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Pułapki i wyzwania w badaniach nad skutecznością komputerowych treningów poznawczych

Author(s): Karolina Finc / Language(s): Polish Issue: 7/2014

In recent years, in both science and business, we observe an increased interest in using of various types of software and computer games to improve human cognitive abilities. Paradoxically, together with an increasing number of studies proving the effectiveness of this type of computerized cognitive training, is also growing number of reports about the lack of its beneficial effects. In this situation many doubts are raised by methodology used in training studies, especially poorly matched control groups, and inadequate monitoring of the placebo effect. In this article I will present the most important issues and challenges facing today’s research on computerized cognitive training.

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Opisać świadomość na skali od zera do jeden. Perturbacyjny Indeks Złożoności jako naukowa próba pomiaru świadomości na poziomie indywidualnym

Author(s): Marcin Koculak,Weronika Kałwak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 7/2014

Scientific study of consciousness entered a new era with research focused on finding its neural correlates. The article depicts reasoning underlying this paradigm and controversies it arises using a novel tool designed to measure one’s level of consciousness by means of analyzing EEG signal. Perturbational Complexity Index, created by team led by Guilio Tononi, is used to present theoretical debate concerning the possibility of creating an objective consciousness measure. Stemming from reflections on mechanisms of loss of consciousness, authors of the index infer the informational nature of the phenomena, which is said to be demonstrated by experiments with participants under anesthesia, in deep sleep or suffering from disorders of consciousness. The extraordinary capability of the index to measure the level of consciousness on an individual level and its practical applications are discussed in context of possibility of experimental access to subjective experience.

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Dlaczego reprezentacje nie trzymają się modeli dynamicznych?

Author(s): Tomasz Korbak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 7/2014

In this paper I investigate thesis, embraced by proponents of dynamicism in cognitive science, that mind is not representational and explanation of cognition can go without representations. This claim has received serious criticism from cognitive scientists and philosophers of mind, who accuse dynamical explanation of being satisfying only for a narrow class of simple cognitive phenomena. Thus, genuine, representation-free explanation of cognition will always be incomplete. I espouse another strategy and present two arguments saying that the language of pure dynamical systems theory is not rich enough to define any nontrivial notion of representation. If I am right, then at least these phenomena dynamical explanation deals well with are not representational and representation talk can in no way help us understand them

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Poza ciało: różnice indywidualne w podatności na eksterioryzację

Author(s): Marta Łukowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 7/2014

During out-of-body experience (OBE) visual perspective and bodily awareness are altered. The phenomenon has been investigated in studies with brain-damaged patients, people exposed to gravitational overloads, as well as victims of traumatic events. Recently, virtual reality technology enabled evoking transient OBE in healthy people. Studies using full-body illusion (FBI) protocol point to incorrect visuo-vestibular integration as a potential mechanism evoking OBE. This conclusion is strengthened by neuroimaging and lesion studies suggesting important role of temporo-pariental junction (TPJ; multisensory associative cortical area damaged in patients suffering from OBE) for proper visuo-vestibular integration. Finally, potential mechanisms of individual differences in susceptibility to OBE ranging from simple perceptual to higher cognitive processes are discussed.

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„Sunny side is up“, but is the cloudy side down? Znaczenie wymiaru wertykalnego w konceptualizacji emocji

Author(s): Marek Muszyński,Marcin Bukowski,Joanna Durlik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 7/2014

One of the key research areas in the embodied cognition field is role of metaphors in creating abstract notions. One of such metaphors is vertical dimension (UP-DOWN) used e.g. for conceptualising positive and/or negative emotions. Its importance has been confirmed by many empirical findings, but some of them arouse methodological concerns regarding the stimuli selection and the level to which observed patterns are universal. The main goal of the present study was to replicate findings of one of the most influential experiments in the field. Its results pointed that positive stimuli are processed faster when presented on the top of the screen while negative ones are processed faster when presented on the bottom. The results of our study yielded a slightly different pattern: positive stimuli were indeed processed faster on top of the screen, but we did not replicate faster processing of negative stimuli on the bottom of the screen. Possible explanations of such a pattern of results were discussed, along with ideas for follow up studies.

