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The concept of authentic leadership refers to high ethical standards, sincerity and open communication in organizations. The aim of the presented paper was to test factorial structure and validity of the Authentic Leadership Questionnaire (ALQ). Two studies were conducted on two Polish samples: longitudinal Study 1 on a sample of employees of different professions and cross-sectional Study 2 on nurses. Four alternative models were tested with the use of confirmatory factor analysis. The four-factor model based on the short 13-items version of the ALQ was revealed to fit the data best. The four ALQ dimensions: leader self-awareness, relational transparency, internalized moral perspective and balanced processing were confirmed in both samples. Analysis of relationships between authentic leadership, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, turnover intention and burnout in followers confirmed concurrent and predictive validity of the short version of the measure.
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Occurring increases in human energy provide to increase organizational outputs such as performance rising, formation of positive feeling and high motivation. Because of these advantages provided by an organizational perspective, being high of employees’ energy levels is extremely important for foundations. In this study, it is tried to reveal how a relation there is between organizational justice, job satisfaction, person-job fit, person-organization fit, leader-member exchange theory, burnout concepts and human energy. A survey that was formed in parallel with purpose of the research applied to 1750 employees from several enterprises operating Kayseri province in Turkey. As a result of multiple regression analyses that were made by the data obtained, it was confirmed that the organizational justice, job satisfaction, person-job fit, person-organization fit, leader-member exchange theory have a positive effect and burnout has a negative effect on the human energy.
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The paper has an introductory-systematic character and initiates further detailed research, which will be presented in further works. The article presents the methodology of safety management at workplaces in state institutions on the example of AWL. The work presents the possibility and necessity of managing workplace safety through the use of tools such as working conditions analysis, statistical analysis of accident data, hazard identification and risk assessment at specific workstations. On the basis of the compilation of existing posts, the analysis of working conditions and the statistics of accidents and injuries in the historical period, the Risk Score method of identifying and evaluating occupational risk in the safety management process was proposed. The proposed method will be used do asses risk by the use of an assess sheet at the particular position in the academy and the research on that area will be presented in net papers.
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This research was conducted in order to determine job stress, job satisfaction, burnout, and turnover intention of employees of religious affairs. In addition, within the scope of the research,the interrelationships between related concepts, demographic variables that these employees belong to, and their level of relationship within the concepts are also examined. The research was conducted on 1125 employees of religious affairs from Turkey's seven geographical regions, especially from the metropolitan centers (Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir, Mersin, Gaziantep, Samsun and Erzurum). In order to collect the data, four different scale forms were used and the analysis was interpreted through a statistical analysis program. According to the results of the research, these employees have a low level of job satisfaction while experiencing moderate burnout. The employees of religious affairs, on the other hand, have a high level of job stress and moderate turnover intentions. While there are different researches in the literature that try to determine the burnout and job satisfaction of employees of religious affairs, this research is important because it is a pioneering study aiming to measure the work stress, which is known as the source of job satisfaction and burnout, and the turnover intention, which is the most important result of job stress.
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The managerial decision is the most important tool of a manager, being present day after day in his organizational work and having direct effect on both organization and employees. The managerial decision may be seen from different points of view, starting with the manager’s perspective, then with organizational strategy and employees’ view. The managerial decision is the most important in an organization, being a process that involves more stages, one of them being human relations; the managerial decision may be seen through the lens of different points of view. In this article it is offered a perspective on the managerial decision, by highlighting the uncommon aspects and by denying those that are not his own. The paper objective is to highlight the essence of managerial decision, by showing in fact what it is not.
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Entrepreneurship, management and leadership are key vectors for the competitiveness of organizations in an ever more complex and dynamic business environment. Given that between entrepreneurship, management and leadership there are multiple connections both in theoretical and methodological terms and in terms of practical use, the paper addresses the issues related to this triad in a correlative vision. Significant aspects on entrepreneurship are briefly presented, with special reference to the main activities to be completed within an entrepreneurial approach. Also, the paper highlights the content of managerial processes and relationships developed within organizations and the fundamental dimensions on which professional management should be structured in order to achieve sustainable competitive advantages. The final part of this work reflects leadership secrets and the most important principles governing the training programs for leaders in the modern organizations of contemporary economy.
