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Comparison of risk and protective factors associated with smartphone addiction and Internet addiction

Author(s): Sam-Wook Choi,Dai-Jin Kim,Jung-Seok Choi,Heejune Ahn,Eun-Jeung Choi,Won-Young Song,Seohee Kim,Hyunchul Youn / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2015

Smartphone addiction is a recent concern that has resulted from the dramatic increase in worldwide smartphone use. This study assessed the risk and protective factors associated with smartphone addiction in college students and compared these factors to those linked to Internet addiction. Methods: College students (N = 448) in South Korea completed the Smartphone Addiction Scale, the Young’s Internet Addiction Test, the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, the Beck Depression Inventory I, the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (Trait Version), the Character Strengths Test, and the Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale. The data were analyzed using multiple linear regression analyses. Results: The risk factors for smartphone addiction were female gender, Internet use, alcohol use, and anxiety, while the protective factors were depression and temperance. In contrast, the risk factors for Internet addiction were male gender, smartphone use, anxiety, and wisdom/knowledge, while the protective factor was courage. Discussion: These differences may result from unique features of smartphones, such as high availability and primary use as a tool for interpersonal relationships. Conclusions: Our findings will aid clinicians in distinguishing between predictive factors for smartphone and Internet addiction and can consequently be utilized in the prevention and treatment of smartphone addiction.

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CZY DORASTANIE MUSI BYĆ TRUDNE?

Author(s): Lucyna Bakiera / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 2010

Niewątpliwymi atutami książki są z jednej strony rzetelna informacja o zmianach zachodzących w życiu młodych ludzi – podana w sposób logiczny i uporządkowany, z drugiej zaś – spojrzenie poradnikowe: jak dorośli mogą na te zmiany reagować i które reakcje pomagają, a które przeszkadzają w rozwoju i układaniu wzajemnych relacji. Autorka pokazuje trudności, ale przedstawia je jako normalne i rozwojowe, wyjaśnia, obala mity. Pisze w sposób wyważony, nie posługuje się stereotypami, nie straszy, lecz uspokaja, buduje zrozumienie, co nadaje całości konstruktywny, pozytywny wydźwięk. Praca łączy w sobie wysokie walory merytoryczne dobrej książki naukowej z przystępnością formy i lekkością pióra książki popularnej. Co więcej, zawiera jasne i cenne wskazówki dotyczące postępowania. To połączenie wiedzy, mądrości i dobrego stylu czyni z niej pozycję ze wszech miar wartą polecenia. /// Z recenzji prof. dr. hab. Piotra K. Olesia

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Distinguishing between gaming and gambling activities in addiction research

Author(s): Daniel L. King,Sally M. Gainsbury,Paul H. Delfabbro,Nerilee Hing,Brett Abarbanel / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2015

Gambling and gaming activities have become increasingly recognised as sharing many common features at a structural and aesthetic level. Both have also been implicated as contributing to harm through excessive involvement. Despite this, relatively little attention has been given to the fundamental characteristics that differentiate these two classes of activity, especially in situations where the boundaries between them may be particularly hard to distinguish. This is evident, for example, in digital games that incorporate free and paid virtual currencies or items, as well as the capacity for wagering. Such overlaps create problems for regulatory classifications, screening, diagnosis and treatment. Is the problem related to the gambling or gaming content? Methods: In this paper, we review the principal sources of overlap between the activity classes in terms of several dimensions: interactivity, monetisation, betting and wagering, types of outcomes, structural fidelity, context and centrality of content, and advertising. Results: We argue that gaming is principally defined by its interactivity, skill-based play, and contextual indicators of progression and success. In contrast, gambling is defined by betting and wagering mechanics, predominantly chance-determined outcomes, and monetisation features that involve risk and payout to the player. A checklist measure is provided, with practical examples, to examine activities according to features of design and function, which may inform guidelines for policy makers, researchers and treatment providers. Discussion and conclusions: We suggest that, in some instances, using category-based nomenclature (e.g., “gambling-like game”) may be too vague or cumbersome to adequately organise our understanding of new gaming/gambling hybrid activities.

