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An Investigation of Developmental Goals and Well-Being in Emerging Adulthood

Author(s): Deniz Kurt,Zehra Uçanok / Language(s): English Issue: Suppl. 1/2019

The main purpose of this study is to investigate emerging adulthood from a goal-setting perspective in the frame of a developmental regulation model. The sample consisted of 396 participants aged between 18 and 30 years. The participants were administered a battery that consisted of Self-Esteem Scale, Satisfaction with Life Scale, Loneliness Scale, Brief Symptom Inventory and questions to determine their life goals and appraisals of these goals. Both future and pasts goals were assessed. Qualitative data analysis indicated that emerging adults’ future goals were mostly related to occupation, education and family and their previous goals were frequently related to education and occupation. Furthermore, older or engaged/married participants stated goals related to family, while single participants most frequently stated goals related with occupation. The study revealed that life satisfaction of the goal engagement participants was significantly higher than those of the goal striving participants. The results showed that young adults set goals appropriate to properties of their developmental period. Furthermore, the results were emphasized the importance of goal appraisals and goal engagement for emerging adults’ well-being.

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Kimlik Gelişimi: Anlatı Kimliği ve Kuşaklararası Anlatı Kimliği

Author(s): Naif Ergün / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 4/2020

The aim of this study is to examine the development of identity and the role of identity theories on identity in the related literature. In Erikson's psychosocial identity theory, it is emphasized that the variables in the biological-individual-social aspects of the individuals are critical in ego identity formation. The theorists who came after Erikson and were influenced by his ideas were predominantly focused on one aspect of identity in their identity studies. In the developmental psychology litera-ture, individual-internal factor centered theories have been put forward in the identity formation. In the last three decades, it is seen that narrative theorists have holistically studied Erikson's theory by examining identity formation and development. In the narrative identity form, individuals form a story based on their past experiences, and they live and form an identity accord-ing to the story they create. Individuals have the chance to express the relationship of all the variables in their identity for-mation because they narrate all the variables related to their identities through narratives. Narrative theorists have tried to clarify that self-stories, inter-generational stories, master narrative, historical and social events form an identity.

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Çocuk ve Ergenlerde Yeme Bozuklukları

Author(s): Arzu Önal Sönmez / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 3/2017

Eating disorders are relatively common and serious disorders in adolescent and pre-adolescent age. The aim of this review is to update new findings related with mostly seen feeding and eating disorders in child and adolescents. The article focuses specifically on anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.

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Play Therapy Practices in Psychological and Developmental Disorders That Are Common in Preschool Period

Author(s): Murat Genç,Özlem Tolan / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

Preschool period is a period when children start to get to know the environment and gain basic vital skills thanks to their developing cognitive, social, physical and emotional skills. During this period, when the child tries to get to know himself/herself and to control the environment, psychopathological results may occur from time to time. It is seen that the play therapies are getting more and more widespread with the addition of the game, which is the most important occupation of the child, to the treatment stages of the problems experienced in this period. Play therapies are defined as a therapy method in which children’s psychosocial problems are treated using the healing power of the game. The most preferred age group for play therapies that can be applied in different age groups such as baby, child, and adolescent is the 3-12 age range. Thus, it is aimed to improve the problem-solving skills of the children and to be reach their psychological well-being with the play therapy techniques prepared considering their current developmental periods. In addition to the above, play therapies are used in the treatment of many psychological disorders. In the current review article, the effectiveness of play therapy on disorders such as depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, childhood period traumas, anxiety disorders, behavioral disorders, autism and learning disability that are common in pre-school period were evaluated in the pre-school period, and then it was concluded that play therapy was effective in the treatment of all disorders examined, especially behavioral disorders and depression.

