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МОДЕЛЬ ПСИХИЧЕСКОГО КАК НОВАЯ ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКАЯ ПАРАДИГМА КОГНИТИВНОЙ ПСИХОЛОГИИ

Author(s): Elena Alekseevna Sergienko / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/2015

The aim of this work is to validate the concepts of the theory of mind as a new research paradigm that allows to conceptualize the inner world of a person, opening the way to the study of everyday psychology. The origins of and predecessors for the development of a new approach in cognitive psychology are analyzed. The theory of mind can be assigned to the general scientific post-nonclassical type of paradigm. New research possibilities of studying the mental capacity to understand the world in children and adults are shown based on the author's own research in collaboration with colleagues and the latest results from the psychological world. The conclusion is made about the high productivity of the new paradigm, as well as its research capabilities in the study of the subjective world and social cognition.

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Edukacja przyrodnicza małych dzieci – opis przyrody czy jej badanie?

Author(s): Urszula Poziomek,Andrzej Tarłowski,Dominik Marszał,Elżbieta Barbara Ostrowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2015

Recent studies of developmental psychologists show that children already in infancy can reason, explore and experience. It is not true that a child up to 7 years of age is not able to plan their actions and realize what they had planned. It is also true that children in preschool and early school should learn about nature descriptive method. Commonly accepted goals of environmental education clearly indicate that the research method is basic to obtain the understanding of natural processes and phenomena and acquiring skills of their data. The educational documents in force in Poland in kindergarten and grades IIII does not sufficiently indicated the leading role of this method in natural science education of young children, despite the changes that have been carried out during the reform program in 2008 years. There is also no consistency in the area of general and specific requirements formulated for the higher stages of education, especially for the second stage (nature, class IV–VI of primary school). This may result in problems arising from the research skills deficit in students entering grade VI of nature as well as lower results of Polish students in international studies. There are examples of good practice in this area, even if the standards and programming framework in the United States, which can be used when amending the existing document core curriculum document of pre-school education and general education in the natural area. It seems significant to institute a systemic change in kindergarten and early school teacher training, as well as to adapt the teacher support system to new challenges related to early science education.

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Personalizm chrześcijański podstawą życiowego sukcesu

Author(s): Janusz Mółka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2016

In view of the multidisciplinary nature of personalism, its different varieties and its reference to human and non-human reality, this text will focus mainly on the Christian aspect of personalism. We will emphasize that personalism concentrates above all on the question of the good, and on the full and integral development of the human person, which is the basis for the formulation of a particular concept of man. In this context we will discuss to what extent the main principles of personalism can be the basis for the successful life of the human person. We will indicate that without a specific vision of man, of the world, of human relations, ethics, and value system, as well as the education to values, respect for human dignity, the pursuit of beauty, goodness and truth, it is difficult to achieve personal satisfaction, happiness, prosperity and success in life.

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Młodzież i kult młodości?

Author(s): Josef Smolík / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2014

This text deals with one of the neglected topics of contemporary social pedagogy which extends to developmental psychology and sociology. This topic is so-called cult of youth which is often mentioned in the academic literature, but has not been precisely conceptualized. This text was therefore focused on the definition of basic category, i.e. youth, and then discussed the relationship to the cult of youth and the individual elements that helps to form it. The cult of youth is associated with so called youth culture, which has been spread and produced by global media. The influence of the media has been already evident from the 60’s of the 20th century, when we often talk about American cultural hegemony which presents within its production the popular culture and youthful lifestyle, which is then presented in magazines, music media, fashion industry, etc. For contemporary capitalist society the concept of the cult of youth is a useful concept as only successful, young and efficient individuals can consume new and new products (as well as use the services) typical for this still-rising imaginary phase of human life. Therefore the cult of youth is the domain of successful people who do not want to lose their success. Only socially successful can try to be “forever young”.

