The role of contact and perceived attitudes of surroundings in children’s acceptance of “different” peers

Author(s): Jelena Maričić,Marko Mihalj / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

This study was conducted with Croatian fourth grade students (N=691) that were divided into two groups. The characters presented in vignettes had some type of stigmatizing feature (e.g., Roma nationality, wheelchair usage, or being overweight) in the experimental group, while these features were left out in the comparison group. The first goal was to examine the impact of each stigmatizing feature on the non-acceptance of the described characters. The second goal was to analyze the relationship between the non-acceptance of the stigmatized character and children’s established contact with people with similar features, as well as the relationship between the afore-mentioned and the perceived attitudes of parents and friends. Roma ethnicity had a significant influence on non-acceptance of the character, while contact was related to an increase in the level of non-acceptance of the Roma character. Negative perceived opinions of friends regarding individuals with stigmatizing features (regardless of the type) were related to a lower level of acceptance of that character.

The impact of forced social comparison on adolescents’ self-esteem and appearance satisfaction

Author(s): Danka Purić,Nataša Simić,Ljubomir Savanović,Marko Kalanj,Stefan Jovanović-Dačić / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2011

The impact of forced social comparison on adolescents’ self-esteem and appearance satisfaction research, conducted on a sample of 133 high school seniors, consisted of two phases. In phase one, participants were given the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Inventory, Appearance Satisfaction Scale and Appearance Relevance Scale, and in phase two, one month later, they were exposed to photographs of attractive and unattractive individuals. Two groups of boys and girls each assessed attractive or unattractive individuals of their own gender, while two control groups (of both genders) were not exposed to any photographs. Immediately after assessing the photographs, the participants were again given the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Inventory and Appearance Satisfaction Scale. We found that forced social comparison had an impact on self-esteem and a marginally significant effect on appearance satisfaction in the group of participants (of both genders) assessing the photographs of unattractive individuals, while no effects were found in the either the control group or the group assessing the photographs of attractive individuals. We also examined the impact of self-esteem, appearance satisfaction and appearance relevance as moderating variables on the effect size of social comparison and showed that higher pretest self-esteem and appearance relevance and lower appearance satisfaction predict higher posttest self-esteem scores, regardless of the participants’ group membership. The group of participants exposed to photographs of unattractive people, however, showed the opposite pattern – those participants who had initially lower self-esteem have increased it more as a result of the experimental exposure.

Fonološka složenost i mesto slogovnog akcenta kao indikatori fonološkog razvoja u usvajanju srpskog jezika

Author(s): Maja Savić,Darinka Anđelković,Nevena Buđevac,Heather Van der Lely / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2010

In this research we investigate the relevance of phonological parameters in acquisition of Serbian language. Implementation of British Test of Phonological Screeing (TOPhS, van der Lely and Harris, 1999) has revealed that phonological complexity (syllabic and metrical structure) influences accuracy in non-word repetition task and could be used in assessment of phonological development of typically developing children, as well as of children with Grammatical Specific Language Impairment (G-SLI) (van der Lely and Harris, 1999; Gallon, Harris & van der Lely, 2007). Having in mind phonological properties of Serbian language (Zec, 2000, 2007), we hypothesized that several parameters can be used in assessment of phonological development in Serbian: a. onset (consonants cluster at the beginning of syllable; b. rime (consonant at the end of syllable). c. word of three syllables, and d. placement of stressed syllable in a word. Combination of these parameters gave us a list of 96 pseudo words of different levels of complexity. Participants were 14 adults and 30 children from kindergarten divided into three age groups (3, 4 and 5 years). Task for the participants was to loudly repeat every pseudo-word, and their reproduction was recorded. Transcription of their answers and coding of errors allowed us to analyze impact of different parameters on accuracy of phonological reproduction in children of different ages. The results indicate that the ability for reproduction of Serbian phonological properties develops in early preschool period. The most difficult is cluster of consonants at the beginning of syllable, and consonant at the end of syllable. These two parameters are even more difficult for reproduction in three-syllable words or in words that have more than one parameter marked. Placement of stress in a word is acquired even before 3 years. In other words, the results have shown that investigated features could be good indicators in assessment of early phonological development of typically developing children. Delay in their acquisition could reveal possible developmental difficulties.

