A model for conceptualizing drawing as a teaching-learning activity in biology education

Author(s): Eliza Rybska / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2016

The purpose of presented article is to propose a way of dividing a graphical activity of a student in accordance to his/her mental involvement. Presented proposition is not strictly limited to school situations. The three dimensions of drawing would include: 1) schemes – when students draws what they see, 2) drawings – where students draws what they understand, and 3) sketches – when basing on their knowledge and skills and understanding of the presented issue they can solve a biological problems, may create representations new for them as a result of creative problem solving. It seems like usually at the biological lessons the first type of drawing is used (if ever). Such situation may lead to limiting a creativity development among polish students. The additional claim of the presented article is to show and encourage everyone who is dealing with teaching to invite all three dimensions of drawing into regular practice. Especially that drawing used as a method might help and support learning progression in science education.

A sokszínű társalgás egy sokszínű pszichológus szemével

Author(s): Imre Péntek / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 12/2012

ACTUAL TENDENCY IN INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF PATIENTS WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA

Author(s): Andreea Szalontay,Alina Mihaela Pascu,Andreea Teodorescu,Dan Minea,Petru IFTENI / Language(s): English / Issue: 51/2015

Patients with schizophrenia requiring long-term institutionalization represent cases with poor outcome, often leading to high costs for patients and family and constituting a huge economical burden for society if patients are young. The aims of the study were identification of characteristics and predictors of institutionalization in schizophrenia. Retrospective study of all institutionalized patients with schizophrenia in Brasov County, Romania, with a DSM-IV-TR lifetime diagnosis of schizophrenia institutionalized between 1995 and 2014. Institutionalized patients between 2005 and 2014 (n=172) had lower age (51.15 vs. 57.08, p<0.05) and lower age at institutionalization compared with patients admitted between 1995 and 2004. Lower education level (8.23 vs. 13.22, p<0.05), only one parent, multiple antipsychotics treatments and suboptimal response under first generation long acting antipsychotics are predictors for institutionalization. Our study showed a tendency to institutionalize patients with schizophrenia at the younger age compared with other periods. Early intervention in psychosis, controlled treatment with SGAs should be solutions to avoid institutionalization of young patients with schizophrenia.

Adaptation to different types of cognitive confl ict. Are there common mechanisms?

Author(s): Marta Siedlecka,Kamila Smigasiewicz / Language(s): English / Issue: 8/2015

One of the functions of cognitive control is to detect difficulties in information processing and adjust the level of performance. This article presents study on confl ict adaptation in which we investigated how detection of cognitive conflict influences behaviour on a subsequent trial. In two experiments we aimed to find out whether the adjustment can be carried out across two kinds of cognitive conflicts: between competing responses and requirements of two tasks. The modified version of the flanker task in switching paradigm was used so that participants had to switch between two tasks that shared the same stimulus set. The results showed that the two kinds of confl icts did not interact with each other. Furthermore, each conflict evoked conflict adaptation, but this adaptation did not occurred across conflicts. This suggests that conflict adaptation covers a set of mechanisms functioning uniquely in one domain.

Aggression in Children in the Light of the Socio-Cognitive Theory

Author(s): Andrzej Fronczak / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2017

The article includes information on the types and forms of aggressive behavior and mechanisms of aggression in children. In addition, there are presented the assumptions of sociocognitive model of work with aggressive children. The paper is mainly addressed to people working with children, concerned about their aggressive behavior and aware the hitherto methods are not sufficiently effective.

Agresja dzieci w świetle teorii społeczno-poznawczej

Author(s): Andrzej Fronczak / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2017

Autorka porusza tematykę rodzajów i form zachowań agresywnych oraz mechanizmów powstawania agresji u dzieci. Przedstawia także założenia społeczno-poznawczego modelu pracy z agresywnymi dziećmi. Artykuł skierowany jest przede wszystkim do osób pracujących z dziećmi, zaniepokojonych ich agresywnymi zachowaniami w sytuacji kiedy dotychczas wykorzystane metody pracy nie są wystarczająco efektywne.