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Being at home: Global citizenship in Norwegian schools. A study of children’s poems

Author(s): Susan Erdmann / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2016

The paper addresses the question of self-perceived identity in children attending international schools in Norway. In this population, the distinction between “home culture” and “host culture” is no longer relevant, since most of the children represent “hyphenated” (e.g. Asian-British or American-Scandinavian) or merged nationalities and cultures. The goal of the study is to investigate how these pupils define themselves and the notion of “home”. To achieve at least a preliminary picture of the children’s self-perception, the authors have analysed poems on two topics: Me and Home, written by pupils of an international school and a Norwegian school, both informant groups aged 11-13. A semantic analysis of the poems indicates that the international school children present strong assertions of individual identity as defined against societal roles, while the Norwegian school pupils do not conceptualize identity formation as a struggle and their poems reflect a high degree of social, familial and national integration.

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Integracyjna rola moralności

Author(s): Alojzy Drożdż / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1 (10)/2014

The content of this article is “integration in human morality”. The research presupposition is that man cannot fully develop and improve, and thus fully integrate, without a proper moral development. This starts with “discovering” own human identity and responsibility for themselves and others. Without this there can be no meaningful integration. From a moral point of view – morality determines the constant formation of human consciences in the truth. Socrates described it like “the ethos of the midwife”, because, as in birth, so in morality, a man could be replaced with anything else. Improvement of conscience in truth and according to truth shows us that the integration cannot be done “outside” of the moral life of man. And so – first we see the integration of people through the development of personal conscience. The moral and social integrate ethically in all family ties. We also speak rightly of integration through work ethics, professional morality of people through the media, etc. The most common manifestations of true moral life is the participation of the people in the culture and through culture. Similarly, like the culture, the morality is a matter of human vision of a man and therefore plays here and there a fundamental role. On this plane also draws the prospect of a positive impact on the culture by morality. The starting point of this integration is the recognition of the inalienable dignity as a person.

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Psychological meanings of femininity integration through experiential psychotherapeutic approach

Author(s): S. Mindu / Language(s): English Issue: 4-II/2010

Die Unvergleichlichkeit Sex-Rolle Identität im späteren Leben können die Entstehung von überschüssigem in einem der Pole der Männlichkeit und Weiblichkeit-unrechtmäßigen und neurotischen Übernahme von Rollen führen. Psychotherapeutische erfahrungreiche Ansatz, durch die Konzentration auf die Ausnutzung der inneren Welt des Menschen und ihr Bewusstsein entsperren und Neudefinition Verfügbarkeit, einen Rahmen für die Integration von Weiblichkeit, um emotionale Gleichgewicht wiederzufinden.

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Zachowania celowe mierzone samoopisowo – pomiar i struktura

Author(s): Ewa Skimina,Jan Cieciuch,Włodzimierz Strus,Tomasz Rowiński,Artur Świtalski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 36/2017

The paper presents finding from analyses conducted in order to (a) prepare a pool of items measuring a wide range of purposive avocational behaviors and (b) empirically categorize these behaviors. The analyses were conducted on a pool of 209 statements describing behavioral acts and using a frequency response scale. The statements were taken from Oregon Avocational Interest Scales (ORAIS) by Goldberg (2010). The group of participants consisted of 801 people aged 16–72 (M = 29.71, SD = 12.69). A series of exploratory analyses was conducted on a reduced pool of items (by removing these poorly differentiating). As a result, 135 behavioral acts were grouped into 17 categories. Further analyses showed that these 17 categories can be grouped into 4 or 2 interpretable higher-order factors, which meaning is similar to personality metatraits.