Aesthetic Experience and the Emotional Content of Paintings

Author(s): Slobodan Marković / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2010

In this study we investigated the relationship between aesthetic experience and other emotional qualities judged in paintings. Aesthetic experience was defined as an exceptional state of mind in which a person is focused on a particular object, transcending its everyday uses and meanings and losing the awareness of surroundings and even of himself/herself. In this state a person has an exceptional emotional experience, that is a feeling of unity with the object. Our basic idea is that aesthetic experience is not reducible to pleasure or a positive hedonic tone, but a person can equally be fascinated with both pleasant and unpleasant objects. In preliminary studies we specified the stimulus set of figural and semi-figural paintings, and a set of descriptors of emotions, feelings and aesthetic experience. Participants judged the paintings on descriptors (seven-point scales). Factor analysis revealed two large factors: the bipolar factor Affective Tone (descriptors on the positive pole: lovely, charming, cheerful, etc; descriptors on the negative pole: scary, disgusting, hateful etc.) and Aesthetic Experience (descriptors: exceptional, profound, unique, etc.). Additional analyses have shown no significant correlation between the two factors. These findings confirmed our idea that aesthetic experience is independent of pleasure or affective attraction, and that it can be induced by both pleasant and unpleasant paintings.

Neki indikatori (ne)uspešnog čitanja

Author(s): Jasmina Vuksanović,Aleksandra Jovanović,Irena Avramović-Ilić,Boban Petrović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2008

In the paper we set the aim to determine whether phonological awareness and short-term verbal memory are indicators of a subsequent reading acquisition. The sample consisted of 194 first graders from two primary schools in Belgrade. The results of our research showed that the most significant indicator of the subsequent (un)successful reading was phonological awareness. The short-term verbal memory is, to a lesser extent, an indicator of the subsequent reading acquisition defined by the time needed for reading the text and by the text comprehension. Our findings offer basis for proposing that the phonological awareness assessment should be implemented into the regular procedure of assessing child’s readiness for school. In this way children in need for preventive stimulation within the inclusive programme in primary schools could be identified.

Kognitivna obrada alomorfije u srpskom jeziku

Author(s): Tamara Jovanović,Dušica Filipović-Đurđević,Petar Milin / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2008

In this work, we explored cognitive status of suffix allomorphy of the masculine nouns in instrumental singular in Serbian language (eg. mišom-mišem; pužom-pužem). Allomorphy represents distinct variations in form of the morpheme which does not influence it’s function and meaning (cf. Lyons, 1968). Despite it’s frequent appearance in speech and language production, it has rarely been a subject of psycholinguistic explorations. First goal of this research was to determine whether the cognitive processing of allomorphic nouns has it’s specificities and second goal was to create the base for making and testing hypothesis regarding morphological and/or phonological factors that influence suffix alternation in forming of instrumental singular of masculine nouns. We conducted visual lexical decision experiment and applied a questionnaire created for the needs of investigating allomorphy in language production. Results showed that at least two processes influence cognitive processing of masculine nouns in instrumental singular: (a) certain morpho-phonological restrictions that influence appearance of the suffix –em, and (b) allomorphy - variations in suffix in instrumental singular. In addition, the findings indicate that allomorphy could be the consequence of the tendency to use more frequent suffix (-om), that eases the processing, and blocks the influence of the morpho-phonological restrictions.

Proporcije kategorija asocijata i struktura semantičke memorije

Author(s): Irena Savić,Aleksandar Kostić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2008