All the Superhero’s Names

Author(s): Olga Poller / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2016

In this paper I concern myself with The Superman Puzzle (the phenomenon of the substitution failure of co-referential proper names in simple sentences). I argue that the descriptive content associated with proper names, besides determining the proper name’s reference, function as truth-conditionally relevant adjuncts which can be used to express a manner, reason, goal, time or purpose of action. In that way a sentence with a proper name “NN is doing something” could be understood as “NN is doing something as NN” (which means “as-soand-so”). I argue that the substitution of names can fail on modified readings because the different descriptive content of proper names modifies the main predicate differently. Here I present a formal representation of modified predicates which allows one to model intuitively the different truth-conditions of sentences from The Puzzle.

Amending the revisionist model of the Capgras delusion. A further argument for the role of patient experience in delusional belief formation

Author(s): Garry Young / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2014

Recent papers on the Capgras delusion have focused on the role played by subpersonal abductive inference in the formation and maintenance of the delusional belief. In these accounts, the delusional belief is posited as the first delusion-related event of which the patient is conscious. As a consequence, an explanatory role for anomalous patient experience is denied. The aim of this paper is to challenge this revisionist position and to integrate subpersonal inference within a model of the Capgras delusion which includes a role for experiential content. I argue that the following revisionist claims are problematic: (a) that a fully-formed belief enters consciousness, and (b) that this is the first conscious delusion-related event. Instead, it is my contention that a delusional thought (arrived at through subpersonal abductive inference) and an anomalous experience co-occur in consciousness prior to the formation of the delusional belief. The co-occurrence of thought and anomalous experience overcomes problems with the revisionist position resulting in an account of the Capgras delusion with greater explanatory efficacy.

An empirical research upon the relation between emotional intelligence and organizational citizenship behavior

Author(s): Kubilay Ozyer,Yucel Erol,Ismail Alici / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2012

In this study, it has been investigated whether there is a relation between emotional intelligence and organizational citizenship behavior or not. Emotional intelligence and organizational citizenship behavior are two important variables effective upon employees’ both private life and business life. In the global business world workforce for organizations are the most important competitive adavantage factor. That’s why it is too important to improve workforce of organizations. To this aim in this study it have been analysed individual and organizational aspects of workforce. These are emotional intelligence and organizational citizenship behavior. To measure emotional intelligence and organizational citizenship behavior were used questionnaires. According to the result of the study which included 77 students, there has been a significant and strong relation between emotional intelligence and organizational citizenship behavior. There occurred different correlations in correlations between organization citizenship behavior sub-dimensions and emotional intelligence.

An Examination of the Relationship between Procrastination and Self-Efficacy: An Empirical Study

Author(s): Korhan Karacaoglu,Asli Kaplan / Language(s): English / Issue: 3 (41)/2016

Procrastination is used in a broad sense to postpone or defer the things until tomorrow. Many variables such as task avoidance, uncertainty, fear of failure, low self- esteem can be mentioned as the antecedents of procrastination in the literature; in addition, low self- efficacy is also considered one of the antecedents of procrastination. Self- efficacy refers to individuals' belief in fulfilling the specific tasks successively through needed behavior patterns and cognitive processes. In this respect, the primary objective of this study is to examine the relationship between self- efficacy and procrastination. The study uses a structural equation model (SEM) to produce causal relationship and analyze the data from 281 employees in Nevsehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University, in Turkey. The results showed that there was a negative relationship between self- efficacy and procrastination; besides, self- efficacy had low rate to account for procrastination.