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Pomiar stylu przywiązania w relacji człowiek–pies. Struktura i własności psychometryczne polskiej wersji Pet Attachment Questionnaire (PAQ)

Author(s): Olga Cholewa,Kamilla Bargiel-Matusiewicz,Bogdan Zawadzki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 36/2017

The aim of the article is to present the Polish version of the Pet Attachment Questionnaire and its psychometric properties. The tool is used to measure both the strength and quality of attachment of the owner to the animal. Authors of the original version indicate that the strength of the attachment to a dog is often considered without any theoretical background. On the other hand, the quality of the relationship is reflected in the attachment style, mainly through two dimensions: anxiety and avoidance, taken from Bowlby’s theory. The Polish version was created for dog owners. The study was attended by 119 dog owners. The results confirmed the two-factor structure of the tool and high reliability. The questionnaire was shortened to 24 items to achieve better psychometric properties. It has been shown that the results of both subscales are significant predictors of owners’behavior towards their dogs and that the anxious attachment is positively related to the intensity of depressive symptoms.

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Wpływ treningu na poziom pobudliwości u psa domowego (Canis familiaris)

Author(s): Marta Dziedzic,Ewelina Włodarczyk,Judyta Gulatowska,Maciej Trojan / Language(s): Polish Issue: 36/2017

The presented work touches upon the issue of influence of training on excitability in domestic dogs. Excitability has been tested with the use of a Canine Behavioral Assessment & Research Questionnaire (C-BARQ) questionnaire (translated in Polish). The analysis covered influence of training (Obedience, Mantrailing, Agility and Frisbee) on excitability of dogs and tests related to possible existence of any relevant differences between dogs subject to various types of training and trained by more or less experienced guides with their experience determined not only by working with dogs in practice, but also by acquisition of reliable theoretical knowledge in the field of behaviour and training of dogs. Additionally, hypotheses relating to trends of the differences have been tested. The test has shown relevant differences between the tested groups, which confirmed the probable influence of training and knowledge of a guide upon the level of excitability in domestic dogs. The analyses have shown that there are relevant differences in the level of excitability between a group of dogs subjected to training and the one, which was not subject to training as well as between dogs guided by people, who acquire professional knowledge in the field of behaviour and training of dogs and dogs guided by people, who do not acquire the knowledge. The assumed existence of differences in excitability in a group of dogs was also confirmed, depending on, whether trainers acquire professional knowledge in the field of behaviour of dogs or not.

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Narcyzm a satysfakcja z życia: pośrednicząca rola neurotyczności i ekstrawersji

Author(s): Kinga Szymaniak,Oliwia Maciantowicz,Marcin Zajenkowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 36/2017

Recent studies show that there might be two types of narcissism: grandiose and vulnerablenarcissism. The former correlates with more adaptive psychological profile and high well-being, whereas the latter is associated with maladaptive functioning including negative emotionality. In the current study we examined the relationships between two types of narcissism and satisfaction with life. Additionally, we controlled for Big Five personality traits, because they were shown to be relevant for both narcissism and well being. Total of 233 subjects took part in the study with a range of age 18–39. Vulnerable narcissism was measured with the Polish version of the Hypersensitive Narcissism Scale and grandiose narcissism was assessed with Narcissistic Personality Inventory. Big Five was assessed with the Polish adaptation of International Personality Items Pool Big Five Factor Markers – 50. Satisfaction with life was measured with Satisfaction with Life Scale. We found that only one type of narcissism was significantly correlated with satisfaction with life. Specifically, vulnerable narcissism was negatively associated with life satisfaction, whereas grandiose type did not correlate significantly with it. The mediation analysis revealed that neuroticism and extraversion fully mediated the relationship between vulnerable narcissism and life satisfaction. The obtained results suggest that personality traits explain the level of happiness declared by vulnerable narcissists. This finding is consistent with recent data showing that vulnerable narcissism is highly correlated with personality traits, especially neuroticism.

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Ergenlerde Akran Zorbalığının Ebeveynlik Çeşitleri ve Yaşanılan Yer Açısından Karşılaştırılması

Author(s): Tuğba Yılmaz,İrem Derya Çağlayan / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 12/2018

Bullying constitutes major problems in the schools in Turkey as well it does all around the world. One of the complex reasons for bullying is considered to be living in rural or urban areas. For this study, data were collected from the Çankırı province as the rural area and the Ankara province as the urban area. The study was conducted with participants from regular high schools, between ages of 14 and 18. The study included 246 participants of which are 145 female and 101 male students. Participants were asked to complete the Demographic Information Form, The Bully/ Victim Questionnaire, The Self-esteem Scale, and The Parenting Style Inventory, in this order. The data obtained were then evaluated by comparative statistical analyses (t-test and ANOVA). The behavior of the bully or the victim did not significantly differ for rural and urban areas. However, four different parenting styles are demonstrated to have a significant effect on other variables. The limitations and implications of the study were discussed.