The aim of this study was to investigate whether there is a systematic distinction between associate pairs that constitute categories of lexical relations (e.g. synonyms, antonyms, hyponyms etc.) and categories of associate pairs that have no obvious lexical relation. Proportion of categories of associates were estimated on 80 nouns from “Associative Dictionary of Serbian Language” (Piper, Dragićević & Stefanović, 2005), while frequencies of associates were estimated from “Frequency Dictionary of Contemporary Serbian Language” (Kostić, Đ., 1999). Categories of associates were divided into two groups: group of categories that included standard lexical relations and group that included idiosyncratic associates. Proportions of categories were analyzed with respect to a) frequency of a noun to which associates were generated and b) whether it was an abstract or concrete noun. Three measures were used to estimate proportion of categories: a) number of associates, b) sum frequency of associates and c) the average frequency per associate. When estimated with respect to number of associates and sum frequency of associates proportion of categories that included standard lexical relations were negligible (6% and 18%), but they become dominant when estimated with respect to the average frequency per associate. Such an outcome suggests that categories that include standard lexical relations are characterized by small number of associates (due to the fact that they are closed classes) with high frequency associates. Distinction between abstract and concrete nouns did not affect number of associates per category, which was not the case when proportions were estimated with respect to sum frequency of associates. Frequency of a noun to which associates were generated has no effect on productivity of associates, nor does it affects sum frequency per category. However, it has significant effect on the average frequency per associate within a given category.

Valence framing of political preferences and resistance to persuasion

Author(s): Iris Žeželj,Milan Škorić,Slaven Bogdanović,Dejan Hristić,Dušan Stokić / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2007

This study tested the "valence framing effect": an assumption that negatively conceptualized attitudes (as opposing the non-preferred alternative) are more resistant to later persuasion attempts. In the experiment we created choice between two political candidates and experimental subjects were led to conceptualize their political preferences in one of two possible ways: either as supporting the preferred candidate or as opposing the non-preferred candidate. The data indicate that negative preferences show less overall change when exposed to counterarguments. This finding can be incorporated in two theoretical frameworks: dual process theories of attitude change (Elaboration likelihood model) and descriptive decision making theories (Prospect theory). Results are discussed for their implications for the efficacy of political communication.

Kognitivna obrada prideva

Author(s): Dušica Filipović-Đurđević,Aleksandar Kostić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2003

Processing of inflected Serbian verbs was investigated in two lexical decision experiments. Specifically, the following issues were addressed: a. does the adjectival system contain syntactic functions and meanings, and b. are adjectival gender and case cognitively relevant properties. Each of the above issues could be expressed in terms of alternative equations that generate the amount of information carried by inflected form of an adjective. The informational values were correlated with mean reaction time to inflected adjectival forms. The outcome of the two experiments indicated that number of syntactic functions/meanings is the obligatory term in the equation that generates the amount of information carried by an adjectival inflected form. However, unlike nouns, where the amount information was specified in terms of ratio between a. sum of frequencies of inflected cases encompassed by a given inflected form and b. sum of its functions/ meanings, equation for adjectives includes sum of frequency by number of syntactic functions/meanings ratios for cases encompassed by a given inflected adjectival form. This, on the other hand, suggests that cognitive system when processing inflected adjectives is to some extent sensitive to adjectival case. It was also demonstrated that cognitive system is not sensitive to adjective gender.

Processing of verb tense

Author(s): Aleksandar Kostić,Jelena Havelka / Language(s): English Issue: 3-4/2002

Processing of Serbian inflected verbs was investigated in two lexical decision experiments. In the first experiment subjects were presented with five forms of future tense, while in the second experiment the same verbs were presented in three forms of present and future tense. The outcome of the first experiment indicates that processing of inflected verb is determined by the amount of information derived from the average probability per congruent personal pronoun of a particular verb form. This implies that the cognitive system is not sensitive to verb person per se, nor to the gender of congruent personal pronoun. Results of the second experiment show that for verb forms of different tenses, presented in the same experiment, the amount of information has to be additionally modulated by tense probability. Such an outcome speaks in favor of cognitive relevance of verb tense.

Literary Fiction and the Cultivation of Virtue

Author(s): James O. Young / Language(s): English Issue: 56/2019

Many philosophers have claimed that reading literary fiction makes people more virtuous. This essay begins by defending the view that this claim is empirical. It goes on to review the empirical literature and finds that this literature supports the claim philosophers have made. Three mechanisms are identified whereby reading literary fiction makes people more virtuous: empathy is increased when readers enter imaginatively into the lives of fictional characters; reading literary fiction promotes self-reflection; and readers mimic the prosocial behaviour of fictional characters. The paper concludes with a caution: there is a danger that readers could mimic antisocial behaviour displayed in literary fiction. If they do, reading some literary fiction could make readers less virtuous.