AN INVESTIGATION OF CHRONOLOGICAL VERSUS COGNITIVE AGE IMPACT IN THE KUWAIT COFFEE SHOP MARKET

Author(s): Larry Pleshko,Richard Heiens / Language(s): English / Issue: 1 (11)/2015

Given the growing body of research dedicated to self-perceived age and the cognitive age construct, it is widely believed that one’s self-perceived age may actually be a better predictor of age-related psychological states or attitudes than mere chronological age. Extending the research on cognitive age, the current study examines the impact of both cognitive age and traditional chronological age on the behaviors of coffee shop users in Kuwait. The study finds that chronological age and cognitive age are highly correlated, both in age levels and in terms of consumer behavior. Nevertheless, a large portion of the sample perceived themselves to be younger than their chronological age. This is especially true of consumers aged 55 and over. The main findings that differentiate chronological age from cognitive age are that as Kuwaiti consumers become chronologically older, coffee drinks become more important to them. Also, as cognitive age increases, consumers are less likely to drink coffee with friends.

ANIMOVANÝ FILM A DETSKÁ MYSEĽ

Author(s): Lea Kriškova / Language(s): Slovak / Issue: 03/2015

The author of this study deals with the reception of animated films by child viewers. She attempts to clarify the process of how animated stories are understood with regard to the cognitive and emotional skills of children of preschool (4–6) and early school age (7–9). She confirms the theoretical propositions of developmental psychology and supplements them with a qualitative testing of selected age groups. The study aims to outline how children think and apply this knowledge in analyzing the process of how they watch animated films, children’s most favourite film genre. The results not only point to the problems of child viewers, but also of films intended for them.

Anomalne doświadczenie – klucz do wyjaśnienia procesu powstawania urojeń?

Author(s): Adrianna Smurzynska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 8/2015

The aim of this article is a problem of anomalies which occur in experience of delusional patients. This problem is mentioned in cognitive theories of delusions. The author characterizes such theories, but concentrates on bottom-up theories which treat delusion asa rational answer to anomalous experience. She suggests that they are insufficient for making an explanation of delusions. She tries to emphasize some elements of such theories which can be helpful in explaining and understanding the phenomenon of delusions.

Artikulacijsko-fonološke sposobnosti djece s cerebralnom paralizom

Author(s): Emica Farago,Draženka Blaži,Martina Vukovic Ogrizek / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 1/2016

The goal of this research was to examine and compare articulation and phonological abilities in children with cerebral palsy and their typically developing peers. An examination was conducted on a sample of 15 children with cerebral palsy and 15 typically developing children. The two groups were equalized by gender and age. The measuring instruments used were the Articulation Test and phonological ability tasks. The data were analysed using the robust discriminative analysis, t-test, chi-square test, as well as the Cohran-Cox test. The results showed a signifycant statistical difference in articulation and phonological abilities between children with cerebral palsy and typically developing children. The difference between the groups is for the most part due to the variables deletion of consonants and number of articulation errors. The variables first voice segregation, phonemic analysis, and rhyme searching are also signifi cant in creating this discriminant function. The results also confirm statistical differences in articulation and phonological abilities that are related to the type of cerebral palsy. A group of children with a spastic type of cerebral palsy was more successful in phoneme analysis, syllable analysis, consonant deletion tasks, and rhyme searching tasks. They also had better articulation abilities.

AUDIOLOGICAL CLINICAL VALIDATION OF NEW ORIGINAL ROMANIAN SPEECH AUDIOMETRY MATERIALS FOR EVALUATION OF COMMUNICATION ABILITIES IN CHILDREN OF PRIMARY SCHOOL AGE

Author(s): Sebastian Cozma,Christina Gena Dascalu,Luminita Radulescu,Cristian Martu,Oana Bitere,Dan Martu,Raluca Olariu / Language(s): English / Issue: 55/2016

Communication and speech pathology in children is determined mostly by hearing loss and less frequently by neurological or psychological disorders. The pure tone hearing and the capacity of sound discrimination and voice perception are determinant in speech intelligibility and development of speech production, important factors conditioning cognitive and school performances and social integration. A particular condition is ANSD (auditory neuropathy spectrum disorders) with a rising prevalence in last years. Despite the good tonal hearing, these children cannot reach normal speech and cognitive development.