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Toplumsal Cinsiyet Algısı Ölçeği Ergen Formu’nun Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

Author(s): Erol Esen,Barışcan Öztürk,Diğdem Müge Siyez / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 12/2018

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the reliability and the validity of the Gender Perception Scale (GPS) for adolescents. Another purpose was to investigate whether the gender perception of high school students differs in terms of certain socio-demographic variables (sex, school type, monthly family income, the employment status of the mother and parents’ education levels) The scale was administered to a total of 823 adolescents (451 girls, 372 boys) and the test-retest reliability analysis was carried out among 118 of the 823 adolescents. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) verified a two-factor model which is different from the original scale. Resulting factors were traditional gender perception and equalitarian gender perception. The Goodness of fit indices of the two-factor hypothetic model was found to be as follows: χ2=500.15, df=168, χ2 /df=2.97, GFI=.92, AGFI=.90, CFI=.91, RMSEA=0.06, SRMR= .05. Also, we found that the differences between the average scores of the groups within the upper and lower 27% of the scale were statistically significant. The internal consistency coefficients were sufficient for each subscale (ranging from .80 to .86) and the total scale (α= .89). In addition, the test-retest reliability coefficients for equalitarian gender perception subscale (.73), and traditional gender perception subscale (.80) were determined to be within the acceptable limits. As a result, the GPS was found to be valid and reliable and its psychometric characteristics were acceptable. In addition, both equalitarian and traditional gender perception subscale scores were significantly different in terms of sex, school type, monthly family income, the employment status of the mother and parents’ education levels.

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Word-based categorization in 14 to 16 month-old infants: evidence from a Slavic language

Author(s): Slavica Tutnjević,Siniša Lakić / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2014

We investigate early word-based categorization by testing one sample of infants at the ages of 14 and 16 months using an object manipulation task. Specifically, we investigate the facilitating effect of labeling on: a) categorization of unknown objects with a shared label and a similar shape; b) categorization of unknown objects with a shared label, but no perceptual similarity. The results indicate that an average infant can categorize novel objects with a similar shape and a shared label starting at 16 months of age. Categorization of novel objects with a shared label but no perceptual similarity is at chance level at both ages. These results confirm and extend previous research findings to a new language.

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Empathic capacity of delinquent convicted minors

Author(s): Sonja Milojević,Aleksandar Dimitrijević / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2014

The psychological approach to juvenile delinquency introduced in recent years postulates “empathy impairment” as one of the origins of youth criminal behaviour. This means that in order to be cruel, people need to be unable to imagine the pain their victims experience. To test that hypothesis, we compare a group of convicted juvenile offenders (N=43) with a control group of adolescents (N=47) on self-report and ability measures of cognitive empathy (Interpersonal Reactivity Index and Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test, respectively). Discriminant Analysis reveals a significant difference between the two groups, most notably in the dimensions of personal distress, RMET score, and perspective taking. However, after the control for age and education, only the differences in measures of cognitive empathy remain. Although delinquents perceive themselves as less capable of taking the vantage point of another person and, when tested, prove themselves to be inferior in perceiving emotions and facial expressions, there are no differences in self-report scores of the affective component of empathy. On the basis of these findings, we draw several practical implications concerning everyday work with delinquents.

