CZY DORASTANIE MUSI BYĆ TRUDNE?

Author(s): Lucyna Bakiera / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 2010

Niewątpliwymi atutami książki są z jednej strony rzetelna informacja o zmianach zachodzących w życiu młodych ludzi – podana w sposób logiczny i uporządkowany, z drugiej zaś – spojrzenie poradnikowe: jak dorośli mogą na te zmiany reagować i które reakcje pomagają, a które przeszkadzają w rozwoju i układaniu wzajemnych relacji. Autorka pokazuje trudności, ale przedstawia je jako normalne i rozwojowe, wyjaśnia, obala mity. Pisze w sposób wyważony, nie posługuje się stereotypami, nie straszy, lecz uspokaja, buduje zrozumienie, co nadaje całości konstruktywny, pozytywny wydźwięk. Praca łączy w sobie wysokie walory merytoryczne dobrej książki naukowej z przystępnością formy i lekkością pióra książki popularnej. Co więcej, zawiera jasne i cenne wskazówki dotyczące postępowania. To połączenie wiedzy, mądrości i dobrego stylu czyni z niej pozycję ze wszech miar wartą polecenia. /// Z recenzji prof. dr. hab. Piotra K. Olesia

Formowanie wrażeń na temat osobowości – proces niezbędny czy szkodliwy? Przegląd badań i implikacje praktyczne

Author(s): Iwona Nowakowska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 36/2016

CEL NAUKOWY: Celem niniejszego artykułu jest odniesienie wyników badań naukowych dotyczących formowania wrażeń na temat osobowości i roli efektu halo w tym procesie do klasycznej serii badań Solomona Ascha z 1946 r. doty­czącej tego tematu. W artykule Ascha przedstawiającym te badania uwzględnio­ne są teorie i pojęcia cytowane oraz rozszerzane współcześnie przez psycholo­gów poznania społecznego.PROBLEM I METODY BADAWCZE: Opracowanie stanowi krytyczny przegląd raportów z badań naukowych dotyczących zagadnienia formowania wrażeń na temat osobowości. Wyniki analizy tych prac pozwoliły na przedstawienie w niniej­szym artykule teorii Solomona Ascha w zaktualizowanym świetle.PROCES WYWODU: W pierwszej części artykułu omówiono wpływ cech cen­tralnych, w szczególności „ciepła” i „chłodu”, odpowiadających za całościową ocenę człowieka. W części drugiej poruszono temat czynników zewnętrznych, na przykład kolejności poznawania cech, wpływu afektywnego i czasu trwania znajomości z ocenianą osobą na uformowane wrażenie. W części trzeciej opi­sano zjawisko zmian znaczeniowych cech osobowości w zależności od współ­występujących z nimi charakterystyk.WYNIKI ANALIZY NAUKOWEJ: Przedstawione w pracy eksperymenty po­twierdzają obserwacje Ascha oraz wspierają tezę, że ogólne wrażenie o osobie wpływa na percepcję jej poszczególnych cech. Ludzie nie zdają sobie na ogół sprawy z występowania tego zjawiska.WNIOSKI, INNOWACJE, REKOMENDACJE: Wyniki badań omówionych w ar­tykule mają szereg implikacji praktycznych dla osób wykonujących zawody zwią­zane z ocenianiem, takich jak nauczyciele, rekruterzy czy jurorzy, a także dla osób poddawanych ocenie. Warto, by osoby te zdawały sobie sprawę ze znie­kształceń, jakie niesie z sobą automatyczne formowanie wrażeń na temat oso­bowości czy kompetencji innych osób, i miały świadomość, że uleganie takiemu mechanizmowi często łączy się z odpowiedzialnością za los ocenianej osoby, np. w kontekście jej kariery szkolnej czy pracy zawodowej.

Kompetencje społeczne wychowanków placówek opiekuńczo-wychowawczych

Author(s): Ewa Gawlik / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 20/2015

What is explored in this article are the issues of social competences of learners in care-educational institutions. The studies are presented of the level of social competences of the charges in child care homes in the intellectual norm and the charges with mild intellectual disability. The theoretical-cognitive research goal was recognizing and investigating the determinants of social competences in care-educational institutions. Moreover, the presented diagnosis of the level of the charges’ social competences and their determinants may contribute to prevention and levelling of social marginalization and might enhance higher standards in the functioning of child care homes. The studies shown in the article indicate that the lack of social competences of children and youth from care-educational institutions may result in many problems, also social ones – such as e.g. learned helplessness.

