Społeczne teorie tożsamości: przegląd wybranych koncepcji.

Author(s): Kateryna Novikova / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2013

Identity represents exceptionally useful analytic category to use in social research on individuals and social communities. To exploit effectively the idea of identity in social research, one ought to re-evaluate its status in some classical and contemporary social theories. For this sake several conceptions appear in the paper. Among them there are identity conceptions by German sociologist Georg Simmel as well as American psychologist Erik Erikson. There are also conceptions by American sociologists who practised the interactionist and dramaturgical approaches: George Herbert Mead and Erving Hoffman. The conceptions are described considering the terms self and interaction, the web of group affiliations, symbols and signs in social interaction, identity as synthesis of life experiences as well as self-reflection and taking of the Other’s perspective. There are also several reasons for using the aforementioned conceptions in contemporary social research presented in the paper.

Sprawozdanie z XXII Ogólnopolskiej Konferencji Psychologii Rozwojowej pt. „Społeczny kontekst rozwoju od dziecka do dorosłego” Gdańsk 26-29 maja 2013 r.

Author(s): Beata Popiołek,Krzysztof Dziurzynski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2013

Wybrane gesty i formy parateatralne jako narzędzia wspomagania komunikacji z osobami w wieku senioralnym

Author(s): Agnieszka Ogonowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2019

The purpose of the article is to show the strategies for supporting social communication of older adults by using gestures and paratheatrical forms. In the conducted analyses the authors have used references to research in the field of neuropsychology, psychogeriatrics and a phenomenologically-oriented concept of embodied cognition. In this context, links between that last category and body memory, as well as research into mirror neurons, are shown. Also, the relationship between motion activation, language communication of seniors and stimulating neural circuits responsible for cognitive processes is pointed out. Moreover, attention is paid to the functions of gesture systems, as well as the stages of introducing paratheatrical forms into the processes of supporting language communication competences of seniors. The paper fits into the interdisciplinary reflection on the quality of life in old age in the 21st century, and is also part of a larger project concerning psychocultural, gerontological and logopedic conditions of intergenerational communication.

Kształcenie akademickie a intelektualny rozwój młodzieży studenckiej

Author(s): Stanisław Nieciuński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2006

Do we Perceive Experiencing More Stress in Early Adulthood if we Had Perceived Experiencing Parental Rejection in Childhood?

Author(s): Nadia Koltcheva / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The article aims to present research on the relationship between perceived maternal and paternal acceptance-rejection, psychological adjustment, and perceived stress in early adulthood.The sample consists of 322 subjects between 20 and 40 years of age (M=29.42, SD=6.41). The sample is not gender-balanced (248 women (77%) and 74 men (23%), almost all of them Bulgarian (295, 91.6%; 1, 0.3% of Turkish origin and 26, 8.1% missing data), most of them university graduates (235, 73%), employed (239, 74.2%) and married or cohabiting with a partner (246, 76.4%). Questionnaires for data collection: Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire, Adult, Short Form, both Mother and Father Version; Personality Assessment Questionnaire, Adult; Perceived Stress Scale, Personal Information Form.The results show that both perceived maternal rejection and perceived paternal rejection are associated with perceived stress in early adulthood. The level of psychological maladjustment is strongly related to the levels of perceived stress as this correlation is higher for 20-year-olds (r=0.703, p<0.01) in comparison to 30-year-olds (r=0.668, p<0.01). Several regression models are presented regarding predictors of perceived stress. All the models with predictors of perceived maternal rejection, perceived paternal rejection, and/or psychological maladjustment are significant. Psychological maladjustment in itself is a good predictor of an individual’s perceived stress. The percentages of explained variance vary between 44.3%-49.1%. Most of our findings support the IPARTheory’s postulates and are consistent with the results of other studies. The results are discussed, and new questions are raised.