Autoregulácia učenia ako módna paradigma?

Author(s): Peter Ondrejkovic / Language(s): Slovak / Issue: 4/2014

This paper argues against the current wave of examining self-regulated learning. Mentions the extreme emphasis on rationality, lack of knowledge about the internal management of human, but also lack of a sense of identity issues in relation to self-regulation. In conclusion, expressed doubts about the validity of the currently used research tools self-regulated learning.

Bayesian inference, predictive coding and delusions

Author(s): Rick A. Adams,Harriet R. Brown,Karl John Friston / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2014

This paper considers psychotic symptoms in terms of false inferences or beliefs. It is based on the notion that the brain is an organ of inference that actively constructs hypotheses to explain or predict its sensations. This perspective provides a normative (Bayes optimal) account of action and perception that emphasises probabilistic representations; in particular, the confidence or precision of beliefs about the world. We consider sensory attenuation deficits, catatonia and delusions as various expressions of the same core pathology: namely, an aberrant encoding of precision in a predictive coding hierarchy. In predictive coding, precision is thought to be encoded by the postsynaptic gain of neurons reporting prediction error. This suggests that both pervasive trait abnormalities and florid failures of inference in the psychotic state can be linked to factors controlling postsynaptic gain—such as NMDA receptor function and (dopaminergic) neuromodulation. We illustrate these points using a biologically plausible simulation of attribution of agency—showing how a reduction in the precision of prior beliefs, relative to sensory evidence, can lead to false inference.

Beyin Odaklı Öğrenim Ve Yabancı Dil Eğitimindeki Önemi

Author(s): Cevdet Yilmaz / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 131/2006

This article emphasizes the importance of the findings gathered from the brain research on the language teaching. Recently, there has been a growing interest in the research focussing on the relationship between brain and language among foreign language specialists. Brain research has illustrated that foreign language teachers can enhance their effectiveness in the classroom on the basis of the findings concerning the natural learning functions of the brain. In the study, the basic components of the brain-based learning have been examined, and then it has been illustrated that these components can rightly signify crucial insights into foreign language teaching and learning.

Bezpieczeństwo Pracy. Nauka i Praktyka

Frequency: 12 issues / Country: Poland

”Occupational Safety – Science and Practice” – a monthly – has been published since 1971. It presents scientific background of solutions related to occupational safety and health. It is an interdisciplinary journal, aiming at popularization of technical, medical, biological, chemical and social sciences. “Occupational Safety” primarily familiarizes the following issues: human psychophysical capabilities in the working environment, basic hazards and their consequences that threaten workers’ health and life, ways of reducing those hazards to minimum or preventing them altogether, legal and economic aspects of labor protection. “Occupational Safety” disseminates the results of research conducted at the Central Institute for Labor Protection – National Research Institute and at leading Polish and foreign research centers. It disseminates information on practical solutions, too. It carries information on Polish and international seminars, conferences and fairs devoted to safety and the protection of human in the working environment.  “Occupational Safety” reaches research institutes, universities, laboratories, design offices, occupational healthcare personnel, occupational safety personnel, employers and employees.

BIASED RATIONALITY AND THE SYSTEMATIC THINKING ERRORS

Author(s): Lucia Ovidia Vreja / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2015

The problem of rationality as a faculty every human being should possess and the apparent irrationality of individuals manifested in numerous cognitive biases have been subjects of concern for specialists in different fields of study, such as philosophy, psychology, cognitive science, economic science, etc. Various authors have tried to offer different definitions of rationality and understand all the biases or judgement errors the human mind is systematically prone to. Individuals are equipped with a biased rationality, which does not mean or imply that they are unwise or injudicious. On the contrary, this biased rationality helps human beings make rapid, effortless, automatic, usually correct and beneficial decisions in vital situations, when they are confronted with a series of internal and external constraints. Although this biased rationality may not pass the test of logic, it seems to be good enough for humans' evolutionary goals.