varnu aneb česká/československá účast na VII. světovém sociologickém kongresu

Author(s): Zdeněk R. Nešpor / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2023

The study approaches negotiations and power pressures associated with Czechoslovak participation in the Seventh World Congress of Sociology in Varna (1970), the first and only ISA congress held in the Eastern Bloc. The congress, which was of fundamental importance in this period, was taken as a showcase of Marxist sociology and was intended to significantly strengthen the position of East European sociologists in the international academy. In the case of the Czechs and Slovaks, however, the recent defeat of the Prague Spring came into play. Reformist-oriented sociologists had considered boycotting the congress, and even if this did not happen, it was assumed that the topic would be discussed at venues. The architects of the so-called normalization policy, managing the newly established Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences’ Institute for Philosophy and Sociology, were fully aware of this. Therefore, they did their utmost to select the “right” congress participants and their topics, so in the end most of the leading names of Czech sociology of the 1960s dropped out of the more than one hundred-member delegation. Even an attempt to avoid this pressure through a “private trip” taken by inconvenient” sociologists to Varna ultimately did not yield (although roughly a fifth of the delegation took advantage of this opportunity). The Czechoslovak turnout in Varna was indeed high, but scientifically insignificant, which foreshadowed the fate of Czech sociology in the 1970s and even the 1980s.

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