The Effects of Group Counseling with Gestalt Therapy in Reducing Depression, Anxiety and Stress among Traumatized People

Author(s): Nizar Ali,Yagmur CERKEZ / Language(s): English Issue: 71/2020

The current study aimed to explore the effects of group counseling with Gestalt therapy in reducing psychological disorders such as depression, anxiety and stress among Yezidi Women who have fled the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria. It also aimed to investigate the impact of Gestalt group psychotherapy in reducing the flashbacks of the traumatic events in Yezidi women who have been traumatized and experienced traumatic events which will help them to forget about their past experience and start a new life, The participants of the study consisted of (15) women from the age group (14-24) who were selected from Bersiv Camp2 located in Zakho city in North Iraq. Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale were used to reveal the levels of depression, anxiety and stress. The data was analyzed using independent sample t-test to examine the mean difference between the pretest and posttest of the level of depression, anxiety, and stress among the participants. The findings of this study indicated that these traumatized women suffered from depression, anxiety and stress. However, after undertaking group counseling with gestalt therapy techniques during two months, their levels of depression, anxiety and stress have been reduced. The differences were put to test and found to be significant. The researcher specified a number of recommendations and suggestions for further studies that will be of help for psychotherapists, psychologists and counselors to design psychological programs and strategies to control psychological disorders among traumatized people; especially women who have experienced traumatic events.

Mintea ca obiect al cercetării experimentale și filosofia materialistă

Author(s): Mona Mamulea / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 16/2020

Titu Maiorescu had a special relationship with psychology under the influence of both Kant and Herbart. The following study presents Maiorescu’s answers to the main issues raised by the materialism controversy that broke out in Germany in the mid-1850s century, at a time when he was writing and defending his doctoral thesis in Giessen. Most of these issues were related to the mind–body liaison and the capa¬bility of science to explain the mind.

Întâia teză română pentru doctorat în filosofie

Author(s): Gheorghe Bogdan-Duică / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 16/2020

ALMANYA’DA MÜZİK TERAPİ ALANINDA GERÇEKLEŞTİRİLEN BİLİMSEL YAYINLARIN İNCELENMESİ (2010-2019)

Author(s): Duygu DURAN ORLOWSKİ,Ümit Kubilay Can,Hakan Bağci / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 33/2021

The healing power and effect of music are well-known by many cultures throughout history. Thanks to the recent technological developments, it has been proved that beyond its soothing and calming properties, music is a powerful cognitive stimulant. It can reach an individual’s inner world deeper where the oral communication falls short, and it is a motivation source for motoric movements. Because of these researches and their outcomes, the music therapy field occurred in psychology. Germany initiated research on music therapy with psychiatric patients in a clinical environment after WWII. The field of music therapy has been gaining popularity among researchers from different disciplines, and new interdisciplinary studies have been emerging. In the field of music therapy in Germany, the types of publication, subject fields, distribution of scientific studies, publication fields, years and what they are were determined as the problem of the research in the field of music therapy in 2010-2019. The aim is to investigate and study of these publications that are published in Germany. The surveying method is used to denounce the problem of this study.

Czy pasja męczy? Podstawowe potrzeby psychologiczne jako mediator związku pasji pracy i zmęczenia przewlekłego nauczycieli

Author(s): Karolina Mudło-Głagolska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2019

For some teachers, their work is so important that it gives meaning to their lives and becomes part of their identity, thus it is their passion. The aim of the presented study was to determine if teachers without a passion for their work, those with a balanced passion and those who could be defined as obsessive in their passion differed in their level of chronic fatigue. A model was tested, in which passion for one’s work was a predictor of chronic fatigue, whereas satisfaction was related to satisfying basic psychological needs – the mediator of this relationship. There were 389 teachers involved in the study, which included the Passion Scale, Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction Scale at Work and Checklist Individual Strength (CIS20R). Teachers with a balanced passion achieved a significantly lower score in every dimension of fatigue than those having no passion or obsessive passion. Persons in those latter two categories did not differ in the results of successive dimensions of fatigue. Satisfaction with having needs met mediated the relationship between balanced passion and chronic fatigue.