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Purpose: This article concerns the attitudes of Polish consumers toward the country of origin of the brand. The aim is to describe the characteristics of cosmetics brands depending on the country of origin according to the opinions of Polish consumers. Methodology: The study covers several types of cosmetics: creams, shampoos, soaps, and lotions. The text analyzes twelve characteristics of brands and twelve countries of origin. The quantitative study bases on the Web Panel Interview method. The survey is representative of Polish adult internet users. Findings: The study shows significant differences in the perception of the characteristics of cosmetics brands depending on the country of origin. Companies may use the positive features associated with the country of origin of the brand in the process of creating value for customers. Research limitations: The results are valid for all brands of cosmetics from the selected country but not for individual brands. The research analyzed twelve characteristics of brands and twelve countries of origin. Thus, future research should address other characteristics and countries of origin. The opinions of Polish consumers may differ from those of other countries. Originality: The originality of this study consists in the analysis of many differences in the perception of the brands depending on the country of origin. This article shows that the selected country of origin may be associated with many different characteristics.
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Purpose: The aim of the study was to find out whether the online shopping behaviors ROPO and Reverse ROPO Effect differ between Poles and Germans. Methodology: The author conducted quantitative research among Polish and German students (129 questionnaires). The measures for this study were hypotheses that tested in mean and comparative analysis. Findings: In the context of online consumer behavior, the results indicate that consumers display different preferences for ROPO or Reverse ROPO Effect. These differences trace back to cultural differences, particularly different uncertainty avoidance levels, and different stage of e-commerce markets maturity. Research implications: E-commerce markets constantly evolve and so does online consumer behavior. While immature e-commerce markets follow their mature counterparts, their respective online consumer behavior also evolves, currently displaying different tendencies in ROPO and Reverse ROPO Effect between markets. Limitation: Respondents that cover all age groups would be more representative of the respective countries of analysis. Moreover, instead of a cross-sectional, one should conduct further research with a time-series study to capture trends in behavior adoption, which effect from the evolving nature of the e-commerce retail market.
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This paper aims a new trend in Leadership applicable to both public and private sector, and the relationship between organizational stress, types of intelligence and types of leaders. Based on the types of intelligence, the paper shows the types of leaders and their profile. Of the three known types of intelligence: logical – rational intelligence, emotional intelligence and spiritual or quantum intelligence, this work mainly aims to develop general skills specific to Spiritual intelligence, because it harmonizes and integrates the characteristics of the other two types of intelligence. It have been proposed to analyse the types of leaders and the related general competences according to the criterion of "intelligence". Therefore, the authoritarian leader's intelligence corresponds collocation - to do, for the intellectual leader it corresponds the intelligence of thinking, for the charismatic leader it corresponds the intelligence of feeling, while for the spiritual leader's intelligence the main characteristic is to give. Human resource in public administration as in private sector too, is facing more and more with organizational and occupational stress. Thus, new management is needed in order to apply the principles of the transdisciplinarity – which uses levels of reality, and the holistic education in order to prepare future quantum leaders. In addition to other types of leaders, a spiritual leader’s features includes new abilities: they know how to integrate the various aspects of the surrounding reality, to harmonize the extra-psychic with the intra-psychic plans and ensure self-coherence through a new way of thinking. By intelligence characteristics provided, the spiritual leader in public administration is the leader at the service of others, having a component of compassion.
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The present study aims at identifying some dimensions of deviant workplace behavior, for this purpose being conducted a survey in small and medium-sized enterprises in Bucharest. In structuring the objectives of this research, the starting point was a typology of deviant workplace behavior drawn from the literature review. Study findings showed that the most probable forms of deviant workplace behavior category would be those of the production deviance. The most frequently mentioned forms of deviant workplace behavior that employees have noticed at their colleagues are: spreading rumors and gossiping and great prolongation of breaks during working hours. Regarding the adoption of some forms of deviant behavior by themselves, most employees said they have not acted in this manner. Starting from the initial model concerning deviant workplace behavior typology, the intensity of manifestation of each form of behavior of employees and managers of small and medium-sized enterprises in Bucharest was evaluated.
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In the new economy, organizations face a number of challenges that leaders will have to find answers to and for which the knowledge-based leadership can be an important part of the solutions that are identified. The managerial culture includes the needs and aspirations of the management staff of an organization and reflects the personality of founders or strong leaders. It substantially influences the decisions and actions of managers on different hierarchical levels. They imply that in the process of forming and shaping the organizational culture, managers will discover a powerful source of motivation as "actors" that contribute to it. This paper deals with the connection between leadership and organizational culture and the ways that can be used in order to foster the development of a strong organizational culture.
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In any social and economic system, performance is, in recent times, a term of reference for managers and workers, performance being a way of highlighting the objectives and the obtained results of the activity. An organization that is performancebased can take better advantage of the opportunities of the environment it is activating in, can easily overpass the difficulties that the environment puts forth, can quantitatively and qualitatively satisfy a segment of the social need in an superior way and can obtain the competitive advantage in the market in which it operates.
