2013 OKUL ÖNCESİ EĞİTİM PROGRAMININ 21. YÜZYIL BECERİLERİ AÇISINDAN İNCELENMESİ

Author(s): Berrin Koçin,Mehmet Nur Tuğluk / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 49/2020

The aim of this study is to examine the achievements that are included in the MEB 2013 Pre-School Education Program in terms of 21st century skills and to determine the level of reference skills. Content analysis method, one of the qualitative research methods, was used in the research. As a result of the research, it has been observed that the gains in the preschool program are mostly related to skills such as critical thinking, creativity, problem solving, communication, responsibility and awareness of different cultural characteristics. When the development areas are analyzed, it is seen that the gains related to these skills are mostly included in the field of social emotional development, followed by the language development field and the cognitive development field respectively. In addition, while these skills are very rare in the field of self-care skills, it has been determined that there are no encountered in the field of motor development. Technology and media literacy gains, which have become very important today and highlighted in 21st century skills, have not been observed. Some suggestions were made in line with the results obtained.

60-72 Aylık Çocukların Bilişsel, Sosyal- Duygusal ve Özbakım Yeterliklerinin Çeşitli Değişkenler Açısından İncelenmesi: Kuzey Kıbrıs Örneği

Author(s): Sarem Özdemir / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 97-1/2019

Preschool education is a critical period in terms of improving cognitive, social-emotional, language and self-care skills of a human’s life. The main purpose in this study is to investigate differences of competencies of children’s cognitive, social-emotional and self-care skills in terms of mothers’ employment status. Cross sectional survey method and descriptive analysis were used in this study. Target population was all mothers who have a child at age 6 and accessible population was mothers who live in Nicosia. Random sampling was used to assign the questionnaire. The items in the rubric were formed with related to the objectives mentioned in the preschool education curriculum. Participant mothers were asked to specify the degree of competency on cognitive, social-emotional and self-care learning skills. Data obtained in this study were collected in the February and March 2016. Questionnaire also included personal information about participants that are; employment situation, age, number of children, level of education and job of the mother. According to the results, children of mothers at home had higher scores on social-emotional and self-care skills. In addition, it was found that children with higher education level had higher social emotional development scores and self-care skills. It was also concluded that the older mothers’children had a better level of self-care skills.

60-72 Aylık Çocukların Konuşma Becerilerinin İncelenmesi

Author(s): Begümhan Yüksel / Language(s): Turkish,English / Issue: 1/2021

The aim of the study is to determine the speaking skill levels of children between the ages of 60-72 months. The research group of the study consists of 60 children between 60-72 months in the city center of Antalya. Data were collected using the "Speaking Skills Assessment Scale". For this, the children were watched a short cartoon movie, and then they were asked to describe what they had watched in their own words. The data of the research were obtained by analyzing the conversations acquired from these interviews. Speeches were evaluated in terms of pronunciation, fluency and language competency. According to the findings, it was determined that the speaking skills of the participant children were at a medium level in terms of pronunciation and fluency, and a lower level in terms of language competency. According to the other results obtained from the research pronunciation skill level fluency and fluency level also predict language competency. While girls are more successful than boys in terms of their pronunciation, there is no difference between them in terms of fluency and language proficiency. In addition, the six-month age difference is not a variable that makes a difference in terms of pronunciation, fluency and language consistency. Based on these results, it is recommended to conduct studies in other age groups and with different tools.

A „mintha” színházi valósága

Author(s): Mónika Rancz / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 4/2020

In my thesis I will be making the theatrical “as if” a question of cognition, I investigate how stage work opens up to our perception. I define this particular reality’s inner workings as the essence of the work, play-opportunity, theatric experience. At the end of my research the “as-if” shows up as reality whose quest is to step in from behind the scenes upholding its own truth.