Morálne zdôvodňovanie v kontexte na cieľ orientovaného správania

Author(s): Radka Copková / Language(s): Slovak / Issue: 3/2016

The aim of the current research was to confirm the properties of one possible way how to measure the phenomenon of self-licensing in goal directed behavior. As the name of variable suggests, we have connected two significant fields of self-regulation research – moral justification (specifically self-licensing) (Khan & Dhar, 2006; Kivetz & Zheng, 2006; Monin & Miller, 2001) and goal directed behavior (Carver & Scheier, 2001; Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975; Perugini & Bagozzi, 2001). The sample of 114 university students (78% women; 22% men) aged from 18 to 33 years (the average age was 23,03 years, SD=2,78) has been used. We have constructed a reliable questionnaire (Cronbach´s alpha=0,921) capturing the way of goal attainment in morally questionable conditions. The questionnaire consists of three reliable sub-dimensions: Remorse (0,848), Self-reassurance (0,841) and Depersonalization (0,832). Except of new measure, next three have been used: Machiavellian Personality Scale (Dahling et al., 2008), Short Self-Control Scale (Tangney, Baumeister & Boone, 2004) and Conscientiousness dimension from NEO-FFI (Ruisel & Halama, 2007). Gender differences have been confirmed in self-licensing in goal directed behavior as whole and also in sub-dimensions of Remorse and Self-reassurance. The correlation analysis has confirmed significant inter-correlations between all sub-dimensions of self-licensing in goal directed behaviour. Also it has confirmed significant relationships with machiavellian personality, self-control and self-conscientiousness. The aim of the current research was reached by finding factor structure of Self-licensing in goal directed behavior questionnaire and its relationships with machiavellianism, sef-control and conscientiousness.

Psihologie, Revistă ştiinţifico-practică

Frequency: 2 issues / Country: Moldova, Republic of

PSYCHOLOGY, the scientific – practical Journal has the aim to disseminate the results of advanced and authentic research, fundamental and valuable investigations of scholars and researchers National Institute Bibliometric hers from the country and abroad, in different branches of psychology. The journal publishes articles which are highlighting the most relevant topics in all areas of psychology as: Educational Psychology, Clinical Psychology, Work Psychology, Social Psychology, Psychological Counseling and Psychotherapy etc.

Razlike u samoefikasnosti pri donošenju karijernih odluka i u stilovima donošenja odluka kod srednjoškolaca s različitim obrascima porodičnog afektivnog vezivanja

Author(s): Katarina Suvajdžic / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 2/2016

The decision on the choice of profession is one of the most important life decisions, which is influenced by many factors. One of them which has a very important role is the family. The aim of this study is to examine whether there are differences in self-efficacy in career decision-making and decision-making styles among secondary school students who have different patterns of family attachment, as well as to determine whether self-efficacy in making career decisions can be predicted on the basis of different decision-making styles. The study included 216 fourth-year secondary school students, 39% of boys and 61% of girls. The questionnaire PAVb, made by Brenen and associates and modified by Kamenov and Jelic, was used for the evaluation of family attachment. Decision-making styles were operationalized through the scale of General Decision Making Styles Questionnaire by Scott and Bruce, while a shortened version of the Career Decision Self-Efficacy Scale, made by Betz et al., was used for measuring self-efficacy in making career decisions. The research results have shown that there are no significant differences in self-efficacy in making career decisions regarding the patterns of family attachment. However, there are significant differences in the styles of decision-making. The rational style is the most dominant among the students who have a secure form of family attachment, the avoidant style is characteristic of those with the occupied form, while the spontaneous style is most commonly used by the students who have the fearful form of family attachment. The results suggest that 31% of the variance of self-efficacy in making career decisions can be explained based on decision-making styles. The rational and intuitive styles of decision-making are positive predictors, while the dependent and avoidant styles are negative predictors of self-efficacy in making career decisions.

Skúsenosť s fajčením v skorej adolescencii a fajčenie rodičov; moderačná rola vzdelania rodičov

Author(s): Mária Bacíková,Marianna Berinšterová,Olga Orosová / Language(s): Slovak / Issue: 1/2016

The relationship between parental smoking and adolescent smoking behavior has been well documented in previous studies. Less is known, however, about possible moderators of such relationship. The present study focuses on the relationship between parental smoking and adolescent smoking experience in early adolescence. This period has been sofar neglected in research. Further, we study parental education level as possible moderator of this relationship. Questionnaire data were collected among 1098 early adolescents (mean age 11.5 years; 54% girls). Logistic regression analyses revealed following results: (1) maternal and paternal smoking is associated with early adolescents smoking experience; (2) moderating effect of parental education was found in sense that having smoking mother with higher education increased the probability of smoking, while having smoking father with lower education increased the probability of smoking. Results are further discussed.