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The purpose of this research is to analyze and elaborate determinants of tax compliance in the perspective of the theory of planned behavior and stakeholder theory. This research is conducted on a population consisting of corporate taxpayers registered at the Directorate General of Taxes in the region of South Sulawesi. This research uses proportional random sampling to determine the samples. There are 560 respondents out of 1,000 exemplars of distributed questionnaires who are willing to participate. The analysis is conducted by using Partial Least Square (PLS). The result reveals that the behavior of the taxpayers has a positive and significant effect on the intention to tax compliance. The establishment of tax professional behavior to comply can encourage positive behavior of taxpayers, thus, the welfare of the society can be achieved. Subjective norm has a positive and significant effect on the intention to tax compliance. This research focuses on corporate taxpayers; hence, the researchers add social awareness based on stakeholder theory. This research depicts corporate taxpayers as entity that mingles with the society. Therefore, social awareness and cultural adaptation with the social environment through tax payment is a must.
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The police is one of the public administration bodies that has a statutory task to provide citizens with security, also in an armed way. The article presents the organization and format of the current Polish police shooting training system. Based on the results of previous studies, it was pointed out that training courses and practice sessions carried out by the police officers are more important than their individual personality traits. Implementation trainings reflecting real situations would help to improve the level of police officers’ preparation for work.
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The problem of trust in the context of the media appears first of all in relation to the relation between the recipient and the sender, i.e. the relationship between the media enterprise and an important part of its external environment. At the same time, the validity of trust as an intangible asset, which is the value of an enterprise, is emphasized. We are speaking less about trust in the context of the internal environment of media organizations, its role and importance in building relationships between people who take part in the production of a media message in a direct or indirect way. Drawing attention to this issue by managers may both positively affect the culture of the organization and be an element of the company’s business strategy and contribute to their competitive advantage in the market. In this article I would like to draw attention to trust as an important good in the process of managing a media enterprise, emphasizing at the same time the subjective predispositions enabling its shaping in such an enterprise.
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The study aimed to investigate the relationships between intra-organizational knowledge sharing and the absorptive capacity of a company – under conditions of two mediators: job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Identifying the relationships between these variables contributes to the development of the literature in the field of strategic management concerning the mechanisms creating the absorptive capacity of the company. Absorptive capacity is understood as the ability to acquire, assimilate, transform, and exploit useful external knowledge. The object of study was a company specializing in the production of high-quality insulating glass and special glass – one of the leading producers in this line of business in Poland. To test the hypotheses, the author performed the regression analysis, which revealed a direct relationship between the process of knowledge sharing and absorptive capacity. Above all, the results achieved show that intra-organizational knowledge absorption and transmission stimulates an increase in job satisfaction, which in turn leads to an increase in organizational commitment. Both changes result in a perceptible increase in the absorptive capacity of the examined company. The observed double-mediating effect constitutes the added value of the above investigations.
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As a practice of identifying and handling conflicts, conflict management has been subjected to an intense scrutiny and even criticism, coming from both traditionalists (still dominant among Romanian managers), and progressive managers. As a result, conflict management systems got blamed for not including all stakeholders’ interests, as well as for undermining managers’ authority, among other not less important aspects. However, the solution to conflict management systems’ perceived flaws may reside in a strategic approach to conflict management, which should complement each organization’s strategic goals and existing structures, and therefore replace the best practices approach with a configurational approach focused on the best strategic fit for every organization.
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Consumers’ decision-making process is proved to be prone to behavioural biases. Due to interesting psychological findings combined with understanding of economic theories and recent development in the area of neuroscience, a new interdisciplinary field has emerged – neuroeconomics. Research conducted on human brain improved our understanding of cognitive and biological foundations of making investment decisions. Being able to explain mechanisms of two major behavioural biases, namely instantaneous gratification and reference dependence, indirectly provide the unique knowledge about financial markets. The question, however, arises: would lawyers use that knowledge while thinking about changing financial regulation?
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In the working environment of the modern man, where the junction man-machine is a system that aims at achieving professional success, the ergonomic measures are increasingly promoted. These measures come after waves of complaints from the employees who often accuse psycho-physical fatigue. In this paper we will present a series of psycho-physical techniques designed for those employees who work in an office. The examples are built on patterns existing in the physical exercise practice and mental theatre training used by some of the greatest teachers of theatre in the world. Alternating these types of physical and mental exercises, adapted for office work, can visibly improve the health of the employees.
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