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Çocukluk Döneminde Hayali Arkadaşlıklar ve Hayali Arkadaşların Çocuğun Gelişimindeki Yeri

Author(s): Zübeyde Akpakır / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 4/2021

In the early childhood period, the child gets to know himself and the world through play. Although these games are usually set up with a real friend, sometimes they also include imaginary companions. These companions can sometimes be imaginary human characters, and sometimes toys and objects attributed to human characteristics. Children who have imaginary companions may differ from other children in terms of age, gender, birth order and developmental characteristics. In addition, imaginary companionships in early childhood play an important role in children’s social development, emotion regulation and their sense of competence. In this study, it is aimed to discuss the characteristics of children with imaginary companions and the effects of imaginary friends on the development of the child.

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Beliren Yetişkinlikte İlişki İstikrarı: Anneye Bağlanma ve Bilişsel Tamamlanma İhtiyacının Yordayıcılığı

Author(s): Ahmet Kayabaş,Hasan Atak / Language(s): Turkish Issue: Suppl. 1/2021

The main purpose of this study is to examine the predictive effects of maternal bonding and need for cognitive closure on relationship stability in the context of a model. In addition, it was examined whether the relationship stability and its subscales significantly differed according to some demographic variables. In the study in which the relational descriptive model was used, the research group consists of 403 individuals, 45% male (n = 180) and 55% (n = 223) female. “Relationship Stability Scale”, “Parental Attachment Inventory-Mother Short Form” and “Need for Completion Scale-Short Form” were used as data collection tools in the study. Path model and t-Test are the basic statistics used in data analysis. As a result of the research, it was found that maternal bonding (ß = .16, p <.01) and need for cognitive closure (ß = .21, p <.01) has positive and low predictive power on relationship stability. It was found that maternal bonding (ß = .05, p <.01) has a positive and low level of predictive power on the need for closure. As a result of the analysis, the mediation role of the need for closure is observed. It was found that maternal bonding (ß = .001, p <.01) has a low and positive indirect effect on relationship stability through the need for closure. The total effect of maternal bonding (ß = .17, p <.01) has a lower effect on stability of the relationship.

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TRAUMA AS CHANCE AND CHALLENGE: HOW TO DRAW BENEFIT FROM MEMORIZED CHILD EXPERIENCES IN WORLD WAR II

Author(s): Geert Franzenburg / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

Re-experiencing of traumatic memories becomes a social core-phenomenon concerning people of advanced age, and, thus, a core-challenge for coping-strategies. Therefore, adult educators and counselors are looking for an appropriate approach how to help their clients coping with such memories successfully. This study aims to demonstrate one possible approach based on religious coping and on the evaluation of published memories of elder German people (Dierig, 2012; Jakobi & Link, 1997), who remember their childhood shortly after World War II. It also evaluates published studies about this issue concerning their contribution to educational and/or counseling purposes. One main aspect is the comparison between the deferring, collaborative, and self-directing style of religious coping (Pargament, 1997), compared with secular analogies. Another aspect concerns the question, whether religious people are primary intrinsic or extrinsic oriented. In order to find out, why people prefer a particular strategy, an elementary form of grounded theory is chosen, which facilitates particular key categories and terms. The study does neither intend any own empirical research, nor evaluating therapeutic issues, because it is done from a German educational and counseling point of view. Thus, it emphasizes the religious, psychological, and cultural aspects of experiences and coping-strategies of people, who experienced War and post-war time as children in Germany, or of children expelled from Eastern Europe .

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WSPÓLNOTA RODZINNA A WSPÓŁCZESNE WYZWANIA ZWIĄZANE Z PRZYGOTOWANIEM MŁODEGO POKOLENIA DO WŁAŚCIWEGO ROZUMIENIA WARTOŚCI PRACY LUDZKIEJ

Author(s): Małgorzata Łobacz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2022

Family community is the basic environment of human life. It is in the family that a person learns the value of human work for the first time, experiences it by observing working people or performing various activities. Human work is an important component of the axionormative system of society. It satisfies the needs of human consumption, enables one to realise oneself in contact with the outside world and with other people, and also allows one to undertake life tasks. It makes a person feel that they are needed and that their life makes sense. The present article will show the role of family community in preparing young generations to properly understand the value of work. On the one hand, family should demonstrate the essence of work, its meaning, and on the other, it should teach an honest and reliable attitude towards it, but also sensitise young people to building wise interpersonal relationships in the work environment (without unhealthy rivalry, competitiveness, exploitation), and finally, it is obliged to raise awareness that “work is for man”; therefore, people are not to serve it and lose themselves in it, but to do it in a free and rational manner that befits a human person.