A CASE STUDY OF THE APPLICATION OF HIPPOTHERAPY IN SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN WITH MULTIPLE DISABILITIES

Author(s): Kristýna MIŠKOVSKÁ,Markéta JANATOVÁ,Kateřina Čapková,Martin VÍTĚZNÍK / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2020

Introduction: Hippotherapy is a physiotherapeutic method based on influencing the patient by three-dimensional mechanics of horseback movement. The method is used mainly in pediatric patients with various types of disabilities to improve motor and cognitive functions. Aim: The aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of hippotherapy in children with multiple disabilities. Material and methods: Within this case study, impact of hippotherapy on three school-age patients with multiple disabilities was observed. Heart rate was measured and recorded during the therapy and during the contact with the horse before and after the therapy. Prior to the study and after 6 weeks period, an examination was performed by physiotherapist. Results: Significant drop in heart rate was observed in all three patients, corresponding with getting in the contact with the horse, getting on the horse and at the beginning of the ride. Heart rate raised again when the patient conducted active physical exercise. Based on the final examination improved body posture and gait was observed. Conclusion: We verified in the scope of three cases that impact of hippotherapy on children can be assessed based on detecting changes in heart rate. Improvement in fields on which this therapy aims was observed.

A COGNITIVE MODEL TO ANALYSE PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY PROBLEM-SOLVING SKILLS: MENTAL REPRESENTATIONS IMPLIED IN SOLVING ACTIONS

Author(s): Vanessa Álvarez,Tarcilo Torres,Zulma Gangoso,Vicente Sanjosé / Language(s): English / Issue: 5/2020

In physics and chemistry, the development of problem-solving skills is necessary to become an expert. A simple cognitive model to analyse such development is proposed and tested. An exploratory research was conducted with expert professors and students in initial and advanced years. A think aloud procedure was used to obtain relevant data while the participants tried to solve undefined, open problems. Solving these problems required a particular skill representative of expertise: modelling reality using science. More than 1350 solving actions were collected and related to the mental representations elaborated, developed and inter-related by solvers. The proposed model was able to account for expert-novice differences in terms of the respective distributions of solving actions among the mental representations. Large differences appeared in the mental representation of Conceptual scientific Model. In addition, advanced and initial students showed similar and significant averages of unproductive actions, while experts took very few. Experts showed high convergence in their distributions of actions among the mental representations. If the outcomes were replicated with higher external validity, the model could help researchers to analyse the cognitive mechanisms in problem-solving, and teachers to better focus their efforts on specific students’ lacks.

A Critical Analysis of Cognitive Explanations of Afterlife Belief

Author(s): Sayyed Mahdi Biabanaki / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2020