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DSM-5 criteria for gambling disorder: Underlying structure and applicability to specific groups of gamblers

Author(s): Pawel Sleczka,Barbara Braun,Daniela Piontek,Gerhard Bühringer,Ludwig Kraus / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2015

DSM-5 provides nine diagnostic criteria for gambling disorder. All criteria have a pre-assumed equal diagnostic impact and are applied to all individuals and groups in an equal manner. The aims of the study are to analyse the structure underlying the diagnosis and to assess whether DSM-5 is equally applicable to different groups of gamblers. Methods: Data from the 2009 German Epidemiological Survey of Substance Abuse and from a study on slot machine gamblers were used. Item Response Theory analysis was applied to estimate discrimination and severity parameters of the criteria. With the use of Differential Item Functioning analysis, potential criterion biases were analysed.We analysed data from 107 participants from the general population sample and 376 participants from the slot machine gamblers’ sample who answered a 19-item diagnostic questionnaire based on the DSM criteria for gambling disorder. Results: A single underlying factor, the severity of gambling disorder, was identified in both samples. In the general population sample the criteria of preoccupation and chasing were least severe and showed low discriminatory power. Bailout, withdrawal and jeopardized matters criteria had highest severity and discriminatory power. The comparison of the two samples revealed two criterion biases in the preoccupation and tolerance criteria. Conclusions: The structure underlying the criteria is unidimensional but the disorder is manifested differently depending on disorder severity. The assumed equal impact of each criterion lacks support in the findings. The DSM-5 criteria measure a partially different construct in slot machine gamblers than in gamblers in the general population.

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Efekat boje pozadine i osvetljenja na opaženu svetlinu

Author(s): Suncica Zdravkovic / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 4/2007

Four experiments attempted to establish an effect of context on lightness. Lightness is one of the dimensions of color and it varies from black to white. Most of our stimuli were inspired by simultaneous lightness contrast illusion. First two experiments contrast the size of an effect produced by the change of background color vs. the change in illumination. The third experiment deals with different type of illusions, where the effect is obtained through the appearance of multiple illumination levels. The last experiment takes into account the ratio of the target and the background. The results reveal the size of effects produced separately by the background color and illumination level and suggest the prime importance of background. Also there are other factors such as reflectance range in the scene, incremental and decremental targets, and 2D vs. 3D representation.

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Emotional Investment at Work

Author(s): Nevena Krasulja,Milica Vasiljevic Blagojevic,Suzana Pajic / Language(s): English / Issue: 20/2017

Nowadays an increasingly popular research topic has become emotions and their expressions in the workplace. Generally, emotions have very strong impact at employees’ ability to act, think and communicate effectively. Author Hochschild was the first who defined emotional labor as “the management of feeling to create a publicly observable facial and bodily display”. Quality of interactions between employees and clients is the essence of this concept. In this context client can be any person who interacts with an employee (customer, patient, guest, etc.). During that interaction employees must express appropriate emotions as a part of job description. There are many examples of such behavior - teachers or medical staff have to show empathy in front of students or patients. The main point is that employees have multiple tasks of managing not only their mental and physical effort, but also emotional capacity. In part of this paper, authors also presented emotional labor among university professors. They conclude that in Serbia research that measures emotional exhaustion still don`t exists. So the next step will be conducting of quantitative research that will ensure that the collected data can provide useful information.

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Evcil Hayvana Bağlanma Ölçeği: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

Author(s): Özge Sahin,Yasemin Kahya / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 12/2018

The aim of the current study is to test the validity and reliability of the Pet Attachment Questionnaire (PAQ), which assess attachment orientation toward pet. The sample of the study consisted of 260 pet owners (24 males and 234 females) aged between 19 and 62 years. In line with the study purpose, participants were asked to complete Demographic Form, Pet Attachment Questionnaire, Lexington Attachment to Pets Scale, CES-Depression Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Penn Inventory of Scrupulosity, Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised, Satisfaction with Life Scale. For the test-retest reliability analysis, 57 of the participants were reached again. Data were analyzed via SPSS and AMOS programs. As a result of the explanatory and confirmatory factor analysis, the two-factor structure of the PAQ, defined as anxiety and avoidance was supported. Further statistical analyses supported that PAQ was a valid and reliable measurement tool in the assessment of the attachment orientation towards pet.