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СТРУКТУРНО-ДИНАМИЧЕСКАЯ МОДЕЛЬ ДУХОВНОГО САМОСОЗНАНИЯ И ОСОБЕННОСТИ ЕГО РАЗВИТИЯ В ЮНОШЕСКОМ ВОЗРАСТЕ

Author(s): Svetlana Stavytska / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2014

Spiritual self-consciousness is an integral holistic systemic-structural phenomenon, characterized by the certain development level and worldview orientation towards informative and cognitive, emotional and sensual, behavioral and activity motivational and volitional components, represented by the physical, psychic and socio-cultural self-consciousness and is expressed in personal, individual and group forms of self-consciousness. Spirituality of young personality is determined by the development level of its spiritual self-consciousness. Genesis of spiritual self-consciousness is a multidimensional reality that unites individual physical, mental and sociocultural life of the person; is a development process of youth’s ability to integrated understanding of various aspects of his/her own "Self", self-awareness and personal development as existential and responsible subject of life activity. Integration process of all personality structures most intensively takes place at the stage of youth, because this age is sensitive to the actualization of spiritual self-consciousness. The ability of the individual to become self-aware, one occurs under the conditions when the contents of teaching and educational process are adequate to the age and capabilities of the individual and take into account available area of actual and potential basic components development of the self-consciousness and integration in the development of spiritual self-consciousness. Effective means for the developing ability of self-awareness is the best use of the advantages and opportunities of the leading activity and orientation at the age in the process of correlation levels of development and configuration features (harmonic, disharmonious, balanced) components of self-consciousness in young age. Genesis of spiritual self-consciousness of a person is determined by the peculiarities of the main types of self-consciousness (physical, psychic, social and cultural) and correlation levels (individual-personal, personal-individual, individual-subject, subject-transcendent) with defined configuration (harmonic, disharmonious, balanced) of its basic components: informative and cognitive, emotional and sensual, behavioural and activity motivational and volitional. Motivational and volitional component combines the activates, directs and coordinates the action of other components, the development of spiritual self-consciousness at young age based on the following new formation: world view, personal identity and "Self-concept" personality and through the mechanisms of empathy, reflection, identification decentration, self-understanding, self-attitude, self-acceptance feedback and self-volitional decision that promotes the integration of Real Self and Ideal Self and provides integrative formation of the Spiritual Self. "Spiritual Self" is defined as an integrated and hierarchically highest form of psychical reflection, representing the level of the spiritual self-consciousness in young age.

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CHILDREN´S ANXIETY AND PARENTING STYLES IN FAMILY IN EIGHT-YEAR-OLDS

Author(s): Ivana Poledňová / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2013

Anxiety is a recurrent topic in personality psychology of today. According to Z. Matějček’s (1991) estimation, the issue of anxiety assumes the third place as for the number of clients in children’s counselling service (behind the issue of intellectual capabilities and ADHD) in the Czech Republic. In children where it occurs to a higher degree, it can have a negative impact on their socialisation, achievements, development of self-confidence. The most influential factor in developing an anxious personality appears to be family environment. If the family fails to satisfy the child’s basic needs – feeling of security and confidence – the child’s development can be in jeopardy. The current research is concentrated on how the style of parenting in families (the so-called parenting styles) is related to anxiety in children at a younger school age. The aim of the research is to find out what relationship there is between the individual components of parenting in families (positive – negative component, component of requirements – freedom) and anxiety in eight-year-olds. These relationships were inquired into from mothers’ perspective by means of questionnaire surveys (Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale and Questionnaire for acquiring the parenting style in family). The data from 407 mothers of eight-year-old children have been analysed. An assumption that anxiety in children of younger school age is significantly influenced by parenting styles in family has been confirmed. The most anxious children appear to be children raised in families with a negative parental emotional involvement towards the child and at the same time with discordant control. They were also some differences in the importance of individual components of parenting by fathers and mothers for anxious orientation of the child identified.