The Cognitive Science of Religion (CSR) is a scientific approach to the study of religion that seeks to provide causal explanations of religious beliefs and practices. Proponents of CSR seek to explain the process of the formation, acceptance, transmission, and prevalence of religious beliefs by explaining the natural features of the human mind and how it functions. One of the religious beliefs that exists in all human cultures, and has attracted the attention of many CSR scholars in the last decade, is the belief in afterlife. According to CSR researchers, this belief is rooted in the natural structures of the human mind. They see the belief in life after death as a non-reflective or intuitive belief that results from the functioning of mental tools. They have proposed various theories to explain the formation, development, spread, and transmission of belief in life after death. But among these theories, two theories have been more widely accepted, intuitive dualism theory and simulation constraint theory. Intuitive dualism theory says that all humans have the two mental tools: Intuitive Biology and Intuitive Psychology. Intuitive Biology in the face of a dead person makes us believe that he is no longer alive because he cannot move and act. Intuitive Psychology continues to attribute invisible features (such as desires, thoughts, beliefs, and emotions) to the dead person automatically. The simultaneous functioning of the above two mental tools makes the human mind believe that a part of the dead person is immaterial and remains after the physical death. Simulation constraint theory says that all humans have the mental tools to process information from the environment and acquire religious beliefs. None of the mental tools can imagine or simulate the nonexistence of one's desires, thoughts, beliefs, and emotions. Therefore, the human mind in the face of the dead person, although easily imagining his physical death, continues to believe in the existence of another part of the person (thoughts, desires, etc.). Both of these theories seem to face challenges and limitations in explaining the formation of belief in afterlife. These include inability to provide causal explanation, the lack of distinction between the natural and the rational foundations of belief in afterlife and disregarding the supernatural foundations of the afterlife belief. Neither of the two theories seems to provide a sufficient causal explanation for the formation of belief in the afterlife. Both theories attempt to present a possible story about the formation of afterlife beliefs based on how mental tools function. They provide only a reasonable story of the process that has led to the belief in afterlife. What these two theories offer is a description (not causal explanation) of the human mind and its tools and how they function. This in itself does not explain that these tools have produced a belief in the afterlife. Therefore, the claim that belief in the afterlife is the result of the functioning of mental tools requires a causal relationship between mental tools and this belief. Neither of these two theories can explain this causal relationship, and they merely describe a reasonable story of the relationship between them. Furthermore, distinction between rational foundations of religious belief and natural foundations of religious belief shows that finding a natural origin for believing in the afterlife or describing the cognitive mechanisms associated with it does not in any way mean rejecting or discrediting that belief. Cognitive theories about the natural origins of the belief in the afterlife cannot show us whether this belief is rational or irrational. These explanations can only (if they can) show us the natural roots of the formation and prevalence of this belief. Also Religious belief is a complex notion. Firstly, it is a natural notion, in that sense it is rooted in the human nature and is related to human cognitive systems and mental tools. Secondly, it is a cultural and social notion, in that sense it is both influenced by cultural and social change, and also affects it. Thirdly, it is a supernatural notion, in that sense it is deeply connected with both revelation and prophecy, and with the immaterial aspect of human. Belief in afterlife seems to require all three levels of explanation.

A STUDY ON THE VARIABLES PREDICTING READING COMPREHENSION

Author(s): Mustafa BAŞARAN / Language(s): English / Issue: 60/2021

The correlational survey design was used in this study in order to determine whether the attitude towards reading, text type and text subject, reading speed, correct reading, lack of prior knowledge and the amount of change in the surface structure of the text predict students' literal and deep reading comprehension skills. The study group of the research study is 180 students selected from amongst grade 4 students attending public primary schools in Esenler and Zeytinburnu districts of Istanbul province in the fall semester of the 2019-2020 academic year. According to the results of the regression analysis conducted in the study, the relative importance order of the variables that predict not being able to make deep meaning (meaning in depth of text) are the inability to make literal meaning, attitude towards reading, change in the superficial structure, attitude towards the subject, correct reading, attitude towards the narrative text, reading speed and pre-learning. Together, these factors explain 42% of not being able make deep meaning. The order of relative importance of the variables predicting the inability to construct literal meaning is make deep meaning, change in the superficial structure, attitude towards reading, correct reading, pre-learning, attitude towards the narrative text, attitude towards the subject and reading speed. Together, these factors explain 33% of not being able to make literal meaning.

ABAS-3 – AN INSTRUMENT FOR ASSESSING ADAPTIVE SKILLS IN PEOPLE WITH AN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY

Author(s): Anna Prokopiak,Janusz Kirenko / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2020

In its initial part, the article presents an analysis of the definition of intellectual disability and follows its development over the past half-century. In order to diagnose an intellectual disability, it is important not only to demonstrate an overall level of intelligence that is at least two standard deviations below the median score, but also to take into account the concurrent criterion of developmental age. Moreover, as discussed in this article, defining an intellectual disability also requires addressing limitations in adaptive behavior, i.e. cognitive, social and practical functioning skills. These diagnostic criteria are met by the “Adaptive Behavior Assessment System” (ABAS), published originally in 2000 by Harrison and Oakland. Its third edition came out in 2015. ABAS-based evaluations find a wide variety of uses, including assessing adaptive behavior of people with intellectual disabilities, diagnosing and classifying disabilities and disorders, documenting and monitoring progress over time, and determining entitlement to disability benefits. The instrument has many strengths, but it also exhibits limitations. For example, comprehensive examination is only possible if the localized adaptations of ABAS are suited for people in the age bracket of 0-89 years. The effective use of this instrument is also dependent on its compatibility with the formal disability assessment system and with the strategies for working with students who have intellectual disabilities. The level of this compatibility should be no less than the American variant. Only then will ABAS-3 be fully adaptable to the purpose for which the assessment is developed, and the results obtained will be useful and properly applied.