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Rozpoznawanie stanów emocjonalnych jako biologiczne źródło zmysłu moralności

Author(s): Marcin Urbaniak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 7/2014

People possess and use instinctive moral evaluations, while the rational thinking is of a minor importance. According to some hypotheses human reactions, which lead to ethical results, were shaped by the natural selection, not by the influence of a culture. The practice of moral judgments generating consists of few repeatable stages and it is characterised by some automatisms and innate reactions based on biological determinants. A sense of the morality appears to be correlated unmediatedly with the emotional states, with the recognition of such states and with instinctive demeanors. Subsequently the main source of moral intuition seems to be the instinctive behaviours and emotions. It is confirmed by the list of universal moral moduls, which are simple reactions to some stimulus, from where the society derives complex moral virtues. Perhaps the natural sense of the morality is a final effect of the functioning of different emotions, which are based on so-called emotional contagion and empathy, in other words – some forms of emotional states recognition. Additionally, neurotransmitters appears to play an essential role in the process of moral and social demeanors.

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Niezależność czy współpraca? Zagadnienie interakcji wzbudzeniowego i wykonawczego systemu uwagi

Author(s): Dariusz Asanowicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 7/2014

According to Posner and colleagues, mechanism of attention consists of three systems: alerting, orienting and executive. Here, we focus on relationship between two of them, namely, on the interactions between alerting and executive attention in tasks involving cognitive or motor conflicts. Previous studies suggest that the impact of alerting on the efficiency of conflict resolution may depend on various factors, including the presence of established stimulus-response associations, speed of the reaction selection process, characteristics of the allocation of spatial attention, and a stage of processing at which conflict occurs i.e., either perceptual analysis or response selection. However, the available results are to some extent contradictory and no single hypothesis is sufficient to explain all cases of the interactions between alerting and executive attention observed so far. The present paper provides a comprehensive review of these results and hypothetical mechanisms underlying the relationship between alerting and executive attention

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Człowiek z modułów – analiza adaptacyjności umysłu i ciała do wytworów techniki i technologii w kontekście teorii poznania rozszerzonego i ucieleśnionego

Author(s): Artur Gunia,Grzegorz Jacek Nalepa / Language(s): Polish Issue: 8/2015

The ability to adapt to new and ever changing environment has always been one of the primary human skills. In fact, the capacity of using tools has been of upmost importance. The advancement of technology greatly improved the process of adaptation. It had a remarkable impact on the development of human nature, stepping into its inner structure. The technological evolution of mankind has been happening right before our eyes. People are becoming symbiotic with machines, and to various extents becoming cyborgs themselves. The main point of interest of this paper is to show how the embodied cognition theory and the extended mind theory are able to illustrate the phenomenon of cyborgization. Moreover, we consider how the concepts related to the modular structure of mind and body explain the technological adaptation of humans.

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Linguistic foundations of techniques instigating mental and behavioural change in coaching conversations

Author(s): Grzegorz Grzegorczyk / Language(s): English Issue: 8/2015

This article discusses coaching as a problem solving method and adopts an innovative linguistic perspective. Reducing the psychological aspect to the minimum the author promotes language to its deserved status presenting it as the basic coach’s tool and initial reason for the effectiveness of coaching itself in instigating behavioral, attitudinal and emotional change. This is done by resorting to the philosophy of language (theories of relevance, speech acts and communication). It appears that a coaching conversation occurs on two levels of communication and by using two main linguistic devices, reflective language and powerful questions, the coach can provoke client’s change with little intervention.

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Poznawanie innych umysłów z perspektywy neurofenomenologicznej teorii rezonansu reprezentacji umysłowych

Author(s): Paweł Motyka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 8/2015

The goal of the article is to investigate the connection between naturalization of mental representations and cognition of other minds. It presents arguments for the thesis that delineating relations between physical states of the brain and mental content may be a key to understanding the issues of mental representation and a starting point for empirically validated inferences about other’s subjective experience. The paper discusses possibilities of applying across brains resonance theory in predicting phenomenal and conceptual content of other minds. Outlining conditions for establishing objective knowledge about subjectivity, it sketches the interdisciplinary research program of neurophenomenology.