Başarma İhtiyacının Kavramsal ve Kuramsal Açıdan Değerlendirilmesi

Author(s): Açelya Telli Danişmaz / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 17/2022

The need for achievement refers to the needs of an individual for achievement in all areas of his life. So the need to accomplish a task can be defined as the desire to be better than others or the desire to be better in one's competition with oneself. In the literature, the concept of need for achievement, which is mostly examined while revealing the characteristics of entrepreneurship, is considered in the framework of content theories, which is one of the basic motivation theories. In this respect, McClelland's Need for Achievement Theory is the most used theory while drawing the theoretical infrastructure of the need for achievement. In addition to this, other content theories also included the concept of the need to achieve in their models. In this direction, the aim of the study is to present a different perspective by evaluating the concept of need for achievement, which is commonly associated with entrepreneurial personality traits in the literature. In the study, first of all, previous studies in the literature on the need for achievement were evaluated conceptually and theoretically, and then the need for achievement was evaluated in terms of the employee. As a result of the literature review, it was concluded that the need for achievement is an important parameter for both individual performance and organizational commitment, as well as business performance, in addition to being an entrepreneurial personality trait.

DZIAŁALNOŚĆ PLACÓWEK WSPARCIA DZIENNEGO NA RZECZ DZIECKA I RODZINY (NA PRZYKŁADZIE DZIAŁALNOŚCI PLACÓWKI WSPARCIA DZIENNEGO „DZIUPLA” W BIAŁEJ PODLASKIEJ)

Author(s): Anetta Roszkowska / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 2/2021

This article focuses on issues related to the functioning of day-care centres. At the beginning issues concerning the family and its functioning are raised. In the article the author also refers to her own experience in working with children. As an example of good practice will be presented the activity of the day-care centre “Dziupla” in Biała Podlaska. Conclusions: The presented example of the day-care centre “Dziupla” shows the need for this kind of institution to function in the local environment. The institution achieves positive results of its work. Emphasizing the importance of education, it compensates for deficiencies in knowledge and skills. It contributes to the social and moral development of children. It shapes correct attitudes and socially acceptable behaviour. Attractive classes make children eager to attend the instytution. The “Dziupla” is an alternative to the street life and the unfavourable atmosphere of the home.

WIEDZA DZIADKÓW NA TEMAT ROZWOJU MOWY MAŁYCH DZIECI – KOMUNIKAT Z BADAŃ

Author(s): Magdalena Harmacińska-Kowalewska / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 1/2022

The presented article will present the issue concerning the knowledge of grandparents about the development of children’s speech. This issue seems to be important because grandparents play an important role in the upbringing and shaping of grandchildren. The author used the method of a diagnostic survey in the study. The research tool was a 1, which was completed by one hundred respondents. The obtained results will allow to get to know the grandparents’ knowledge. Results: When analyzing the above answers of the surveyed grandparents, it can be noticed that they have mostly correct general knowledge about the periods of the child’s speech development (quantitative aspect). Conclusions: The described state of knowledge of the respondents may contribute to a situation in which grandparents may make inadequate demands on their grandchildren as to their correct pronunciation of sounds or words, which in turn may lead to, for example, conflict situations.

Developing General and Subject Competences of Primary School Pupils in the Context of Integrated Education: the Case of one Lithuanian School

Author(s): Jovita Ponomariovienė,Daiva Jakavonytė-Staškuvienė / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

Aim. The aim of the research is to provide a scientific justification for the integrated development of general and subject-specific competences of primary school pupils. Methods. The exploratory qualitative case study was conducted in a private school in Lithuania. The integrated activities covered the content of Lithuanian language and science education, as well as general competences such as communication and digital competences. The activity was implemented in grade 4 with 12 pupils (8 boys and 4 girls). A semi-structured interview with the class teacher was also conducted. Results and conclusion. The data from the empirical study were analysed according to the following thematic clusters: interest in the activity, group work, searching for information in the encyclopaedia and in electronic sources, working with a robot when integrating the digital skills and the content of science education, descriptions of animals as a summarising and consolidating activity. The study found that if the educational process is well thought out, if the pupils are interested, they can work independently and support each other in explaining the content, while the teacher becomes an observer, a facilitator, and can concentrate on the pupils’ individual activities during this process. Well-designed tasks with the robot develop not only digital literacy skills, but also the reinforcement of subject content related to the use of concepts.