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Formowanie wrażeń na temat osobowości – proces niezbędny czy szkodliwy? Przegląd badań i implikacje praktyczne

Author(s): Iwona Nowakowska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 36/2016

CEL NAUKOWY: Celem niniejszego artykułu jest odniesienie wyników badań naukowych dotyczących formowania wrażeń na temat osobowości i roli efektu halo w tym procesie do klasycznej serii badań Solomona Ascha z 1946 r. dotyczącej tego tematu. W artykule Ascha przedstawiającym te badania uwzględnione są teorie i pojęcia cytowane oraz rozszerzane współcześnie przez psychologów poznania społecznego.PROBLEM I METODY BADAWCZE: Opracowanie stanowi krytyczny przegląd raportów z badań naukowych dotyczących zagadnienia formowania wrażeń na temat osobowości. Wyniki analizy tych prac pozwoliły na przedstawienie w niniejszym artykule teorii Solomona Ascha w zaktualizowanym świetle.PROCES WYWODU: W pierwszej części artykułu omówiono wpływ cech centralnych, w szczególności „ciepła” i „chłodu”, odpowiadających za całościową ocenę człowieka. W części drugiej poruszono temat czynników zewnętrznych, na przykład kolejności poznawania cech, wpływu afektywnego i czasu trwania znajomości z ocenianą osobą na uformowane wrażenie. W części trzeciej opisano zjawisko zmian znaczeniowych cech osobowości w zależności od współwystępujących z nimi charakterystyk.WYNIKI ANALIZY NAUKOWEJ: Przedstawione w pracy eksperymenty potwierdzają obserwacje Ascha oraz wspierają tezę, że ogólne wrażenie o osobie wpływa na percepcję jej poszczególnych cech. Ludzie nie zdają sobie na ogół sprawy z występowania tego zjawiska.WNIOSKI, INNOWACJE, REKOMENDACJE: Wyniki badań omówionych w artykule mają szereg implikacji praktycznych dla osób wykonujących zawody związane z ocenianiem, takich jak nauczyciele, rekruterzy czy jurorzy, a także dla osób poddawanych ocenie. Warto, by osoby te zdawały sobie sprawę ze zniekształceń, jakie niesie z sobą automatyczne formowanie wrażeń na temat osobowości czy kompetencji innych osób, i miały świadomość, że uleganie takiemu mechanizmowi często łączy się z odpowiedzialnością za los ocenianej osoby, np. w kontekście jej kariery szkolnej czy pracy zawodowej.

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From the Mouths of Social Media Users: a Focus Group Study Exploring the Social Casino Gaming–Online Gambling Link

Author(s): Hyoun S. Kim,Michael J. A. Wohl,Rina Gupta,Jeffrey Derevensky / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2016

The potential link between social casino gaming and online gambling has raised considerable concerns among clinicians, researchers and policy makers. Unfortunately, however, there is a paucity of research examining this potential link, especially among young adults. This represents a significant gap given young adults are frequently exposed to and are players of social casino games. Methods: To better understand the potential link between social casino games and online gambling, we conducted three focus groups (N = 30) at two large Canadian Universities with college students who were avid social media users (who are regularly exposed to social casino games). Results: Many participants spontaneously mentioned that social casino games were a great opportunity to build gambling skills before playing for real money. Importantly, some participants expressed a belief that there is a direct progression from social casino gaming to online gambling. Conversely, others believed the transition to online gambling depended on a person’s personality, rather than mere exposure to social casino games. While many young adults in our focus groups felt immune to the effects of social casino games, there was a general consensus that social casino games may facilitate the transition to online gambling among younger teenagers (i.e., 12–14 yr old), due to the ease of accessibility and early exposure. Discussion: The results of the present research point to the need for more study on the effects of social casino gambling as well as a discussion concerning regulation of social casino games in order to minimize their potential risks.