Adolescent Coping Strategies in Social Conflict in Relation to Self-Esteem and Cognitive Appraisal of a Conflict

Author(s): Danuta Borecka-Biernat / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2020

The aim of the research was to assess the role of self-esteem and cognitive appraisal of a conflict in generating destructive and constructive strategies of coping used by adolescents in social conflict situations. The following research tools have been used in the research: the Self-Esteem Scale (SES) developed by M. Rosenberg, adapted by M. Łaguna, K. Lachowicz-Tabaczek, and I. Dzwonkowska; the Stress Appraisal Questionnaire (SAQ) (Polish: KOS – Kwestionariusz Oceny Stresu) by D. Włodarczyk and K. Wrześniewski; as well as the Questionnaire for the study of adolescents 'coping strategies employed in social conflict situations (Polish: KSMK – Kwestionariusz strategii radzenia sobie młodzieży w sytuacji konfliktu społecznego) developed by D. Borecka-Biernat. The empirical research was carried out in middle schools (Polish: gimnazjum). The research involved 893 adolescents (468 girls and 425 boys) aged 13–15. Analysis of research results indicates that in the case of adolescents, lower assessment of one’s capacities and the appraisal of conflict in terms of threat or harm/loss, generally coincides with the tendency to react destructively when faced with a conflict. The research has also indicated that an adolescent with higher self-esteem, when involved in a conflict that is not assessed as threatening, implements a constructive strategy to cope with the situation.

Adolescent psychosocial development in Brno: An ELSPAC Study 2005–2011

Author(s): / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 2011

Our longitudinal findings are in line with published research describing current adolescence as a dynamic stage of life during which an individual‟s personal participation or influence on his or her development sharply increases. This leads, amongst other things, to higher variability of developmental changes and to an erosion of some stereotypes about the psychological and social life of adolescents. The respondents of the Brno longitudinal study (ELSPAC) represent a new generation of Czech adolescents. They were born in the time of turbulent social changes when political, economic and cultural conditions were significantly changing bringing along shifts in lifestyles, social norms and values of all generations including the parents of current adolescents. It can be hypothesised this society-wide change partially moderated the traditional inter generational conflict between adolescents and adults. We can speculate that the adults, not only the adolescents, partially spent the past two decades searching for a new personal and social identity (e.g. career changes, social security decrease, increase in personal freedom and responsibility of own life course). What was appreciated in the beginning of the 1990s as new possibilities – e.g. freedom in opinions and attitudes, opportunity to attain quality education, foreign travel, opportunities for self-actualisation etc. – is perceived as commonplace by today‟s adolescents.

Affect philosophy meets incongruity:

about transformative potentials in comic laughter

Author(s): Mark Weeks / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2020

The emergence of philosophical affect theory, sourced substantially in Continental philosophy, has intensified scholarly attention around affective potentials in laughter. However, the relationship between laughter’s affect and the comic remains a complicated one for researchers, with some maintaining that the two should be approached separately (Emmerson 2019, Parvulescu 2010). While there is a credible academic rationale for drawing precise distinctions, the present article takes an integrative approach to laughter and the comic. It analyses, then synthesises, points of convergence between key texts in affect philosophy and certain elements of incongruity-based humour theory. Specifically, the article seeks to demonstrate that some integration can bring insight and clarity to discussion of transformative potentials sometimes attributed to forms of comic laughter, especially within cultural studies and social science following the philosophy of Deleuze. This approach may also usefully complicate the concept of incongruity itself.