Motor skills in children with visual impairment

Author(s): Kristina Tománková / Language(s): English Issue: 19/2021

The overview essay presents a narrative literary review of the facts about the motor skills in association with visual impairments in children from current studies. This contribution presents various knowledge and selected research surveys in issue. Motor skills and motor development in children with visual impairment is expected to be different from that in typically developing children in many ways. The aim of the contribution is to summarize appropriate end essential studies that show experiences with problem of motor skills, in a broader context, in child individuals with sensory loss.

The COVID-19 representation and implications for children's well-being: A three-way perspective

Author(s): Alexandra Maftei,Maria-Mălina Olariu / Language(s): English,Serbian Issue: 1/2024

The present research investigated the COVID-19 representation and its implications on children’s psychological health. We used multiple perspectives to explore this issue, i.e., children’s (N = 50, age range 8 − 10), parents’ (N = 100, age range 28 − 54), and teachers’ (N = 2, age 22 and 26) viewpoints, in a short longitudinal approach (Time 1 – November 2020, Time 2 – December 2020), during one of the most critical COVID-19 periods in Romania. We assumed similar patterns between parents’ and children’s representations of the COVID-19 pandemic, and our qualitative analyses confirmed this assumption. Next, our findings suggested that children’s higher levels of fear of COVID-19 correlated with higher anxiety levels at Time 1; meanwhile, at Time 2, children’s fear of COVID-19 significantly correlated with their well-being, which might indicate the potentially protective role of fear of COVID-19 through perceived threat. At Time 1, children’s self-reported measures of anxiety were significantly associated with parents’ and teachers’ perceived anxiety. At Time 2, teachers’ perceived anxiety concerning their students was not associated with children’s self-reported levels, as were their parents. Finally, at Time 1 (but not at Time 2), children’s fear of COVID-19 moderated the link between anxiety and children’s well-being. Results also suggested a partial mediating effect of parents’ fear of COVID-19 on the relationship between children’s fear of COVID-19 and well-being at Time 2, but not at Time 1. Finally, our results suggested that focusing on the future did not significantly impact children’s well-being, fear of COVID, or anxiety. However, children who wrote in their diaries focusing on present behaviors and emotions reported significantly higher anxiety levels at Time 2 compared to Time 1. We discuss our results concerning their practical implications in the 2020–2022 COVID-19 pandemic at personal, family, and educational levels.

Methods of development of conflictological culture in older adolescence

Author(s): Svetlana Tolstaia,Oxana Revenco / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

The relevance of our study is related to the need to help adolescents effectively cope with the challenges of modern society, which is characterised by increased tension, aggressiveness and conflict. The lack of social skills and demonstration of violent ways of overcoming contradictions by adults leads to an increase in conflicts among adolescents. The purpose of our study is the development of conflictological culture in older adolescents. We adhere to Shcherbakova's definition (2010), according to which conflictological culture is an integrative quality of personality, which is based on humanistic values. Its structure is represented by the culture of feelings and thinking as well as behavioural and communicative culture. The sample consisted of 307 adolescents, 16-18 years old, living in Chisinau. To identify the level of development of conflict culture, we used the method developed by Shcherbakova (2011). Based on the obtained data, we developed the program of conflictological culture development. The cognitive-behavioural approach of A. Beck (2017) acts as a methodological basis of the psychological training program. Twelve adolescents, with a low level of conflictological culture development, participated in the training. The following changes were obtained in the study sample: adolescents demonstrate a greater ability to prevent and manage conflicts at all stages; they show a greater readiness for dialogue, the ability to adequately verbalize their own and other people's experiences; and to a greater extent they possess the techniques of assertive communication compared to adolescents from the control group. The obtained results confirm the effectiveness of the program developed by us and the validity of the hypothesis of the study. The novelty and practical significance of our study is determined by the fact that conflictological culture is studied for the first time in our country. Our proposed program for the development of conflictological culture can serve as a basis for educational programs that develop skills to prevent and overcome conflict situations among adolescents.