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CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES OF RECIDIVISTS AS PREDICATORS OF CRIMINOGENIC LIFESTYLE

Author(s): Arkadiusz Urbanek / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2013

The research tackles the issue of the reconstruction of childhood experiences of recidivists. The aim of these reflections is to search for cause and effect relation between socialisation experiences and further criminogenic lifestyle. It is an interdisciplinary work due to the fact that the issue of socialisation, transmission of behaviour patterns and environmental influences reflect scientific domains of psychology, criminology and resocialisation pedagogy. Accomplishing the objective to reconstruct experiences and their relation with subsequent deviant activities a source material from auto-anamnestic interviews was applied. During the research 100 respondents aged 22 to 30 were interviewed. Each of them has already been sentenced repeatedly for criminal offences, serving the punishment of deprivation of liberty. The research was conducted in 2013. In terms of methodology the data analysis concentrated on the qualitative model of structural and reconstruction research, whereas the results were presented within cause-effect matrixes. The construction of each matrix was designed to classify and present common areas of experiences that occurred within biographies of the individual respondents. Therefore, the research, despite its qualitative nature, categorised the socialisation experiences and the predicators of criminogenic lifestyle subject to subgroup classification. The procedure of analysis was dual, i.e. the cause matrixes of 33 random cases were firstly designed, and then applied to replicate the experiences of the rest of the respondents from the group. It allowed not only to distinguish similar experiences but also consolidated the matrixes as tools for further interpretation. The results of research of socialisation experiences and predicators of criminogenic lifestyle are applicable for penitentiary resocialisation practice and psychological support for the prisoners. Moreover, the research results revealed crucial areas of disturbances, such as isolation from the relatives, void of emotional contacts, susceptibility to deviant group influences, or reducing the hierarchy of values to the desires of possession, unfulfilled in their childhood.

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THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INFERENTIAL PROCESSING AND TEXT PROCESSING: A DEVELOPMENTAL STUDY

Author(s): Agata Maltese,Annamaria Pepi,Lidia Scifo / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2012

The research reported here was designed to investigate the critical role played by certain factors implicated in the mental representation of text, and to establish whether their role varies significantly as a function of developmental age. Specifically, it was decided to analyse, in a sample of 180 subjects was selected from three different age groups (7, 10 and 18 years of age respectively), the role of such factors in mediating and influencing the generation of the inferences needed to understand a piece of text characterised by a sequence of information which flows in a logical order, but leads to a conclusion which is contrary to the expectations evoked by the text. In line with this objective, it was decided to take into account factors related to encoding (added information about the key object – a title), those involved in recall (inferential tests regarding the object and action of change), as well as purely metacognitive factors, such as evaluation of one’s own comprehension and awareness of textual incongruence, whose presence, according to our assumptions, should facilitate the formulation of inferential hypotheses. It would thus seem that inferential processing is powerfully influenced both by cognitive and structural factors, factors which can play a role during both encoding and recall. The results reported here tend to confirm the hypothesis that there is indeed a significant developmental trend in the role played by those factors involved in the coherent representation of text and in the formulation of inferences. The data suggest that children in the youngest age group obtain the greatest advantage from clues in reaching a more correct representation of the text concerned. It is concluded that inferential processes do not serve only to make connections between propositions, but to construct a coherent mental representation of text (Kintsh, 1994; Zwaan, 1994, 1996).