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Gambling disorder: Association between duration of illness, clinical, and neurocognitive variables

Author(s): Gustavo C. MEDEIROS,Sarah A. Redden,Samuel R. Chamberlain,Jon E. Grant / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2017

Gambling disorder (GD) may have its onset in a wide range of ages, from adolescents to old adults. In addition, individuals with GD tend to seek treatment at different moments in their lives. As a result of these characteristics (variable age at onset and variable age at treatment seeking), we find subjects with diverse duration of illness (DOI) in clinical practice. DOI is an important but relatively understudied factor in GD. Our objective was to investigate clinical and neurocognitive characteristics associated with different DOI. Methods: This study evaluated 448 adults diagnosed with GD. All assessments were completed prior to treatments being commenced. Results: Our main results were: (a) there is a negative correlation between DOI and lag between first gambling and onset of GD; (b) lifetime history of alcohol use disorder (AUD) is associated with a longer duration of GD; (c) the presence of a firstdegree relative with history of AUD is associated with a more extended course of GD; and (d) there is a negative correlation between DOI and quality of life. Discussion: This study suggests that some important variables are associated with different DOI. Increasing treatment-seeking behavior, providing customized psychological interventions, and effectively managing AUD may decrease the high levels of chronicity in GD. Furthermore, research on GD such as phenomenological studies and clinical trials may consider the duration of GD in their methodology. DOI might be an important variable when analyzing treatment outcome and avoiding confounders.

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Gender Differences in Treatment-Seeking British Pathological Gamblers

Author(s): Silvia Ronzitti,Vittorio Lutri,Neil Smith,Massimo Clerici,Henrieta Bowden-Jones / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2016

Gambling is a widespread recreational activity in the UK. A significant percentage of gamblers develop subclinical or clinically relevant problem gambling issues, but only a low percentage of them seek treatment. Although characteristics of pathological gamblers from treatment-seeking population have been examined in some research, only a few studies have explored the differences between females and males. This study aimed to examine the gender-related differences in demographics, gambling measures, and clinical variables in an outpatient sample of pathological gamblers seeking treatment. Methods: A total of 1,178 treatment-seeking individuals with gambling disorder were assessed at the National Problem Gambling Clinic in London. Sociodemographic characteristics, clinical variables, and gambling behavior habits were obtained during the assessment evaluation. Of the total sample, 92.5% were males and 7.5% were females. Results: Males were more likely to be younger, white, and employed than females. In addition, compared to women, men showed a lower PGSI score, an earlier age of onset of gambling behavior, a higher gambling involvement, and preferred specific forms gambling. Female gamblers were more anxious and depressed, while men were more likely to use alcohol and illicit drugs. Conclusions: Our findings support the importance of gender differences in a treatment-seeking population of pathological gamblers both in sociodemographic characteristics, gambling behavior variables, and clinical variables. Males and females might benefit from group-specific treatment.

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Kompetencje społeczne wychowanków placówek opiekuńczo-wychowawczych

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Kompetencje społeczne wychowanków placówek opiekuńczo-wychowawczych

Author(s): Ewa Gawlik / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 20/2015

What is explored in this article are the issues of social competences of learners in care-educational institutions. The studies are presented of the level of social competences of the charges in child care homes in the intellectual norm and the charges with mild intellectual disability. The theoretical-cognitive research goal was recognizing and investigating the determinants of social competences in care-educational institutions. Moreover, the presented diagnosis of the level of the charges’ social competences and their determinants may contribute to prevention and levelling of social marginalization and might enhance higher standards in the functioning of child care homes. The studies shown in the article indicate that the lack of social competences of children and youth from care-educational institutions may result in many problems, also social ones – such as e.g. learned helplessness.

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Morálne zdôvodňovanie v kontexte na cieľ orientovaného správania