Well-being particularities and coping mechanisms among elderly population

Author(s): Monica Andreea Popescu / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

The aging process involves numerous changes, on a physical, social and family level, which requires the presence of necessary adaptive strategies for maintaining a healthy emotional level and an optimum well-being. Numerous theories have focused on the relation between the coping strategies and psychological well-being on elderly people, which can be the key for successful aging. The coping mechanisms appear in the context of change and perceived as stressful, while the elderly must tolerate or adjust their approach of these new situations, in order to maintain their emotional balance and well-being. The issue occurs when the changes are plenty, in a brief time period, and the individual is having the feeling of lack of control regarding his own life. This perception can determine low self-esteem, anxiety or depression. The third age being often characterized by successive changes on the social, family and medical status. Possible stressors at the third age that require coping may be acute, such as loss of a spouse, or are of longer duration, such as chronic pain or illness, long-lasting financial problems, ageism. Coping strategies involves effort and energy greater than the daily routine. A prolonged mobilization of resources can cause psychological and physical breakdowns. Older people’s experiences are influenced by a combination of factors, such as gender, old age stages, religion, health, illness, location, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity. The research regarding the connection between psychological wellbeing and coping mechanisms can represent a base for future development of psychological interventions in the elderly population.

Self-esteem and Body Esteem as Predictors of Quality of Life in Emerging Adults

Author(s): Mila Guberinić,Miljana Spasić Šnele / Language(s): English Issue: 02/2023

The main aim of this study was to determine whether the domains of quality of life can be predicted by the dimensions of body esteem (appearance, weight, attribution) and self-esteem (performance, social) in emerging adults. The Body Esteem Scale, The State Self-Esteem Scale and World Health Organization Quality of Life – Brief were applied. The sample consisted of 155 emerging adults - psychology students (133 females), aged 19 to 29 years (M=21.05, SD=2.05). The percentage of variance of the criterion variables (domains of quality of life) explained by predictor models ranges from 21.3 % for the environment to 58.6% for psychological health. The dimension of body esteem appearance is a statistically significant predictor of all domains of quality of life with positive β coefficients. Another significant predictor for domains of physical and psychological health is the dimension of self-esteem performance. In line with previous findings, the results of this study showed that the higher the self-esteem and the less the concern/dissatisfaction of individuals with their own body, the better the quality of life of these individuals.

Extended knowledge, reliabilism and cognitive enhancement strategies

Author(s): Tomasz Walczyk / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

What is extended knowledge and what criteria should it meet? How does the category of cognitive enhancement influence its conceptualisation? Undoubtedly, the history of humanity involves a desire to exceed limits and overcome biological boundaries. As evidenced by research on the extended mind, human cognitive processes are largely dependent on the use of tech- nological supports. The complementary concept of cognitive enhancement involves different strategies, from technological and behavioural to biochemical ones. Through their use, the conditions in which information is acquired are transformed, which entails the modelling of knowledge creation and acquisition processes. The aim of the article is to analyse and then unify diverse approaches pursued within reliabilist accounts of knowledge, concepts of the extended mind, cognitive enhancement and extended epistemology. Critical comments will also be considered, especially those concerning the concept of the extended mind and extended knowledge. This basis will be useful to define the essential criteria which, in the author’s opi- nion, should be met by extended knowledge.