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IDEAS OF CZECH ADOLESCENTS ABOUT THEIR FUTURE PROFESSION ASSESSED FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THEIR FAVORABLENESS AND COGNITIVE COMPLEXITY – RELATED TO SOME COMPONENTS OF UPBRINGING AND SELF-ESTEEM

Author(s): Ivana Poledňová,Vladimír Marček,Šárka Portešová / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2012

In the presented research, the ideas of Czech adolescents about their future profession were researched. In the research, data from examinations of 17-year-old respondents were analyzed. The views of their future vocation as well as the vocations of significant others (mother, father, significant other) were acquired by a modified version of the REP-test and assessed from the perspective of their favorableness and cognitive complexity. The aim was to detect relations between the assessment of individual vocations, the components of upbringing analyzed by the Czech Questionnaire for Determining the Upbringing Style in Family (Čáp, Boschek) and self-esteem measured by Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. It was discovered that adolescents, while assessing their potential future vocation, are influenced by family upbringing- there is a strong influence of the factor of emotional warmth in family related to a positive relationship to the adolescents’ vocational future. Moreover, it became evident that the more negative view the adolescents have of the individual vocations, the more differentiated they try to perceive them (higher cognitive complexity), probably in order to develop appropriate coping strategies in their future performance or to justify their negative assessment by a more precise, i.e. not “black and white” perspective. However, in a more detailed analysis, it was revealed that vocations viewed as strongly negative and strongly positive are perceived as less differentiated than vocations assessed in a neutral way, which can be explained by the hypothesis of emotional engagement.

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ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ЭФФЕКТЫ РАЗВИТИЯ: ЛИЧНОСТНАЯ И АДАПТАЦИОННАЯ ЗРЕЛОСТЬ

Author(s): Аlla G. Portnova,Alexander M. Bogomolov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2012

This paper presents a theoretical analysis of the problem of determining the integral parameters of the psychological development. The publication touches the main factors, mechanisms and natural laws of mental development, presented in the works of foreign and Soviet / Russian researchers. The effects of psychological development are considered as qualitatively unique functions and properties of varying degrees of complexity, the acquired person in life and manifest themselves at different levels of personality organization. The authors make an attempt to systematize the classification of the products of psychological evolution of the individual in the ontogenesis and individual way of life. This paper outlines approaches to systems analysis of the phenomenon of maturity of personality, understood as an integral characteristic of the level and quality of psychological development. The authors differentiate between the concept of personal and adaptive maturity , based on major regulatory units, goals, strategic factors and structural properties.

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CONCEPTS IN PSYCHOLOGY AND THE NEED TO CRITICALLY REFLECT ON THEM

Author(s): Thea Ionescu / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

This opinion article raises the issue of conceptual crisis in psychology, i.e. the problem of having several meanings underlying many of the concepts we study. After exemplifying with the concepts of “flexibility” and “cognition”, I propose three avenues on the way to conceptual clarity, and stress the need for a stronger theoretical psychology.

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Cykl samorealizacji, czyli o stawaniu się tym, kim się naprawdę jest. Prezentacja autorskiej koncepcji i jej zastosowania w kształceniu artystów

Author(s): Aleksandra Chmielińska,Monika Modrzejewska-Świgulska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 11/2022

The aim of this text is to present the author’s cycle of self-realization, which is the result of narrative-biographical research conducted among women who declared having made significant life changes. The cycle of self-realization is a part of the postulates of humanistic psychology and the pedagogy of creativity connected with the search for theories describing and explaining the manifestations of long-term processes of creating one’s own life. In the second part of the article the authors presented practical possibilities of using the cycle of self-realization in psychological and pedagogical work with artists (application in the pedagogy of creativity and the pedagogy of art).

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Yeme reddi şikâyeti olan çocukların annelerinin kaygı düzeyleri ve bağlanma stillerinin incelenmesi: Kontrollü bir çalışma

Author(s): Hümeyra İşbilen,Özlem Şireli Bingöl,Mehmet Çolak,Ecem Demirel,Ali Dayi / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 3/2022

The aim of this study was to examine the anxiety levels and attachment types of mothers of children with food refusal complaints in the early childhood period. The participants were a group of 50 children around the ages of 1-6 with food refusal complaints and their mothers, and a control group of 50 healthy children and their mothers. After filling out the socio-demographic information form, the participating mothers were evaluated using the “Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI)” and the “Relationship Scales Questionnaire (RSQ)” under the researcher's supervision. The BAI scores of the mothers in the food refusal group were considerably higher than the mothers in the control group. When the groups were evaluated in terms of RSQ scores, it was determined that 11% of mothers in the food refusal group had secure attachment types while that percentage was 89% for those in the control group; and there was a significant difference between both groups in terms of maternal attachment style. According to the results of the current study, the anxiety and insecure attachment levels of the mothers of children with food refusal complaints were found to be significantly higher than the mothers in the control group. Results indicated a positive correlation between the mothers' anxiety levels and attachment types, and the food refusal problems from early childhood.