Types of hope and action styles of adolescents

Author(s): Aleksandra Myslinska,Jacek Sliwak,Józef Partyka / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2016

The problem discussed in this article concerns the relationship between hope and action styles in adolescents. An action style is a way in which man perceives and responds to the outside world, and it may be aimed at securing oneself or interacting with the surroundings. The main aim of this analysis was to find out if, and to what degree, the level of hope is connected with action styles. The following hypotheses are proposed: H – 1. There is a relationship between hope and an action style. H- 2. Persons with different types of hope are characterised by different styles of action. H – 3. Persons with a high level of hope have a cooperation­‑oriented style. H – 4. Persons with a low level of hope are often characterised by a style aimed at protecting themselves. 149 persons aged 17 – 18 participated in the study. The following methods were used: the Basic Hope Inventory (BHI-12) – compiled by Trzebiński and M. Zięba, the Hope for Success Questionnaire (KNS) – adaptation of C. R. Snyder’s questionnaire made by M. Łaguna, J. Trzebiński and M. Zięba, as well as the Action Styles Questionnaire by Z. Uchnast. The results obtained have allowed the researchers to form the opinion that hope helps individuals function better in the world. The way in which a person perceives the world and their own capabilities translates into the style of action which they choose. A person who is full of hope seeks self­‑actualisation as well as cooperation with others.

Using Video-Stimulated Recall to Understand Teachers' Perceptions of Teaching and Learning in the Classroom Setting

Author(s): Jelena Radišic,Aleksandar Baucal / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2016

This paper has emerged from a research project based on exploring the interplay between teachers' beliefs about teaching and learning and their registered practices in language and math classes at an upper secondary level. The text describes one aspect of the research project which involved developing a more in depth understanding of teachers' beliefs about the teaching and the learning process in the classroom settings. The topic was explored through interviews with 13 teachers involved in this stage of the project. The interviews applied video stimulated recall with selected clips from the teachers' classrooms, and were analysed as part of the research. Data from the video stimulated interviews with the teachers were one of the essential components of the project allowing for the teachers' perspective to be heard and thus acknowledging them as important partners in the research. The paper reports findings from the interviews on how teachers interact with the videos and how their inputs have framed consequent stages of the analysis, in return shaping the researchers' understanding of particular classroom practices.

Vliv temperamentu a self-esteem na resilienci u vysokoškolských studentů

Author(s): Jan Sebastian Novotný,Klára Seidlová,Adéla Tarinová / Language(s): Slovak / Issue: 2/2016

The aim of this study was to analyze the direct and indirect effects of temperament personality characteristics on the resilience and the role of self-esteem in the indirect effect. The research sample consisted of 96 university students. The research sample consisted of 96 college students aged 19 to 30 years (M = 21.75, SD = 2.07). Adults Temperament Questionnaire, Resilience Scale for Adults, and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale were used. The effects were analyzed with a structural model (path analysis). The resulting model showed good fit: χ2 (2, 96) = .3.974, p = .137, CFI = .986, TLI = .930, RMSEA = .102 (90% CI = .000, .250, PCLOSE = .202), SRMR = .045 and power (.98). The results showed a direct and indirect impact of temperament characteristics on resilience. Negative affectivity and extraversion affect self-esteem (β = –.36, p < .001; β = .21, p = .031; R2 = .233). Negative affectivity showed a direct negative effect on perception of self (β = –.46, p < .001) and planned future (β = –.33, p < .001), and the indirect effect through self-esteem (β = –.11, p < .001 and β = .07, p < .01). Extraversion affects the perception of self and planned future only indirectly through self-esteem (β = –.46, p < .001 and β = .06, p < .01). Identified effects of variables (direct and indirect effect of negative affectivity and indirect effect of extraversion) explain the relatively large proportion of the variance of perception of self (R2 = .425) and planned future (R2 = .289). Limitation of the study is the small sample of respondents and its specificity (university students), which does not allow the abstraction on the general adult population. From a practical standpoint, it appears that targeted support of positive self-esteem (especially) in individuals who are characterized by the less desirable structure of temperament (so-called “difficult temperament”) may act as a compensatory mechanism of the temperament’s effect on the ability to adaptively respond to environmental challenges and difficult situations in life. As an ideal combination seems to be the support/development (1) of positive self-esteem and (2) the ability to control/modify (behavioral) manifestations of temperament.

МЕНТАЛЬНАЯ РЕПРЕЗЕНТАЦИЯ ПСИХИЧЕСКИХ СОСТОЯНИЙ: ЭКСПЛИЦИТНЫЙ И ИМПЛИЦИТНЫЙ АССОЦИАТИВНЫЕ КОМПОНЕНТЫ

Author(s): Ekaterina Mihailovna Alekseeva / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 4/2015

The paper presents and discusses some results of the scientific research on explicit and implicit components at the associative level of mental state representations. The explicit verbal associations of 26 mental states with life situations are described, as well as the regularities and features of implicit associating of the mental states of pleasure, anguish, cheerfulness, grief, depression, and delight with the situations of quarrel and communication with friends. It is demonstrated that mental states are associatively and inseparably connected, both explicitly and implicitly, with life activity situations.

ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНИЯ О СПРАВЕДЛИВОСТИ НАКАЗАНИЯ В ПОДРОСТКОВОМ И ЮНОШЕСКОМ ВОЗРАСТЕ

Author(s): Bulat Salyamovich Alishev,Olga Aleksandrovna Anikeenok,Aigyl Rimovna Gallyamova / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 4/2015

The paper analyzes the principles of fair punishment, on which younger teenagers, older teenagers, and adolescents rely in different types of situations: a) in the situations of venial misconducts and major offenses; b) in the situations when the offending and injured parties differ in their closeness to the respondent. The obtained data demonstrate that: 1) the factor of offence gravity has an equal influence on the choice of principles of fair punishment in all age groups; 2) the factor of “our – another” influences more strongly the choice of principles of fair punishment in the older age groups.

Принос в психологията на творчеството

120 години от рождението на Лев Семьонович Виготски

Author(s): Luben Dessev / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 5/2017

The classic of the Russian and the world’s psychology Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky (1896 – 1934) is represented as an author. The work is based on a study of his writings in Russian and Bulgarian language and highlights his contribution to the theoretical clarification of questions of creativity – a complex synergetic-system object with two subsystems: a productive-procedure (“activity”) subsystem and a personality-social subsystem.

Ролевые виктимные характеристики мужчин и женщин с разным профилем функциональной асимметрии мозга

Author(s): Ekaterina Vladimirovna Veterok,Yulia Mikhailovna Perevozkina,Olga Olegovna Andronnikova / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 5/2016

This article is devoted to the theoretical and experimental analysis of psychological factors and conditions contributing to victim playing by men and women. It is shown that influence of psychophysiological features of the individual on his / her mental development is caused by the complex system of interconnections, which include a wide range of factors. The content and structure of a victimized orientation toward life, as well as its dependence on the functional asymmetry of the brain are described. The authors present the results of the empirical studies that prove the separate influence of sex-role characteristics and functional brain asymmetry on self-victimization, as well as their joined influence. It was found that right-brain respondents were more inclined to self-victimization. The results of the study indicate that right-brain women are more inclined to self-victimization than right-brain men. It was revealed that men with ambidexterity and left hemispheric asymmetry rarely adopt the victim role. The results indicate that individuals whose psyche structure is characterized by predominance of rational elements are more capable to fast decision making and high speed of situation evaluation. It allows them to avoid the inclusion of emotional factors and neutralize victimization.

СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ ЦЕННОСТНО-СМЫСЛОВОЙ СФЕРЫ ЛИЧНОСТИ АМЕРИКАНСКИХ И РОССИЙСКИХ СТУДЕНТОВ

Author(s): Naila Rustamovna Salikhova / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 6/2013

The article presents social and cultural peculiarities of the personal value-and-conceptual sphere of American and Russian students. The content-related specifics demonstrate differences in the ranking of such values as freedom, health, cognition and close friendship within the general hierarchy of personal values. The dynamic specifics, in their turn, reveal themselves in different perceptions of attainability of values as well as in the level of their realizability in practice. The latter is significantly higher in American students. The results of this research show that in the process of education, American students find themselves in the existential phase of conceptual realization of their life goals. Russian students, on the other hand, are still in the process of conceptual search and making their choice of life perspectives.

ЦЕННОСТНО-СМЫСЛОВОЙ РЕЛЬЕФ ЖИЗНЕННОГО ПРОСТРАНСТВА ЛИЧНОСТИ И УРОВЕНЬ ФИЗИЧЕСКОГО РАЗВИТИЯ ЧЕЛОВЕКА

Author(s): Naila Rustamovna Salikhova / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 4/2015

The paper reveals the peculiarities of value-meaning sphere in the individual’s life space depending on the level of human physical ability. Based on the samples of athletes, disabled, and people with normal physical fitness, it is demonstrated that the substantial specificity lies in some differences in the overall hierarchy of general human values between people with different physical abilities. The features of dynamic characteristics are manifested in differences between the meaning types of values and their realizability, which is generally higher in athletes. The obtained results show that more physically developed people are in the existential phase of meaningful fulfillment of their life plans and evaluate their life as having more meaning, whereas people with disabilities are characterized by searching for the meaning of their life and choosing between life prospects. They have lower values of meaningfulness of life. People with normal physical ability occupy an intermediate position between the above two groups.