Distress in preadolescence: Emergent psychopathological elements and socio-demographic characteristics in middle school students

Author(s): Florina Mădălina Mândru,Darian Faur,Călin Alexandru Serac,Camelia Dindelegan,Alexandra Mihaela FERLAI / Language(s): English Issue: 31-32/2023

Psychological distress in preadolescents refers to a variety of symptoms that includes either internalized symptoms (depression, anxiety, panic), either externalized manifestations (eating disorders, substance abuse). In the recent years epidemiological studies revealed a growing tendency of children referral to treatment due to psychopathological conditions. The aim of this study was to screen a young population of student (middle schoolers) for different types of symptoms that could be described by psychological distress. The results revealed that anxiety symptoms tend to grow from the 5th grade to the 7th grade and then decrease in the 8th grade. Also, emotional-eating students tend to experience higher levels of anxiety compared to others. Implications for future research and functional mechanisms are discussed.

The book as a medium for parents with a disabled child as part of an early caregiving process

Author(s): Barbora Kováčová,Stanislav Benčič / Language(s): English Issue: 22/2023

The paper presents the theoretical background related to book work as an integral part of supporting children with disabilities. Primarily, the book support described can be implemented in a family setting or a counselling setting as part of early care for families with children with disabilities. The authors of the paper describe the book as a medium between the adults (professional, parent) and the child with a disability. It is the latter that they see as instrumental in developing the child’s overall personality, with an emphasis on gradually achieving as much independence as possible and improving quality of life.

Autonomie rodiny versus beneficence matky: je otec u porodu oporou nebo přítěží?

Author(s): Kateřina Ivanová,Adéla Lemrová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2023

The aim of the paper is to analyze an ethically controversial situation of a prolonged and painfully exhausting birth with the presence of the father, who insists on the original, notarized, birth plan, where both refused epidural anesthesia. The mother changes her mind, but the father argues that he is the representative of the family coming into existence at a time when the mother is unable to realistically perceive her surroundings due to the pain. The research question is: Who has the authority to make the decision? The collection of case reports with ethically controversial topics from medical practice has been carried out at the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Olomouc since 2021 within the framework of the TACR project. The respondents are physicians in the specialization course with an average age of 33 years. The results are anonymous typical case studies of the contemporary czech medicine. The case report “Childbirth according to Plan” is taught using Case Based Learning method, presented by story-telling method. The results are presented using the Four Boxes method. According to the experts’ evaluation, it is indicated what the medical staff did correctly and what they did not. How the medical students reacted to the case study is also described. In midwifery, the needs and demands of users are changing and the requirements for knowledge of ethics, law, and communication in the health professions are increasing.

Aktywizacja uczniów edukacji wczesnoszkolnej z wykorzystaniem mat do kodowania

Author(s): Wiktoria Gierlak,Tomasz Warchoł / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

Student activation is one of the most important aspects at all levels of education. The key to success is a prop-erly selected activation method and teaching resources that will interest students and encourage them to act. This article presents suggestions for teaching materials that can be used to activate students at the early school education level. The pro-posed teaching materials are building blocks, augmented reality technology and a coding mat. The article shows how to apply the given teaching resources and suggests practical examples of tasks. All the proposed teaching materials can be used both for the study of Polish, mathematics and science education, as well as other subjects. One of the most popular at the present time is the coding mat. This is a very simple didactic means that can be used for education, having an additional advantage of the possibility to be prepared independently or together with students. With its help, it is possible to implement educational content at different educational levels, as well as encourage students to learn in an enjoyable, subconscious way.

Becoming a person. A reflexion about the common general field for the process in normal and alterate states

Author(s): Serena Veggetti M. / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2018

Reviewing some of the leading publications on the so called “difficult problem” of neuropsychology, the author critically compares it with the definition of consciousness proposed by Vygotskij and shared by the representatives of the Historical-cultural trend in psychology. This comparison seems, at the present day state of the research in general psychology, to give evidence of a better explaining by the latter, of the process of “becoming a person”, which is impaired in most clinical cases. The foundation of this process, is argued, is a general early learning dynamic which wasn’t succesfully experienced by the subject. So if Davydov was right in defining life as substantially a learning process, every intervention, wether educational or rieducational or clinical, hat to refer to this dynamic.