Affordances in Dennett’s From Bacteria to Bach and Back

Author(s): Zuzanna Rucińska / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2020

The purpose of this commentary is to elucidate the various roles that affordances play in Dennett's (2017) From Bacteria to Bach and Back. By looking at the multitude of ways that affordances are mentioned throughout the book, this commentary hopes to uncover the fruitful ways of talking about affordances in the philosophy of cognitive science.

Age and Technology in Digital Inclusion Policy: A Study of Italy and the UK

Author(s): Simone Carlo,Maria Sourbati / Language(s): English / Issue: 26 (2)/2020

The role of media and communication technologies in increasing the quality of life of the elderly is today a key topic in academic and policy debates. This article discusses findings from a study into the way public policy frames the role of technologies in later life. The aim of our study was to critically investigate the policy discourses on ‘old age’ and on the role of digital ICT in fixing challenges associated with ageing. Our focus was on digital inclusion policies of the UK and Italy, two countries experiencing similar trends in population ageing but different ICT diffusion patterns. We found that an age-based understanding of digital technology use was quite common, as was an enthusiastic embracing of the role of digital ICT in the implementation of Active Ageing and Information Society goals. We also found that the understanding of the role of digital technology and its relationship to (old) age has been changing over the last decade, starting to reflect social complexity as ICT diffusion increases among older age groups.

Aging in Online Communities: A Systematic Literature Review of Design Recommendations

Author(s): Ana Isabel VELOSO,Sónia FERREIRA,Liliana VALE COSTA,Óscar MEALHA,Carlos Santos / Language(s): English / Issue: 26 (2)/2020

The increase of computer-mediated communication use and the aging population has led to a renewed interest in online communities and social networks for active aging and social support in daily living. However, a systematic understanding of the design recommendations in Senior Online Communities is still lacking in scientific documentation. The aim of this paper is to identify the design recommendations used in online communities that support active aging. In addition, this paper highlights some of the benefits of using online communities by older adults. Twenty-three papers published between January 2015 and May 2020 in English-language, peer-reviewed publications, met inclusion criteria. The review presents a set of recommendations for designing online communities to enhance older adults’ social interactions. A process that aims for “engagement” is suggested to strategically guide the design of Senior Online Communities: Interacting – Sense of Belonging (Role-playing, Storytelling, and Legacy) – Engaging.

Akıllı Telefon Bağımlılığının Çalışanların İş Tatminleri Üzerine Etkisi

Author(s): Mahmut Özdemir,Nurcan Çetiner / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 2/2021

Purpose - Changes in technology and communication tools bring many conveniences in human life, and these developments have helped advances in the telephone technology that we use as a communication tool. In this study, the effect of employees' smartphone addiction levels on their job satisfaction was examined and whether their smartphone addiction levels and job satisfaction levels differ according to the demographic characteristics of the employees. Design/methodology/approach - The relational scanning method was used in the research, which is an empirical study. Research data were obtained from 483 employees over the age of 18 workings in institutions operating in the private and public sectors in Turkey, which can be easily accessed by sampling method. As a data collection tool, a questionnaire consisting of demographic information form, job satisfaction scale, and smartphone addiction scale was used. Normality analysis, validity and reliability tests, exploratory factor analysis, descriptive statistics, correlation, and regression analyzes were performed on the data. Findings -As a result of the analysis, it was concluded that the relationship between the smartphone addiction levels of the employees and their job satisfaction levels was significant, moderate, and positive, participants with the high level of smartphone addiction had high job satisfaction levels, and the demographic characteristics of the employees were not effective on both variables. Discussion – By expanding the example with future studies and examining the subject in different sectors, it will be beneficial in terms of generalizing the data obtained as a result of the analysis and contributing to the literature.