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Rozbrajanie, dozbrajanie. Metafory w dyskursie politycznym

Author(s): Anna Plater-Zyberk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 8/2015

According to Cognitive Metaphor Th eory, metaphorical expressions are considered to be a projection of a clearer and more easily comprehensible cognitive structure on a more abstract or complicated target domain. In other words, metaphorical expressions explain complicated and more abstract notions in terms of easier and less abstract phenomena. However, the choice of a source and a target domain oft en imposes a certain point of view and sanctions specific interpretations. This characteristic of metaphorical expressions makes them an extremely useful device for political persuasion. Since the emergence of Cognitive Metaphor Theory there has been a growing number of research focused on the relations between figurative language, power and ideology. This paper focuses on processes of arming and disarming metaphorical expressions in political discourse. The author outlines basic tenets of Cognitive Metaphor Theory, as well as some of its implications on the relations between fi gurative language, persuasion and ideology. This paper gives also a very concise overview of previous research on arming and disarming metaphorical expressions by Teresa Dobrzyńska [1994] and a study on metaphorical expressions and ideology by Michael Billig and Katie Macmillan [2005].

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The biological function of musical performance features

Author(s): Piotr Podlipniak / Language(s): English Issue: 8/2015

In the world of Western musicology music is regarded as possessing two main divisions. The first being performance features which consist of traits such as dynamics, and tempo, and a second known as structural features such as the arrangement of notes in time. The main differences between these divisions is that performance features are evolutionarily ancient, indiscrete and present in many sound expressions, whereas structural features are evolutionarily younger, discrete and music-specific. Performance features are tightly connected with motor activity and emotional processing. Despite the fact that performance features carry information about emotional states, they can also be used as tools of manipulation. It has been proposed that one biological function of these tools is to affect the minds of other animals in order to arouse the need for cooperation in them. It has also been suggested that music performance features are homologous with some prosodic features of speech which evolved as a communicative tool before language and music.

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Adaptation to different types of cognitive confl ict. Are there common mechanisms?

Author(s): Marta Siedlecka,Kamila Śmigasiewicz / Language(s): English Issue: 8/2015

One of the functions of cognitive control is to detect difficulties in information processing and adjust the level of performance. This article presents study on confl ict adaptation in which we investigated how detection of cognitive conflict influences behaviour on a subsequent trial. In two experiments we aimed to find out whether the adjustment can be carried out across two kinds of cognitive conflicts: between competing responses and requirements of two tasks. The modified version of the flanker task in switching paradigm was used so that participants had to switch between two tasks that shared the same stimulus set. The results showed that the two kinds of confl icts did not interact with each other. Furthermore, each conflict evoked conflict adaptation, but this adaptation did not occurred across conflicts. This suggests that conflict adaptation covers a set of mechanisms functioning uniquely in one domain.

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Anomalne doświadczenie – klucz do wyjaśnienia procesu powstawania urojeń?

Author(s): Adrianna Smurzyńska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 8/2015

The aim of this article is a problem of anomalies which occur in experience of delusional patients. This problem is mentioned in cognitive theories of delusions. The author characterizes such theories, but concentrates on bottom-up theories which treat delusion asa rational answer to anomalous experience. She suggests that they are insufficient for making an explanation of delusions. She tries to emphasize some elements of such theories which can be helpful in explaining and understanding the phenomenon of delusions.

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Mechanizmy tłumienia niepożądanych odczuć i myśli w ujęciu metapoznawczym

Author(s): Ewelina Cichoń,Remigiusz Szczepanowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 8/2015

In the context of processing unwanted thoughts, memories or emotion, the main cognitive goal of individual is to suppress such undesired contents by keeping them out of consciousness. This paper provides an overview of empirical and clinical studies as well as theoretical models regarding suppression mechanisms of unwanted contents. Our main focus was to clarify controversial aspects related to efficiency of suppression in regulating behaviour. In particular, we emphasised significance of metacognition for suppression claiming that successful suppression requires concordant combination of both control and monitoring processes.

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The effect of multi-modal learning in Artificial Grammar Learning Task

Author(s): Katarzyna Rączy,Zuzanna Skóra,Maciej J. Szul / Language(s): English Issue: 8/2015

The aim of the following study was to answer the question whether multimodal grammar learning would improve classification accuracy as compared with a unimodal learning. To test this hypothesis, an experimental procedure was constructed based on the research conducted by Conway and Christiansen [2006]. Their study regarded modality-specific Artificial Grammar Learning task (AGL). The grammatical sequence that was used in the study presented here was based on an algorithm with a finite number of results. Two additional sets of ungrammatical sequences were generated in a random manner. One of them was used in the learning phase in the control group while the second one, in the classification phase, in both, control and experimental groups. The obtained results showed that participants performed classification task above the chance level. These findings supported the hypothesis, which stated that grammar learning would occur [Conway and Christiansen 2006; Reber 1989]. We did not observe any effect regarding the hypothesized accuracy enhancement in a multimodal learning condition.