On psychological and war mission of the founder of the Lviv-Qarsaw school

Author(s): Teresa Rzepa / Language(s): English Issue: Special/2021

The double mission, ideally fulfilled by Kazimierz Twardowski, the founder of the Lviv-Warsaw School, is discussed in this article. Twardowski was fulfilling his psychological mission all his life, whereas his war mission lasted three years (1914– 1917) – when he was carrying out the role of the president (rector) of the Lviv University. A short biography of Kazimierz Twardowski precedes descriptions of those missions.

Polska adaptacja narzędzia do badania subiektywnej witalności w ujęciu Ryana i Frederick

Author(s): Karolina Mudło-Głagolska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2020

In recent years, attention has been paid to the phenomenological quality of vitality. The construct of subjective vitality as a marker of psychological well-being has the advantage over it that it is more accessible in phenomenological experience, is independent of external well-being criteria, such as objective success, health, support or achievements, and goes beyond the semantically known constructs known in Poland, such as affect positive, commitment to work, flow or life satisfaction. Until now, the possibility of assessing subjective vitality was limited, so to fill this gap, the validity and reliability of the Polish version of the Subjective Vitality Scale was tested, which allows the assessment of subjective vitality at the trait level. In a sample of 709 respondents, the factor accuracy of three versions: 7-, 6- and 5-position in Polish was assessed. The 5-position version had the best fit of the model to the data. Analysis of the value of Cronbach,s α coefficient and the discriminatory power of the position showed that the scale can be considered reliable. The validity in the convergent and divergent aspect was tested on the basis of the relationship between subjective vitality and the dimensions of chronic fatigue, negative and positive affect, somatic symptoms, anxiety, functional disorders, symptoms of depression, life satisfaction and vitality in a different conceptualization and the number of hours devoted to recreational activities. The predictive value of satisfaction with meeting psychological needs in general and with regard to work was partially confirmed. The analysis of intergroup differences carried out in a sample of 40 people suffering from discopathy and a selected control group showed that the sick and somatically healthy people differed significantly in the result of subjective vitality. The Subjective Vitality Scale can be regarded as an accurate and reliable tool. The 5-item version of the Subjective Vitality Scale is recommended.

General Visual Ability as a Moderator in the Relationship RAN –Fluency in a Regular Orthography

Author(s): Katalin Tiron,Cristina Maria Bostan-Tofan,Alois Gherguţ / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2021

Visual skills play a controversial role in the literacy process. The predictive part of RAN on fluency is known, especially in transparent spelling.In this research, we wanted to explore the influence of visual abilities on literacy for primary school students; for this purpose, we evaluated 209 students. We tested both the Reading and decoding efficiency, rapid naming, and visual abilities. The interaction of rapid naming (RAN) and visual ability (VA) significantly determined fluency. This association is discussed concerning other findings that have demonstrated the visuospatial abilities influence literacy.

Diagnosis of the Formation of Grammatical Aspects of Speech in Preschool Age

Author(s): Kateryna Kruty,Antonina Minenok,Iryna Morozova,Tetiana-Yelyzaveta Tsapenko,Oleksandr Kozynets,Serhii Korniev / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2021

The article theoretically substantiates and experimentally verifies the validity of the developed diagnostics by the method of contrast groups. The relevance of such a study is determined by the lack of development of the problem of diagnosing grammatical aspects of speech in preschool age for Slavic (inflected by nature) languages. It is proved that for a preschool child in the first stages there is no speech activity separately from the subject, so the object of its orientation is not speech activity, but a single semantic whole, an event that is presented in a sentence (sometimes a phrase, discourse). In the following stages, the child's attitude to speech reality changes. This reality is already special, different from the subject. For all stages of speech and speech development of the child is typical limited and unstable nature of orientation to certain aspects of linguistic reality, when the pre-schooler focuses on either the semantic or formal side of speech. At the end of the senior preschool age, gender differences in children's use of adjectives are the most significant. The reason for the active use in speech of adjectives by girls we see both in the psychological characteristics and gender guidelines of adults around them (active use of nouns and adjectives with hypocritical-diminutive suffixes).