Author(s): Radka Copková / Language(s): Slovak / Issue: 3/2016

The aim of the current research was to confirm the properties of one possible way how to measure the phenomenon of self-licensing in goal directed behavior. As the name of variable suggests, we have connected two significant fields of self-regulation research – moral justification (specifically self-licensing) (Khan & Dhar, 2006; Kivetz & Zheng, 2006; Monin & Miller, 2001) and goal directed behavior (Carver & Scheier, 2001; Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975; Perugini & Bagozzi, 2001). The sample of 114 university students (78% women; 22% men) aged from 18 to 33 years (the average age was 23,03 years, SD=2,78) has been used. We have constructed a reliable questionnaire (Cronbach´s alpha=0,921) capturing the way of goal attainment in morally questionable conditions. The questionnaire consists of three reliable sub-dimensions: Remorse (0,848), Self-reassurance (0,841) and Depersonalization (0,832). Except of new measure, next three have been used: Machiavellian Personality Scale (Dahling et al., 2008), Short Self-Control Scale (Tangney, Baumeister & Boone, 2004) and Conscientiousness dimension from NEO-FFI (Ruisel & Halama, 2007). Gender differences have been confirmed in self-licensing in goal directed behavior as whole and also in sub-dimensions of Remorse and Self-reassurance. The correlation analysis has confirmed significant inter-correlations between all sub-dimensions of self-licensing in goal directed behaviour. Also it has confirmed significant relationships with machiavellian personality, self-control and self-conscientiousness. The aim of the current research was reached by finding factor structure of Self-licensing in goal directed behavior questionnaire and its relationships with machiavellianism, sef-control and conscientiousness.

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Online and Live Regular Poker Players: Do They Differ in Impulsive Sensation Seeking and Gambling Practice

Author(s): Servane Barrault,Isabelle Varescon / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2016

Online gambling appears to have special features, such as anonymity, speed of play and permanent availability, which may contribute to the facilitation and increase in gambling practice, potentially leading to problem gambling. The aims of this study were to assess sociodemographic characteristics, gambling practice and impulsive sensation seeking among a population of regular poker players with different levels of gambling intensity and to compare online and live players. Methods: 245 regular poker players (180 online players and 65 live players) completed online self-report scales assessing sociodemographic data, pathological gambling (SOGS), gambling practice (poker questionnaire) and impulsive sensation seeking (ImpSS). We used SOGS scores to rank players according to the intensity of their gambling practice (non-pathological gamblers, problem gamblers and pathological gamblers). Results: All poker players displayed a particular sociodemographic profile: they were more likely to be young men, executives or students, mostly single and working full-time. Online players played significantly more often whereas live players reported significantly longer gambling sessions. Sensation seeking was high across all groups, whereas impulsivity significantly distinguished players according to the intensity of gambling. Discussion: Our results show the specific profile of poker players. Both impulsivity and sensation seeking seem to be involved in pathological gambling, but playing different roles. Sensation seeking may determine interest in poker whereas impulsivity may be involved in pathological gambling development and maintenance. Conclusions: This study opens up new research perspectives and insights into preventive and treatment actions for pathological poker players.

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Psihologie, Revistă ştiinţifico-practică

Frequency: 2 issues / Country: Moldova, Republic of

PSYCHOLOGY, the scientific – practical Journal has the aim to disseminate the results of advanced and authentic research, fundamental and valuable investigations of scholars and researchers National Institute Bibliometric hers from the country and abroad, in different branches of psychology. The journal publishes articles which are highlighting the most relevant topics in all areas of psychology as: Educational Psychology, Clinical Psychology, Work Psychology, Social Psychology, Psychological Counseling and Psychotherapy etc.

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Razlike u samoefikasnosti pri donošenju karijernih odluka i u stilovima donošenja odluka kod srednjoškolaca s različitim obrascima porodičnog afektivnog vezivanja

Author(s): Katarina Suvajdžic / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 2/2016

The decision on the choice of profession is one of the most important life decisions, which is influenced by many factors. One of them which has a very important role is the family. The aim of this study is to examine whether there are differences in self-efficacy in career decision-making and decision-making styles among secondary school students who have different patterns of family attachment, as well as to determine whether self-efficacy in making career decisions can be predicted on the basis of different decision-making styles. The study included 216 fourth-year secondary school students, 39% of boys and 61% of girls. The questionnaire PAVb, made by Brenen and associates and modified by Kamenov and Jelic, was used for the evaluation of family attachment. Decision-making styles were operationalized through the scale of General Decision Making Styles Questionnaire by Scott and Bruce, while a shortened version of the Career Decision Self-Efficacy Scale, made by Betz et al., was used for measuring self-efficacy in making career decisions. The research results have shown that there are no significant differences in self-efficacy in making career decisions regarding the patterns of family attachment. However, there are significant differences in the styles of decision-making. The rational style is the most dominant among the students who have a secure form of family attachment, the avoidant style is characteristic of those with the occupied form, while the spontaneous style is most commonly used by the students who have the fearful form of family attachment. The results suggest that 31% of the variance of self-efficacy in making career decisions can be explained based on decision-making styles. The rational and intuitive styles of decision-making are positive predictors, while the dependent and avoidant styles are negative predictors of self-efficacy in making career decisions.