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Dimenzije self-koncepta i bavljenje sportom u ranoj adolescenciji

Author(s): Tatjana Tubić,Višnja Đorđić,Sunčica Poček / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2012

The aim of this paper is to examine the differences in particular dimensions of self-concept in female and male adolescents depending on sports engagement, as well as to determine which domain-specific self-perceptions provide the highest contributions to global self-worth in female and male adolescents engaged in sport and those not engaged in it. This research included 400 subjects at early adolescent age, of both genders (235 females and 164 males) further divided to sub-samples of athletes and non-athletes. An adapted version of a scale Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents (Harter, 1988) was applied, which consists of nine subscales. The obtained results indicate that sport-engaged adolescents of both genders provide more favourable perception of themselves in most tested aspects of self-concept than those not engaged in an organized sports activity. Engagement in sport has special effect on self-concept of male adolescents. Results of multiple regression analysis point out unambiguously the significance of self-perception of physical appearance in global self-worth of adolescents of both genders, irrespective of whether they are involved in sports activity or not.

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Prevention of Postural Deficiencies for Children from the 3rd to the 4th Grade with the Help of Specific Resources in Sports

Author(s): Mihai Panait,Anamaria GHERGHEL,Corina Țifrea / Language(s): English Issue: 18/2018

What it is about: The fundamental argument for placing movement in an educational context lies in the strong links that are developed alongside the major biological functions with psychological processes and especially with cognitive ones. Motric activity sustains life; it is a means of survival, of adapting the human being to the environment and a factor contributing to cultural, social and economic progress. What we propose: • Detection of postural deficiencies in children from the 3rd to the 4th grade through screening in schools. • The early detection of postural deficiencies and the creation of a prevention program in order to improve the postural attitude of the person and their successful integration into the labour market in the long-term. The research method is experimental, which is a multilateral system of reality knowledge using “experimental reasoning, which processes facts from observations and experiment”. Who would benefit and in what ways: The students in the research will benefit from a postural evaluation made with specialized equipment, which is impossible in schools at the moment due to a lack of means to appreciate the postural attitude in medical clinics. Conclusions: The postural deficiencies in children, found and not treated at the right moment, are the main reasons for the deformations in adult age, which affect the economical and social output of a large part of the active citizens.

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Migration – a new cause of the learning difficulties in contemporary school

Author(s): Horatiu Catalano / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2008

The present paper is focused on describing one of the aspects of migration phenomenon and its implication in the context of contemporary education. The statistics show that in some cases, the leaving of one of the parents causes the deterioration of the relationship between the child and the parent that remained at home, be this the mother or the father. For this children whose parents have left to work abroad school represents an important factor of stress. As an operational method for acting, the establishment of the differential diagnosis is very important. The student with learning difficulties may be recuperated if he/she attends personalized intervention programmes that carefully include : objectives, proper recuperation activities, specific methods and means, the duration of each activity carried out and the forms of the periodical and final evaluations.

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Część monograficzna. Perspektywy edukacji małego dziecka w kontekście zmian oświatowych (pod redakcją Aliny Budniak): Perspektywy edukacji dziecka w świecie alternatywnych trendów i wyborów

Author(s): Monika Frania / Language(s): Polish Issue: 50 (1)/2018

The article is a reflection on selected trends that can significantly affect the education and functioning of a child in a family and school environment. The presented examples of alternative ideas and challenges that modern families are coping with are: high-tech parenting vs low-tech parenting, fast life and slow life, as well as elements of global and local ideas. These phenomena are perceived as opposed to each other at two extremes of the axis – contradictory or complementary. In addition, the author mentions aspects of changes in the learning and teaching process caused by the use of the media and new technologies.

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Poczucie sensu życia i wartości młodzieży. Konteksty psychopedagogiczne

Author(s): Danuta Opozda / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2024

The article addresses the issue of young people’s sense of meaning in life, discussing how meaning of life is understood – its structure, function and subjective character. Some issues related to the value system and valuation processes are presented, considering attention the philosophical background of such topics. The article touches on developmental and educational aspects of shaping the sense of meaning in young people’s lives. Examples of research results related to the values declared by young people as important in determining the meaning of their own lives are given.

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