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OD NEPOSLUŠNOSTI U DJETINJSTVU DO KRIMINALNE KARIJERE: PREGLED RELEVANTNIH TEORIJA I ISTRAŽIVANJA

Author(s): Gorjana Vujović,Srđan Vujović / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 8/2022

The overall goal of this study is to provide a review of relevant theories and related research on the continuity of socially unacceptable behavior through developmental periods,with the aim to identify specific forms of behavior that appear in childhood and adolescence that have the potential to predict criminal behavior in adulthood. In order to make distinctions between 'normal child behavior' and deviations from this 'normality', it is critical to understand the course of child development and maturation. The literature suggests that deviations from normal behavior occurred at an earlier stage of child development maximally increase the possibility of the continuity of socially unacceptable behavior in the upcoming stages. Furthermore, people who manifest specific forms of socially unacceptable behavior at an early age are more prone to criminal behavior in adulthood. Examples of such behavior are increased aggression and violence towards animals and other people, impulsiveness and propensity to lie, and excessive boldness and lack of empathy. However, if predictive factors are identified in(early) childhood, there is a (strong) possibility to prevent a criminal career, not only through developing the capacities of the certain individual but also the capacities of his/her social community..

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MOTOR ABILITIES OF CHILDREN WITH CHILDHOOD APRAXIA OF SPEECH

Author(s): Dora Knežević / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

Previous studies on fine and gross motor skills of children with childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) have reported inconclusive results. In this study, we investigate the motor abilities of children with CAS by focusing on three distinct motor factors: control during movement, fine motor skills/handwriting, and general coordination. Participants included 25 children with CAS and 20 age-matched typically developing (TD) children between the ages of 5 and 7 years. Motor abilities were evaluated using a parent questionnaire - the Croatian version of The Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire (DCDQ-HR). Compared to age-matched TD children, those with CAS showed significantly poorer overall motor ability based on the DCDQHR, as well as on all three motor factors: control during movement, fine motor skills/handwriting, and general coordination. Even though their results were worse than TD children, they were still within the range that indicates normal motor abilities. Among the three motor factors considered, children with CAS exhibited significant problems with fine motor skills/handwriting. Children with CAS may not be categorised as children with motor deficits, but they exhibit poor overall motor abilities, especially fine motor skills, compared to TD children. This study supports the premise that co-occurring language impairment is an important variable to consider when discussing motor abilities in CAS.

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THE COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EDUCATION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN EARLY CHILDHOOD IN SWEDEN AND JAPAN: THROUGH “THE ENVIRONMENTAL EPISTEMOLOGICAL MODEL OF 5 ASPECTS”

Author(s): Yoshiko Asano / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2011

There is a general responsibility to protect the earth system to reach “Sustainability” since the earth problems grow more serious day by day. However, it is not easy for everyone to be aware of this problem and to act for protecting the Earth in daily life, because the environmental problems are not visible. This study suggests ESD as a means for raising the awareness and behavior about the Earth. And “The environmental epistemological model of 5 aspects” is presented which connects ESD of earth environment with environmental policy. This study shows how the “The environmental epistemological model of 5 aspects” is reflected on the environmental policy and education within two municipalities which are trying to be woody biomass society as an example of the vision of “Sustainable society”. The municipalities are Växjö city in Sweden and Kaneyama-machi in Japan. As a result, it is clear that environmental policy and education at preschools in Sweden and in Japan are important institutions for promoting “The environmental epistemological model of 5 aspects” of a municipality's environmental policy. And it is concluded that ESD at early childhood is important as the base of the life-long learning and citizen's participation.

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