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Skúsenosť s fajčením v skorej adolescencii a fajčenie rodičov; moderačná rola vzdelania rodičov

Author(s): Mária Bacíková,Marianna Berinšterová,Olga Orosová / Language(s): Slovak / Issue: 1/2016

The relationship between parental smoking and adolescent smoking behavior has been well documented in previous studies. Less is known, however, about possible moderators of such relationship. The present study focuses on the relationship between parental smoking and adolescent smoking experience in early adolescence. This period has been sofar neglected in research. Further, we study parental education level as possible moderator of this relationship. Questionnaire data were collected among 1098 early adolescents (mean age 11.5 years; 54% girls). Logistic regression analyses revealed following results: (1) maternal and paternal smoking is associated with early adolescents smoking experience; (2) moderating effect of parental education was found in sense that having smoking mother with higher education increased the probability of smoking, while having smoking father with lower education increased the probability of smoking. Results are further discussed.

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Sound-To-Color Synesthesia and Its Influence on the Level of Emotion

Author(s): Stela Dragulin,Constantin Fulvia Anca / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2017

Synesthesia is long researched and debated. Some people report seeing colors and/or lights when they hear certain keys or notes in music or when they listen to or play instruments. Among those there are many musicians such as Franz Liszt, Itzhak Perlman, Duke Ellington, Leonard Bernstein, Jean Sibelius and Olivier Messiaen. Moreover, musicians who are also composers explained that writing music is like producing images based on colors, their mixture and shades. Researchers on synesthesia are divided: on one hand, they have views pointing out the existence of synesthetic perception and diverse possibilities to be aware of it, on the other hand they present assumptions based on case observations that are rejected scientifically. In this paper we form an opinion in favor of sound-to-color synesthesia based on two directions of research. First, we show that music can bring out colored patterns or simply colors mentioning that the colors chosen are not always constant over time, and they are not identical from one individual to another. Second, listening to music influences the level of emotion, attention and relaxation, their frequency being translated in colors of brainwave frequency bands.

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The Conceptual Understanding of the Category „Psychological Health”

Author(s): Elena Shevchenko / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2015

This paper is dedicated to the study of the genesis of the “mental health” and “psychological health” concepts, finding identifying features and differences of these concepts. In the framework of the “health psychology” scientific field, the psychological determinants of health, methods and ways of its preservation, improvement and development were considered. In the process of theoretical research of the psychological wellbeing concepts, basic principles in the analysis of socio-psychological health were defined. The paper affirms that the psychological health is a dynamic set of a person’s mental properties, which ensure harmony between the needs of the individual and the society, which is one of the basic conditions for successful self-realisation. It also states that it is the coherence of a person’s motives, objectives, and values with the requirements of his/her environmental and his/her own internal abilities that is the main condition and manifestation of psychological health.

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The relation of humor structure appreciation with sensation seeking and judgments of complex-abstract art and sophisticated music

Author(s): Filip Sulejmanov / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2018

The aim of the present study is two-fold. Firstly, the relation between sensation seeking and humor structure appreciation has been investigated (Carretero-Dios & Ruch, 2010), and also the association between humor structure appreciation and complex-abstract art has been reported (Ruch & Hehl, 1998). In that sense, this study aims to replicate previously reported findings. Second, the association between humor structure appreciation and sophisticated music (Rentfrow, Goldberg, & Levitin, 2011) was explored. Results obtained from 77 participants partially supported the predictions. Sensation seeking was negatively related with the aversiveness ratings of Nonsense humor, while pleasantness of complex-abstract art was negatively associated with funniness of Incongruity–Resolution humor and positively with the structure preference index. Aversiveness of Incongruity–Resolution humor correlated negatively with sophisticated music ratings. Finally, ratings on the abstract-art paintings and sophisticated musical excerpts were positively associated. Implications of the findings, limitations of this study and avenues for further research are examined.

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