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TECHNIQUE OF THINKING STYLE EVALUATING

Author(s): Alla Belousova,Vlada Pishchik / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

The results of psychometric analysis of the new technique of thinking styles diagnostics are presented. The fundamental principles of thinking style concept by A. Belousova, according to which the thinking style is determined by the dominance of a person’s function in the structure of thinking activity during the problem solving, are covered. In accordance with A. Belousova’s ideas that the collaborative thinking activity as a self-organizing system is carried out by means of functions assumed by each participant: function of generating ideas, the function of selection (review and evaluation of information), functions of sense transfer and function of implementation. Thinking of adult, acting as a complex self-organizing system, combines the same functions: generation, selection, sense transfer and implementation. In this connection, we believe that the thinking style is defined as a characteristic set of functions actualized by a person in different situations of the problem solving. Domination of generation function determines the development of initiative thinking style, selection - critical, sense transfer - administrative, implementation - practical. The results of testing the reliability and validity of a new questionnaire for the thinking style diagnostics on a representative sample of Russians are given. The author’s version of the questionnaire is presented.

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Spiritual Intelligence as a Factor for Development of Personality

Author(s): Goran Sučić,Dragana Radosavljević,Polona Šprajc / Language(s): English Issue: 17/2016

The roots of human intelligence lie in our genetic code and in the entire evolutionary history of life on this planet. It is influenced by our daily experience, our physical and mental health, diet, amount of physical exercise, the type of relationship that we form and many other factors. However, neurologically speaking, everything concerning intelligence is forwarded or controlled by the brain and its nerve endings in the body. One type of neural organization allows us to deal with rational, logically related thinking. It gives us our IQ. Nevertheless, the other type gives us emotional opinion which is associative, linked by habit and based on pattern recognition. It gives us our EQ. The third kind provides us with the opportunity to deal with the creative, insight, rule-making opinion, and that is the opinion through which we re-frame and transform our previous thoughts. The aim of this paper is theoretical consideration of spiritual intelligence, its development, encouragement and testing.

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FEATURES OF COMMUNICATIVE SPHERE OF PRESCHOOL CHILDREN COLLABORATIVE THINKING ACTIVITY

Author(s): Alla Belousova,Tatjana Vasiljevna Pavlova / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2013

This article presents research devoted to the issues of the collaborative thinking activity in preschool age. The approach to the study of the collaborative thinking activity as a system that operates on different levels is shown. There is a detailed analysis of the communicative sphere of preschool children collaborative thinking activity provided in the form of some of the characteristics of dialogue. Keywords: collaborative thinking activity, spheres of collaborative thinking activity, communicative

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Cognitive Assessment System (CAS)– Opis procedure i iskustvo u primeni na našoj populacij

Author(s): Jovana Trbojević,Nebojša Majstorović,Gustav Bala / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2016

The aim of this paper is to educate local professionals about the cognitive test that, according to the authors' knowledge, has not yet been applied to our population, and to present psychometric properties of the test within a pilot study. Cognitive Assessment System; (CAS) is intended for measuring cognitive performance in children aged 5 to 17 years and is based on the famous PASS theory and functional units of the brain. According to this theory, the three „functional units“ form the basis of four factors influencing the efficiency of cognitive processes: planning, attention, simultaneous and successive processes. CAS consists of a total of 12 subtests, with 3 subtests for each factor of cognition (standard form of battery), or 8 subtests, with 2 subtests for each factor (basic form of battery). The results of the first administration of the test in Serbian population of preschool children show that the metric properties of the CAS is satisfactory, that the distribution of scores are close to normal (when 8 subscales of the basic form of battery was applied). CAS subscales significantly correlate with each other and form a tri-factor but the four-factor latent structure of the measured area is also discussed in this paper. The practical implementation of the CAS test is reflected in the assessment of cognitive processes that can contribute to the the child's further development and education.

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