Aktywność twórcza a korzystanie z urządzeń ekranowych przez dzieci w wieku przedszkolnym

Author(s): Karolina Appelt,Marta Jarzembowska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2/2020

The article presents the results of own research whose purpose was to answer the question whether screen time is related to the level of creative activity of preschool children. The relationship between creative activity and the possession of electronic devices by preschool children was also examined. 32 children aged 5 years and 1 month to 6 years and 11 months and their parents took part in the research conducted in 2018. The research tools used were: (1) The Test for Creative Thinking – Drawing Production (TCT-DP) Form A of Urban and Jellen (1996) in the Polish adaptation of Matczak, Jaworowska, Stańczak (2000), (2) Questionnaire for parents and teachers: How creative is the child? and (3) Questionnaire regarding the use of multimedia devices by preschool children. The obtained results indicate a relationship between screen time and the level of creative activity of preschool children. Studies show that the amount of free time spent with a multimedia device by a child after returning from kindergarten correlates negatively with the various dimensions of creative thinking. Children who more often play without using multimedia devices show greater creative ability manifested in the child’s basic forms of activity during this period: play, art and language activities.

Algorithm Aversion: Sensitivity to Interventions and the Relationship with Numeracy

Author(s): Michał Dzieżyk,Weronika Hetmańczuk,Jakub Traczyk / Language(s): English / Issue: 34/2020

The main goal of this research was to investigate whether people exhibit algorithm aversion—a tendency to avoid using an imperfect algorithm even if it outperforms human judgments—in the case of estimating students’ percentile scores on a standardized math test. We also explored the relationships between numeracy and algorithm aversion and tested two interventions aimed at reducing algorithm aversion. In two studies, we asked participants to estimate the percentiles of 46 real 15-year-old Polish students on a standardized math test. Participants were offered the opportunity to compare their estimates with the forecasts of an algorithm—a statistical model that predicted real percentile scores based on five explanatory variables (i.e., gender, repeating a class, the number of pages read before the exam, the frequency of playing online games, socioeconomic status). Across two studies, we demonstrated that even though the predictions of the statistical model were closer to students’ percentile scores, participants were less likely to rely on the statistical model predictions in making forecasts. We also found that higher statistical numeracy was related to a higher reluctance to use the algorithm. In Study 2, we introduced two interventions to reduce algorithm aversion. Depending on the experimental condition, participants either received feedback on statistical model predictions or were provided with a detailed description of the statistical model. We found that people, especially those with higher statistical numeracy, avoided using the imperfect algorithm even though it outperformed human judgments. Interestingly, a simple intervention that explained how the statistical model works led to better performance in an estimation task.

ALMANYA’DA MÜZİK TERAPİ ALANINDA GERÇEKLEŞTİRİLEN BİLİMSEL YAYINLARIN İNCELENMESİ (2010-2019)

Author(s): Duygu DURAN ORLOWSKİ,Ümit Kubilay Can,Hakan BAĞCI / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 33/2021

The healing power and effect of music are well-known by many cultures throughout history. Thanks to the recent technological developments, it has been proved that beyond its soothing and calming properties, music is a powerful cognitive stimulant. It can reach an individual’s inner world deeper where the oral communication falls short, and it is a motivation source for motoric movements. Because of these researches and their outcomes, the music therapy field occurred in psychology. Germany initiated research on music therapy with psychiatric patients in a clinical environment after WWII. The field of music therapy has been gaining popularity among researchers from different disciplines, and new interdisciplinary studies have been emerging. In the field of music therapy in Germany, the types of publication, subject fields, distribution of scientific studies, publication fields, years and what they are were determined as the problem of the research in the field of music therapy in 2010-2019. The aim is to investigate and study of these publications that are published in Germany. The surveying method is used to denounce the problem of this study.

AN ACTOR’S SPEECH TOOLS IN THE 21ST CENTURY

Author(s): Zane Daudziņa / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2020

In the 21st century, it is hard to imagine actors’ speech tools without technical aids. Society’s rapid adoption of life on the Internet furnished by modern technologies is creating a fast progressing explosion of knowledge. These new standards undoubtedly influence and determine the development of theatrical language, and thus actors’ speech.